scholarly journals Presence of nicotine in marketed nicotine-free e-liquids for electronic cigarettes

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Wu ◽  
BCIT School of Health Sciences, Environmental Health ◽  
Helen Heacock ◽  
Maria Tirado ◽  
Fred Shaw
Keyword(s):  
Public Perception ◽  
Electronic Cigarettes ◽  
Electronic Cigarette ◽  
Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Nicotine Content ◽  
Active Chemical ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Degree Of Confidence ◽  
Susceptible Populations ◽  
High Degree

  Background and Purpose: Ever since the electronic cigarette made its debut in the market, it has been garnering great popularity due to public perception of it being a safer alternative to conventional cigarette. As a result, aside from being utilized in tobacco cessation programs, susceptible populations such as teenagers are slowly adopting this new trend of recreational E-cigarette smoking or “vaping”. The literature review conducted suggests that not only do different E-cigarette models exhibit different delivery efficiencies regarding percentage nicotine vapourization, there are discrepancies between what is labelled by the manufacturer and the actual nicotine content in the electronic cigarette liquids. This has serious public health implications because nicotine is the active chemical component in inducing addiction in cigarettes. As a result, recreational electronic cigarette users such as teenagers, may unknowingly become exposed to improper levels of nicotine, leading to a higher probability of nicotine dependence or switching to conventional smoking. The purpose of this study was to determine whether presence of nicotine can be detected in marketed nicotine-free electronic cigarette liquids. Methods: The nicotine content in electronic cigarette liquids was isolated and determined using Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry. Descriptive and inferential statistics was conducted using NCSS11 to see if there was a statistically significant difference between the labelled concentration of 0 mg in marketed “nicotine-free” electronic cigarettes from two popular brands, VapeWild and Mt Baker Vapour, to determine whether one brand has better quality control for nicotine content in nicotine-free E-liquids compared to the other brand. Results: Based on the analyzed E-liquid samples from the two brands, no nicotine was detected. Conclusion: E-cigarettes can be putatively considered as a safer alternative to conventional cigarettes because nicotine levels can be pre-determined and limited with a high degree of confidence.  

scholarly journals Electronic cigarettes

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jackie Sham ◽  
BCIT School of Health Sciences, Environmental Health ◽  
Vanessa Karakilic ◽  
Kevin Soulsbury ◽  
Fred Shaw
Keyword(s):  
Null Hypothesis ◽  
Electronic Cigarettes ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Electronic Cigarette ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Inferential Statistics ◽  
P Values ◽  
Nicotine Content ◽  
Nicotine Concentration ◽  
Significant Difference

  Background and Purpose: Electronic cigarettes are gaining vast popularity because the perceived impression about electronic cigarettes is they are a safer alternative to conventional smoking (Belluz, 2015). As a result, more teenagers are switching to electronic cigarettes either as a smoking cessation tool, or for recreational use. However, it is supported by the evidence review that there is nicotine mislabeling between what the manufacturer has labeled and the actual nicotine content in the liquids (Goniewicz et al., 2012). This is a critical health concern for teenagers and recreational users because they are exposed to nicotine, which is a neurotoxin that creates the addiction for smoking. As a result, over a period of time, recreational electronic cigarette users have a higher chance of switching to conventional smoking (Bach, 2015). Hence, the purpose of this research is to determine whether nicotine can be found in nicotine free electronic cigarette liquids Methods: The nicotine content in the electronic cigarette liquids will be determined using Gas Chromatography - Mass Spectrometry. Inferential statistics such as a one tailed t-test will be done using Microsoft Excel and SAS to see if nicotine can be detected in nicotine-free electronic cigarette liquids and if there is a statistically significant difference. Results: The two p-values from the parametric test were 0.2811 and 0.2953. The p-value to reject the null hypothesis was set at 0.05. Because the p-values from the inferential statistics were greater than 0.05, the null hypothesis was not rejected and the actual nicotine content is equal to what the manufacturer had labeled as nicotine free. Discussion: Although the inferential statistics indicated that there was no statistical significance in nicotine concentration, two out of the ten nicotine free electronic cigarette liquids measured nicotine levels above 0 ppm. Conclusion: There was not a significant difference in nicotine concentration found in the electronic cigarette liquids and the actual nicotine concentration is equal to the labeled concentration. However, because the sample size of only ten is too small, there is a potential for type 2 error. Also, the samples came from only two manufacturers. Therefore, the results from this research are not representative for all the electronic cigarette liquids. More research should be conducted to provide scientific evidence to stop recreational electronic cigarette users from the exposure of electronic cigarettes as these could act as a stepping-stone towards smoking conventional cigarettes. Teenagers who start smoking at an early age will be more  

scholarly journals Characterization of Nicotine Salts in 23 Electronic Cigarette Refill Liquids

2019 ◽  
Vol 22 (7) ◽  
pp. 1239-1243 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arit M Harvanko ◽  
Christopher M Havel ◽  
Peyton Jacob ◽  
Neal L Benowitz
Keyword(s):  
Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Electronic Cigarettes ◽  
Upper Airway ◽  
Abuse Liability ◽  
Electronic Cigarette ◽  
Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Toxicological Effects ◽  
Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Acid Acid

Abstract Introduction Many electronic cigarette manufacturers have begun offering liquids containing “nicotine salts,” which are formed when an acid is mixed in a solution with free-base nicotine. Type of salt could play a significant role in the abuse liability of electronic cigarette liquids. As a first step to understanding nicotine salts, this study sought to identify the types of acids present in 23 commercially available electronic cigarette liquids. Aims and Methods Twenty-three electronic cigarette liquids advertised as containing nicotine salts were purchased for analysis. These liquids were tested for the presence of 11 different organic acids that were deemed likely to be used in a nicotine salt formulation. Liquids were analyzed using a combination of liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry methods, then compared to authentic acid standards for identification. Results Six of the 11 possible acids were identified in the liquids, from most to least common: lactic, benzoic, levulinic, salicyclic, malic, and tartaric acid. Acid(s) could not be identified in one of the liquids. Though most liquids contained only one type, three of the liquids contained multiple acids. Conclusions These data demonstrate that several types of salts/acids are currently being used in electronic cigarette liquids. The type and concentration of salt(s) used in these liquids may differentially alter sensations in the throat and upper airway, and overall pharmacology of the aerosols by altering liquid pH and from flavor and sensory characteristics of the acids themselves. Implications This study demonstrates that at least six different types of acids are being used to create the nicotine salts in electronic cigarette liquids, with the acids lactic, benzoic, and levulinic being the most frequently identified. Identification of these acids can serve as the foundation for future research to determine if type of nicotine salt alters pharmacological and toxicological effects of electronic cigarettes.

scholarly journals A propulsion injury following a spontaneous electronic cigarette explosion: A case report

2017 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Cherrie Chan Yiru ◽  
Devanathan Ilenghoven ◽  
Shah Jumaat Mohd. Yussof ◽  
Salina Ibrahim
Keyword(s):  
Case Report ◽  
Public Perception ◽  
Electronic Cigarettes ◽  
Electronic Cigarette ◽  
The Public ◽  
Safety Risks ◽  
Nicotine Consumption

<p>Electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) have become increasingly popular at an alarming rate. This coincides with the public perception that they are a safer mean of nicotine consumption. Unregulated devices carry unrecognized safety risks that have led to numerous cases of burns, associating with spontaneous combustions of e-cigarettes. </p><p> </p>

scholarly journals Degree of Acidity, Salivary Flow Rate and Caries Index in Electronic Cigarette Users in Sleman Regency, Indonesia

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 37
Author(s):  
Dyah Ayu Lestari ◽  
Regina TC. Tandelilin ◽  
Friska Ani Rahman
Keyword(s):  
Oral Cavity ◽  
Flow Rate ◽  
Electronic Cigarettes ◽  
Salivary Flow ◽  
The Body ◽  
Electronic Cigarette ◽  
Salivary Flow Rate ◽  
Cigarette Smokers ◽  
Flow Rates ◽  
Significant Difference

Introduction: The Yogyakarta Special Region ranks sixth for highest number of smokers of the 33 provinces in Indonesia. Smokers account for 31.6% of the total population. Sleman Regency ranks fourth in daily consumption of cigarettes of the five regencies or cities in Yogyakarta. The body part most exposed to direct cigarette smoke is the oral cavity. Saliva is a liquid secreted inside the oral cavity to act as a buffer. Nicotine content in conventional cigarettes is known to diminish the salivary flow rate and the acidity (pH) of the saliva. A continual decrease in saliva pH over time may cause dental caries. The use of electronic cigarettes is a nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) method to help people quit smoking; they emit a lower nicotine level than conventional cigarettes. Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the saliva pH, salivary flow rates, and caries index of electronic cigarette smokers. Methods: This study used a cross-sectional method to compare the saliva pH, salivary flow rate, and caries index of 30 smokers of electronic cigarettes and 30 non-smokers as a control group. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 22.0 software and considered statistically significant at p < 0.05. Results: The Mann-Whitney analysis showed a significant difference in the saliva pH between electronic cigarette smokers and non-smokers. Independent T-Test analysis showed no significant difference in the salivary flow rates of the two groups. The Mann-Whitney analysis also showed no significant difference in the caries index of the groups. Conclusion: Results indicated that there is a significant difference in the saliva pH of electronic cigarette smokers, while the salivary flow rates and caries indices of electronic cigarette smokers and non-smokers were similar.

Efficacy of electronic cigarettes for tobacco smoking cessation: An adapted systematic review

2020 ◽  
Vol 30 (Supplement_5) ◽  
Author(s):  
T O'Dowd
Keyword(s):  
Smoking Cessation ◽  
Cohort Studies ◽  
Randomised Controlled Trials ◽  
Electronic Cigarettes ◽  
Controlled Trials ◽  
Significant Heterogeneity ◽  
Smoking Reduction ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Randomised Controlled

Abstract Background Worldwide smoking remains the leading cause of preventable morbidity and mortality. Electronic cigarettes (ECs) are increasingly used by tobacco smokers as an aid to smoking cessation; however, their efficacy remains uncertain. Methods Electronic databases, clinical trial registries and grey literature sources were searched. The aim was to examine randomised controlled trials or prospective cohort studies, published since the 2016 Cochrane review on this topic, that assessed the efficacy of ECs in achieving smoking cessation among current smokers. Results Two RCTs and five cohort studies, including a total of 16,460 participants, were eligible for inclusion. One RCT found sustained 1-year abstinence of 18.0% in the EC group versus 9.9% in the nicotine replacement therapy group (RR: 1.83; 95% CI 1.30 to 2.58; P &lt; 0.001). The second RCT did not find a statistically significant difference in abstinence rates between EC users and non-users (RR 0.71). Of the five included cohort studies, four reported statistically significant RRs. Two found a positive association (RRs of 1.45 and 1.84) between EC use and smoking cessation but two studies showed EC use was associated with reduced smoking cessation (RRs of 0.25 and 0.35). Due to significant heterogeneity between the studies the data were deemed unsuitable for pooling into a meta-analysis. All trials assessing smoking reduction reported higher rates of reduction among EC users. No serious adverse events were reported with EC use. Follow-up periods of included trials ranged from one to four years, with an average of 1.6 years. Conclusions There is limited, low-quality evidence that ECs are an effective intervention for smoking cessation and smoking reduction. The overall quality of evidence is low as it is based on a small number of studies with inconsistent and imprecise results. Due to the short follow-up periods of the included trials, the long-term safety of ECs is unclear from this review. Key messages Limited evidence that electronic cigarettes are an effective smoking cessation intervention. Further well-designed randomised controlled trials are required to investigate the efficacy of ECs for smoking cessation.

scholarly journals Phenotypic Detection of Carbapenemase Production in Carbapenem-Resistant Enterobacteriaceae by Modified Hodge Test and Modified Strip Carba NP Test

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nisha Patidar ◽  
Nitya Vyas ◽  
Shanoo Sharma ◽  
Babita Sharma
Keyword(s):  
Carbapenem Resistance ◽  
Nonparametric Test ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Clinical Samples ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Carbapenem Resistant ◽  
The Social ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
High Degree ◽  
Carbapenem Resistant Enterobacteriaceae

Abstract Objective Carbapenems are last resort antibiotics for multidrug-resistant Enterobacteriaceae. However, resistance to carbapenem is increasing at an alarming rate worldwide leading to major therapeutic failures and increased mortality rate. Early and effective detection of carbapenemase producing carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae (CRE) is therefore key to control dissemination of carbapenem resistance in nosocomial as well as community-acquired infection. The aim of present study was to evaluate efficacy of Modified strip Carba NP (CNP) test against Modified Hodge test (MHT) for early detection of carbapenemase producing Enterobacteriaceae (CPE). Material and Methods Enterobacteriaceae isolated from various clinical samples were screened for carbapenem resistance. A total of 107 CRE were subjected to MHT and Modified strip CNP test for the detection of CPE. Statistical Analysis It was done on Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) software, IBM India; version V26. Nonparametric test chi-square and Z-test were used to analyze the results within a 95% level of confidence. Results Out of 107 CRE, 94 (88%) were phenotypically confirmed as carbapenemase producer by Modified strip CNP test and 46 (43%) were confirmed by Modified Hodge Test (MHT). Thirty-eight (36%) isolates showed carbapenemase production by both MHT and CNP test, 56 isolates (52%) were CNP test positive but MHT negative, eight (7%) isolates were MHT positive but CNP test negative and five (5%) isolates were both MHT and CNP test negative. There is statistically significant difference in efficiency of Modified CNP test and MHT (p < 0.05). Conclusion Modified strip CNP test is simple and inexpensive test which is easy to perform and interpret and gives rapid results in less than 5 minutes. It has high degree of sensitivity and specificity. Modified strip CNP test shows significantly higher detection capacity for carbapenemase producers as compared with MHT.

79 Electronic Cigarette-Related Injuries Presenting to Five Large Burn Centers, 2015–2019

2021 ◽  
Vol 42 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. S54-S55
Author(s):  
Carmen E Flores ◽  
Paul J Chestovich ◽  
Syed F Saquib ◽  
Joseph T Carroll ◽  
Mariam Al-Hamad Daubs ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Injury ◽  
Spontaneous Combustion ◽  
Electronic Cigarettes ◽  
Total Body Surface Area ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Electronic Cigarette ◽  
Outpatient Basis ◽  
Burn Centers ◽  
Split Thickness Skin Grafting ◽  
Inpatient Basis

Abstract Introduction Electronic cigarettes are advertised as safer alternatives to smoking cigarettes yet can cause serious injury. As consumer use of electronic cigarettes has increased, burn centers have witnessed a rise in both inpatient and outpatient visits to treat thermal and blast injuries related to their use. Methods A multicenter retrospective chart review of ABA burn registry data from 5 large burn centers was performed from January 2015 to July 2019 to identify patients who sustained Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems (ENDS)-related injuries. Results A total of 127 patients with electronic cigarette-related injuries were identified, of which 113 were male (89%) and 14 were female (11%). Mean age was 34.0 years (SD 13.5%, range 1–75 years). The majority of patients (n=92, 72%) were treated on an inpatient basis, and average length of stay was 6.7 days. Most patients sustained less than 10% total body surface area burns (mean 3.8%, SD 2.6%, range 0.1% to 16.5%). 66% (n=85) sustained 2nd degree burns, and 36% (n=46) sustained 3rd degree burns. Most patients were injured while using the ENDS (n=100, 78%), while 18% (n=24) of patients reported spontaneous combustion. 2 patients (1.5%) were injured while changing their device battery, and 2 patients (1.5%) were injured while modifying the device. 3% (n=4) were injured by second-hand mechanism. Burn injury was the most common injury pattern (100%), followed by blast injury (n=81, 63%). Flame burns were the most common (n=89, 70%) type of thermal injury, followed by contact burns (n= 70, 55%), flash burns (n=47, 37%), chemical burns (n=2, 1.5%), and electrical burns (n=1, 0.7%). The most commonly injured body region was the extremities. There were no ENDS-related deaths. Silvadene was the most common topical agent used in the initial management of thermal injuries, followed by Bacitracin and Xeroform. 63% (n=80) of patients did not require surgery, while 36% (n=46) required surgical excision, and 15% (n=20) required split-thickness skin grafting. Multiple surgeries were uncommon. 22% of patients required one operation, 12% required two operations, and 2% required 3 operations. Conclusions Our data recognizes use of ENDS as a growing public health problem with potential to cause thermal injury and secondary trauma. Most injuries occur during use, however many result from spontaneous combustion while the device is not being used. Treatment of ENDS-related injuries is institution-dependent. Most patients are treated on an inpatient basis however the majority of patients treated on outpatient basis have good outcomes.

scholarly journals Electronic Cigarette: Role in the Primary Prevention of Oral Cavity Cancer

2016 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
pp. CMENT.S40364 ◽  
Author(s):  
Teresa Franco ◽  
Serena Trapasso ◽  
Lidia Puzzo ◽  
Eugenia Allegra
Keyword(s):  
Primary Prevention ◽  
Oral Cavity ◽  
Oral Cavity Cancer ◽  
Electronic Cigarettes ◽  
Micronucleus Assay ◽  
Electronic Cigarette ◽  
Cytologic Examination ◽  
Oral Cavity Carcinoma ◽  
Gender And Age ◽  
Tobacco Addiction

Background Cigarette smoke has been identified as the main cause of oral cavity carcinoma. Recently, the electronic cigarette, a battery-operated device, was developed to help smokers stop their tobacco addiction. This study aimed to evaluate the safety of electronic cigarettes and to establish the possible role of such device in the primary prevention of oral cavity cancer. Subjects and Methods This study included 65 subjects who were divided into three groups (smokers, e-cigarette smokers, and nonsmokers). All subjects were submitted to cytologic examination by scraping of oral mucosa. The slides were microscopically evaluated through a micronucleus assay test. Results The prevalence of micronuclei was significantly decreased in the e-cigarette smoker group. There were no statistically significant differences in micronuclei distribution according to the type of cigarette, gender, and age. Conclusions The use of electronic cigarettes seems to be safe for oral cells and should be suggested as an aid to smoking cessation.

Effects of Electronic Cigarette Liquid Flavors and Modified Risk Messages on Perceptions and Subjective Effects of E-Cigarettes

2018 ◽  
Vol 46 (2) ◽  
pp. 197-203 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rose S. Bono ◽  
Andrew J. Barnes ◽  
Rebecca C. Lester ◽  
Caroline O. Cobb
Keyword(s):  
Tobacco Control ◽  
Electronic Cigarettes ◽  
Subjective Effects ◽  
Mixed Effects ◽  
Electronic Cigarette ◽  
Cigarette Smokers ◽  
Linear Mixed Effects ◽  
Within Subjects ◽  
Carcinogen Exposure

Understanding how two characteristics—flavors and modified risk messages—affect perceptions and subjective effects of electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) can inform tobacco control efforts. In two within-subjects studies ( N = 17 and N = 19), the effects of e-cigarette flavors (tobacco vs. menthol and unflavored vs. cherry) and hypothetical modified risk messages (“reduced harm relative to cigarettes” vs. no message and “reduced carcinogen exposure relative to cigarettes” vs. no message) on cigarette smokers’ perceptions of e-cigarettes were measured after participants self-administered condition-specific products (own-brand cigarettes; e-cigarettes). Perceptions/subjective effects were tested using linear mixed-effects regressions. Cigarettes were perceived as most harmful but rated more positively than e-cigarettes ( ps < .05). Cherry and menthol e-cigarettes increased perceived pleasantness, taste, and physical sensations compared with unflavored and tobacco-flavored e-cigarettes, respectively ( ps < .05). Modified risk messages were associated with reduced ratings of aversive effects ( ps < .05) but not harm perceptions. Overall, few perceptions/subjective effects differed by e-cigarette flavor or message. Flavors and messages may have some influence on how smokers experience e-cigarettes.

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