scholarly journals The Probabability Models for Risk of Vulnerability to STDs / HIV Infections among Pre-Marital Female Migrants

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (01) ◽  
pp. 158-161
Author(s):  
Shukla Uma Shankar
Keyword(s):  
Probability Model ◽  
Hiv Infections ◽  
Female Migrants ◽  
Hiv Virus ◽  
Proposed Model ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Level Of Significance ◽  
Three Degree Of Freedom ◽  
Very High ◽  
Pornographic Material

The Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) is the virus that causes AIDS, while many viruses can be controlled by the immune system but not a HIV virus. According to an estimate of UNAIDS (1998) although HIV prevalence rate is low (around 1 percent), the overall number of people with HIV infection to high. The majority of the reported AIDS cases have occurred in the sexually active and economically productive age group. Earlier men were main transmitters of the disease but now studies are showing that females are also transmitting the disease to males. The proposed model is tested set of data on the number of young unmarried female migrants and is satisfactory. According to the present study, the value of X 2 =5.733 with three degree of freedom at 5% level of significance indicate that the proposed probability model fitted well to the distribution of female migrants. The estimated value of = 0.8039 of the proportion of female migrants having at least one boy friend is very high because most at the young migrants believe that their friends watch pornographic material with us and they are more vulnerable to STDs and HIV/AIDs. The present study states that the probability of closed boyfriends attached with the young unmarried female migrants is p = 0.4400 which is also approaching to fifty percent.

TREND KASUS BARU INFEKSI HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS (HIV) DI INDONESIA PERIODE TAHUN 2012–2016

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Agus Aan Adriansyah ◽  
Nurul Jannatul Firdausi
Keyword(s):  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Southeast Asia ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Very High

Abstract: Countries in Southeast Asia have a very high HIV (

In Shortly about HIV and AIDS

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sinisa Franjic
Keyword(s):  
Opportunistic Infections ◽  
Hiv And Aids ◽  
The Body ◽  
Hiv Disease ◽  
Infected Person ◽  
Defense System ◽  
Infected Mother ◽  
Unprotected Sexual Intercourse ◽  
Hiv Virus ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus

HIV is a human immunodeficiency virus, a retrovirus that causes AIDS in the event of untreated infection. The virus causes the weakness and inability of the organism's defense system. HIV disease is a chronic progressive process that begins with the onset of HIV virus into the body, and over time (in adults over 10 years), a gradual destruction of the immune system occurs. The host during the infection becomes vulnerable and is suffering from complications of opportunistic infections and malignancies. A person infected with HIV feels good until developing AIDS, does not notice any changes in health, and has no specific external signs of infection. The only way to detect infection at this stage is HIV testing. HIV is transmitted: unprotected sexual intercourse with the infected person, exchange of needles, syringes or accessories with infected persons when taking drugs, with infected mother on her baby before, during or after delivery (breastfeeding).

scholarly journals Frequency of Hepatitis B, C and HIV Infections among Transfusion-Dependent Beta Thalassemia Patients in Dhaka

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 89-95
Author(s):  
Golam Sarower Bhuyan ◽  
Aftab Uz Zaman Noor ◽  
Rosy Sultana ◽  
Farjana Akther Noor ◽  
Nusrat Sultana ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hepatitis B ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Rapid Test ◽  
Hiv Infections ◽  
Beta Thalassemia ◽  
Nucleic Acid Testing ◽  
Serological Testing ◽  
Elisa Method ◽  
B Virus ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus

Transfusion transmitted infections have remained a major deterrent to public health, particularly among the patients with transfusion-dependent Beta thalassemia in developing countries. Although proper donor selection through adoption of WHO-advised infection panel has lowered the rate of infections, the multi-transfused patients are not free of risk. In this study, we screened 148 transfusion-dependent Beta thalassemia patients to determine the frequency of Hepatitis C Virus (HCV), Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) and Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) using the ELISA method. Among them, infected cases with HCV, HBV and HIV were 13.51%, 3.37% and 0%, respectively. Moreover, 2% of the patients were found to be co-infected with both HBV and HCV. The percentage of infections in the patients with frequent transfusion interval (≤30 days) was significantly higher (p < 0.0005) than that in the patients with less frequent transfusion intervals (>30 days). Immunochromatography (ICT)-based rapid test kits are usually used to screen and confirm these infections in the blood of the patients. However, ICT-based tests are not sensitive enough to detect the infections. So, a combination of both Nucleic Acid testing (NAT) and serological testing are suggested to significantly reduce the risk of viral infections during blood transfusion.

scholarly journals Addition of Flucytosine to Fluconazole for the Treatment of Cryptococcal Meningitis in Africa: A Multicountry Cost-effectiveness Analysis

2019 ◽  
Vol 70 (1) ◽  
pp. 26-29 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tinevimbo Shiri ◽  
Angela Loyse ◽  
Lawrence Mwenge ◽  
Tao Chen ◽  
Shabir Lakhi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sensitivity Analysis ◽  
Cost Effectiveness ◽  
Cryptococcal Meningitis ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Cost ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Costing Analysis ◽  
Very High

Abstract Background Mortality from cryptococcal meningitis remains very high in Africa. In the Advancing Cryptococcal Meningitis Treatment for Africa (ACTA) trial, 2 weeks of fluconazole (FLU) plus flucytosine (5FC) was as effective and less costly than 2 weeks of amphotericin-based regimens. However, many African settings treat with FLU monotherapy, and the cost-effectiveness of adding 5FC to FLU is uncertain. Methods The effectiveness and costs of FLU+5FC were taken from ACTA, which included a costing analysis at the Zambian site. The effectiveness of FLU was derived from cohorts of consecutively enrolled patients, managed in respects other than drug therapy, as were participants in ACTA. FLU costs were derived from costs of FLU+5FC in ACTA, by subtracting 5FC drug and monitoring costs. The cost-effectiveness of FLU+5FC vs FLU alone was measured as the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER). A probabilistic sensitivity analysis assessed uncertainties and a bivariate deterministic sensitivity analysis examined the impact of varying mortality and 5FC drug costs on the ICER. Results The mean costs per patient were US $847 (95% confidence interval [CI] $776–927) for FLU+5FC, and US $628 (95% CI $557–709) for FLU. The 10-week mortality rate was 35.1% (95% CI 28.9–41.7%) with FLU+5FC and 53.8% (95% CI 43.1–64.1%) with FLU. At the current 5FC price of US $1.30 per 500 mg tablet, the ICER of 5FC+FLU versus FLU alone was US $65 (95% CI $28–208) per life-year saved. Reducing the 5FC cost to between US $0.80 and US $0.40 per 500 mg resulted in an ICER between US $44 and US $28 per life-year saved. Conclusions The addition of 5FC to FLU is cost-effective for cryptococcal meningitis treatment in Africa and, if made available widely, could substantially reduce mortality rates among human immunodeficiency virus–infected persons in Africa.

A STATISTICAL APPROACH TOWARDS SECURE LOCATION VERIFICATION IN NOISY WIRELESS CHANNELS

2014 ◽  
Vol 25 (05) ◽  
pp. 563-584 ◽  
Author(s):  
PARTHA SARATHI MANDAL ◽  
ANIL K. GHOSH
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Approach ◽  
Probability Model ◽  
Distance Estimation ◽  
Sensor Nodes ◽  
Noisy Channel ◽  
Malicious Nodes ◽  
Noisy Channels ◽  
Location Verification ◽  
Limited Precision ◽  
Very High

Location verification in wireless sensor networks (WSNs) is quite challenging in the presence of malicious sensor nodes, which are called attackers. These attackers try to break the verification protocol by reporting their incorrect locations during the verification stage. In the literature of WSNs, most of the existing methods of location verification use a set of trusted verifiers, which are vulnerable to attacks by malicious nodes. These existing methods also use some distance estimation techniques, which are not accurate in noisy channels. In this article, we adopt a statistical approach for secure location verification to overcome these limitations. Our proposed method does not rely on any trusted entities and it takes care of the limited precision in distance estimation by using a suitable probability model for the noise. The resulting verification scheme detects and filters out all malicious nodes from the network with a very high probability even when it is in a noisy channel.

Anti-Bovine Viral Diarrhoea Virus Antibodies in Adult Zambian Patients Infected with the Human Immunodeficiency Virus

1993 ◽  
Vol 4 (5) ◽  
pp. 300-302 ◽  
Author(s):  
M Giangaspero ◽  
G Vacirca ◽  
D Morgan ◽  
K S Baboo ◽  
N P Luo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Synergistic Effects ◽  
Bovine Viral Diarrhoea Virus ◽  
Hiv Infections ◽  
Chronic Diarrhoea ◽  
Bovine Viral Diarrhoea ◽  
Diarrhoea Virus ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Mechanism Of Interaction ◽  
Asymptomatic Individuals ◽  
Hiv Seropositive

Bovine viral diarrhoea (BVD) virus is a cosmopolitan pestivirus of animals which is associated with diarrhoea, immunosuppression and synergy with other pathogens. This study was conducted to establish the prevalence of anti-BVD virus antibodies in healthy Zambian adults and those with asymptomatic and symptomatic HIV disease. Sera from 1159 adults were tested for anti-BVD virus antibodies using the indirect immunofluorescence test and the confirmatory Western blot. Of the 1159 sera examined, 180 (15.5%) showed significantly elevated titres of anti-BVD antibodies. These included 70 out of 477 (14.7%) HIV-negative healthy adults; 73 out of 480 (15.2%) of HIV-positive asymptomatic individuals; 23 out of 129 (17.8%) HIV-seropositive patients with associated illnesses excluding diarrhoea; and 14 out of 73 (19.2%) of HIV-seropositive patients with chronic diarrhoea. HIV-seropositive patients with chronic diarrhoea or associated illnesses appear to have significantly increased seroprevalence of anti-BVD virus antibodies ( P = >0.01). The mechanism of interaction between BVD virus and HIV infections and the synergistic effects with other opportunistic pathogens in humans requires definition.

scholarly journals Intracranial Arterial Dissection Related to HIV Infection

2005 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 387-391 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Lefeuvre ◽  
L. Liebenberg ◽  
A. Taylor
Keyword(s):  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Subarachnoid Haemorrhage ◽  
Vessel Wall ◽  
False Aneurysm ◽  
Hiv Positive ◽  
Pathological Study ◽  
Hiv Virus ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
The Right ◽  
Wall Injury

There are many reasons for patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) to develop cerebrovascular disease. The HIV virus itself however may be a cause of vessel wall pathology. We present a clinical and pathological study of a patient who was HIV positive and presented with a subarachnoid haemorrhage. Cerebral angiography and later histology confirm that there was extensive vessel wall injury with dissection and a false aneurysm of the right middle cerebral artery.

scholarly journals Lack of evidence of prolonged human immunodeficiency virus infection before antibody seroconversion

Blood ◽  
1988 ◽  
Vol 71 (6) ◽  
pp. 1752-1754
Author(s):  
JE Groopman ◽  
T Caiazzo ◽  
MA Thomas ◽  
RA Ferriani ◽  
S Saltzman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
High Risk ◽  
Screening Tests ◽  
Homosexual Men ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Aids Related Complex ◽  
Acquired Immunodeficiency ◽  
Immunodeficiency Syndrome ◽  
Very High ◽  
Considerable Concern

Recently, considerable concern has been raised regarding the possibility that antibody-based screening tests for the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) may fail to detect certain high-risk individuals for prolonged periods of time. It has been proposed that testing for HIV-related antigen may be a necessary procedure to detect such individuals. To address this issue, we longitudinally studied two groups of homosexual men: direct sexual partners of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) or AIDS-related complex (ARC) patients and individuals who ultimately sero-converted. There was no evidence of prolonged infection with HIV in the absence of detectable antibody in these two groups. It appears at this time that, even among subjects at very high risk for HIV infection, currently available antibody-based assays are sufficient to identify infected individuals.

scholarly journals Identification of HIV virus in Najaf city, Iraq

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 4866-4871
Author(s):  
Thualfakar Hayder Hasan ◽  
Raad A. Al-Harmoosh ◽  
Huda Jameel Baker Al-khilkhali
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Central Africa ◽  
Immune Deficiency Syndrome ◽  
Deficiency Syndrome ◽  
Human Immune System ◽  
Hiv Virus ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Mucus Membrane ◽  
Elisa Technique ◽  
Human Immune

Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (ADIS) is a disease of the human immune system that results in a decline in the efficiency of the human immune system step by step to leave people exposed to many infections and tumours. It caused by the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV). The first appeared of HIV in West Central Africa in the late 19th or early 20th century. The direct contact from personal mucus membrane or bloodstream and physical fluid (blood, vaginal semen fluid and breastfeeding milk) containing the virus is the unique viral transmission route. Out of 80 blood samples were taken from different areas of Najaf city, Iraq, for ages from 20 to 60 years (males and females) to the period from 1/1/2019 to 19/12/2019. The surface antigen of the HIV was detected by the ELISA technique and mini VIDAS by a virus-specific kit. Out of 80 different patients by physical examination infected with ADIS: HIV viruses were the most incidences with 12 isolates (15%) while, there were 66 isolates (82.5%) were belonged to other infections and two strains (2.5%) were negative to any viral infection.

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