In Shortly about HIV and AIDS

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sinisa Franjic
Keyword(s):  
Opportunistic Infections ◽  
Hiv And Aids ◽  
The Body ◽  
Hiv Disease ◽  
Infected Person ◽  
Defense System ◽  
Infected Mother ◽  
Unprotected Sexual Intercourse ◽  
Hiv Virus ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus

HIV is a human immunodeficiency virus, a retrovirus that causes AIDS in the event of untreated infection. The virus causes the weakness and inability of the organism's defense system. HIV disease is a chronic progressive process that begins with the onset of HIV virus into the body, and over time (in adults over 10 years), a gradual destruction of the immune system occurs. The host during the infection becomes vulnerable and is suffering from complications of opportunistic infections and malignancies. A person infected with HIV feels good until developing AIDS, does not notice any changes in health, and has no specific external signs of infection. The only way to detect infection at this stage is HIV testing. HIV is transmitted: unprotected sexual intercourse with the infected person, exchange of needles, syringes or accessories with infected persons when taking drugs, with infected mother on her baby before, during or after delivery (breastfeeding).

4. HIV

2015 ◽  
pp. 41-53
Author(s):  
Marta L. Wayne ◽  
Benjamin M. Bolker
Keyword(s):  
Immune Cells ◽  
Evolutionary Biology ◽  
Opportunistic Infections ◽  
Surface Protein ◽  
Infected Person ◽  
Bodily Fluids ◽  
Highly Active ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Acquired Immunodeficiency ◽  
Immunodeficiency Syndrome

HIV is the human immunodeficiency virus that causes acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, or AIDS. Its transmission is by exchange of bodily fluids. HIV can only enter immune cells with the surface protein gp120. The virus can hide in these cells for many years before it is activated, although it can be transmitted throughout this period. Once activated, the virus begins to replicate, ultimately causing the immune system of the infected person to collapse making them vulnerable to opportunistic infections. ‘HIV’ describes how evolutionary biology has been used to clarify the origins of the epidemic. The rapid mutation rates and recombination that make HIV very hard to treat are also explained. Despite these challenges, a regimen of highly active anti-retroviral therapies (HAART), developed in the mid 1990s, is extraordinarily effective against HIV.

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection

2011 ◽  
pp. 663-669
Keyword(s):  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Hiv Infection ◽  
Opportunistic Infections ◽  
Tissue Loss ◽  
Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease ◽  
Hiv Disease ◽  
Hiv Replication ◽  
Pharmacological Management ◽  
Nutritional Conditions ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus

Introduction, nutritional goals, and assessment 664 Unintentional weight and lean tissue loss 666 Cardiovascular risk and complications associated with HIV disease and treatment 667 Additional dietary issues 668 Untreated human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection leads to progressive suppression of immune function, eventually rendering the body susceptible to opportunistic infections and tumours. While there is no cure, antiretroviral therapy (ART) is highly effective in suppressing HIV replication. HIV disease is now a chronic condition and causes of death in this population have shifted from traditional AIDS-related illnesses to non-AIDS (Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome) events, the most common being atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease, liver disease, end-stage renal disease and non-AIDS–defining malignancies. There are a diverse range of nutritional conditions associated with HIV, reflecting the complexity of the disease and pharmacological management....

scholarly journals Developing AIDS – The Dangerous Conjugation and Transformation of HIV : An In-depth Analysis

1970 ◽  
pp. 157-166
Author(s):  
K Bulbul Sarwar
Keyword(s):  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Opportunistic Infections ◽  
White Blood Cells ◽  
The Body ◽  
New Drugs ◽  
Research Issues ◽  
Depth Analysis ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Hiv Aids

HIV/AIDS spreads so quickly and so destructively that it supersedes all disasters ever attacks human civilization. No branch of scientists can declare them aloof or abstain from it. So the agriculturists are very closely concern with its research-issues, nutritional remedies and agro-based care. We know, HIV stands for human immunodeficiency virus. It is the virus that causes AIDS. A member of a group of viruses called retroviruses, HIV infects human cells and uses the energy and nutrients provided by those cells to grow and reproduce. AIDS stands for acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. It is a disease in which the body's immune system breaks down and is unable to fight off infections, known as "opportunistic infections," and other illnesses that take advantage of a weakened immune system. Opportunistic infections are various in types and it needs not only the care from health professionals rather it deserves agriculturists, nutritionists and social scientists to combat together. When a person is infected with HIV, the virus enters the body and lives and multiplies primarily in the white blood cells. These are immune cells that normally protect us from disease. The hallmark of HIV infection is the progressive loss of a specific type of immune cell called T-helper, or CD4 cells. As the virus grows, it damages or kills these and other cells, weakening the immune system and leaving the person vulnerable to various opportunistic infections and other illnesses ranging from pneumonia to cancer. Understanding how the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) works inside the human cell gives all scientists important ways about how to attack it at its most vulnerable points and clues to start research. Knowing the secrets of how the virus functions and reproduces itself -- a process called its ‘life-cycle'- can help scientists design new drugs and nutritional supplements those are more effective at suppressing HIV and support the affected lives. This study will draw a clear and easy-to-understand picture for every scientist, obviously the agriculturists too, being alert and keeping their lives safe from this fatal conjugation of HIV and help to invent natural and/or plant remedies to prevent or suspend HIV's aggression, as long as we concern. Key words: HIV, AIDS, retro virus, HIV viral transformation. DOI = 10.3329/jard.v5i1.1473 J Agric Rural Dev 5(1&2), 157-166, June 2007

scholarly journals PENERAPAN MODEL ARIMA DALAM PERAMALAN ANAK USIA 5–14 Th YANG TERINFEKSI HIV DI INDONESIA

2019 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 74-82
Author(s):  
Wigid Hariadi ◽  
Sulantari Sulantari
Keyword(s):  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Arima Model ◽  
Hiv Disease ◽  
Human Immune System ◽  
The Public ◽  
Number Of Children ◽  
Hiv Virus ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Human Immune

Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) is dangerous diseases for humans, and until now has not found a cure. Virus HIV is attacks the human immune system so that someone is susceptible to disease. This causes if someone is infected with HIV, then the person can experience an danger condition, it will even effect is death. In recent years, the number of children aged 5 – 14 years old that infected with HIV continues to increase. Therefore the author was moved to write about the application of the ARIMA model in forecasting the number of children aged 5 – 14 years old that infected with HIV in Indonesia by 2023. With the hope that the public or the govermment can find out the potential dangers of HIV disease, especially in children aged 5 – 14 years old. So that the public and govermment can jointly eradicate the spread of the HIV virus, especially in chidren. the result are obtained that the model that is suitable for use in forecasting is the ARIMA(0,1,2) models, with error value obtained is 0.057429. with the forecast value of the number of children aged 5 – 14 years old that infected with HIV in Indonesia from 2019 – 2023 in a row is : 570.82, 647.12, 734.14, 823.85, 944.83.

scholarly journals Reduction of CD4 count induces opportunistic infections in people living with HIV (PLHIV)

2014 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 285-291 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rashed Noor ◽  
Md. Morsalin ◽  
Bidhan Chakraborty
Keyword(s):  
Opportunistic Infections ◽  
Medical Science ◽  
Skin Lesions ◽  
The Body ◽  
Cd4 Count ◽  
People Living With Hiv ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Acquired Immunodeficiency ◽  
Immunodeficiency Syndrome ◽  
Living With Hiv

Objective: Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), a lentivirus (member of the retrovirus family) causing acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), weakens the immune system of the body and hence associates different opportunistic infections. Present study undertook a survey on opportunistic infections. Materials and Methods: Data were collected from both HIV carriers (CD4 count more than 250/mL of blood) and AIDS patients (CD4 count less than 250/mL of blood). Results: Analyses of the data revealed that diarrhoea, pulmonary tuberculosis, gland tuberculosis, skin lesions and fever were the common opportunistic infections. Conclusion: It can be summarized that HIV infected patients having a reduced CD4 count (<250/mL) encounter different opportunistic infections and some of these infections could be continual for long as well. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjms.v13i3.19151 Bangladesh Journal of Medical Science Vol.13(3) 2014 p.285-291

HIV: gastrointestinal disorders

2019 ◽  
pp. 485-506
Keyword(s):  
Hiv Infection ◽  
Lymphoid Tissue ◽  
Opportunistic Infections ◽  
The Body ◽  
Gastrointestinal Disorders ◽  
Chronic Diarrhoea ◽  
Hiv Disease ◽  
Pancreatic Diseases ◽  
The Common

This chapter describes the importance of the gut to HIV infection, as it contains the largest lymphoid tissue of the body (gut-associated lymphoid tissue). This chapter explains the role of gut permeability and microbial translocation in immune activation and HIV disease progression. HIV persists in the gut-associated lymphoid tissue even in aviraemic-treated patients. The chapter provides gastrointestinal (GI), from oral down to anal manifestations of HIV disease. The chapter lists the common presentations, their differential diagnosis, and how to manage them. Specifically, the chapter gives information about GI opportunistic infections and malignancies. As diarrhoea is common in HIV infection, the chapter provides practical guide, and algorithm for the management of chronic diarrhoea. Hepatobiliary and pancreatic diseases in HIV are also discussed.

1. The emergence and state of the HIV and AIDS epidemic

2016 ◽  
pp. 1-19
Author(s):  
Alan Whiteside
Keyword(s):  
Hiv And Aids ◽  
Marginal Groups ◽  
Aids Epidemic ◽  
Hiv Virus ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Acquired Immunodeficiency ◽  
Prevention Methods ◽  
New Treatments ◽  
Immunodeficiency Syndrome ◽  
Hiv Aids

‘The emergence and state of the HIV and AIDS epidemic’ outlines the emergence of HIV/AIDS, charting the current state of the disease globally. Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) is caused by the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) virus. The spread of AIDS is a complex, long-wave, epidemic event, with waves of spread followed by waves of impact. The future of HIV/AIDS is, epidemiologically, reasonably predictable. Unless the virus mutates and becomes more easily transmitted it will be contained. Science is advancing, with new treatments becoming available and technological prevention methods, microbicides, and vaccines in the pipeline. The impacts are less certain, but will be confined to the worst affected countries and most marginal groups.

scholarly journals Markers predicting progression of human immunodeficiency virus-related disease.

1994 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 14-28 ◽  
Author(s):  
C M Tsoukas ◽  
N F Bernard
Keyword(s):  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Hiv Infection ◽  
Disease Progression ◽  
Opportunistic Infections ◽  
Surrogate Marker ◽  
Disease Process ◽  
Surrogate Markers ◽  
Hiv Disease ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) interacts with the immune system throughout the course of infection. For most of the disease process, HIV activates the immune system, and the degree of activation can be assessed by measuring serum levels of molecules such as beta 2-microglobulin and neopterin, as well as other serum and cell surface phenotype markers. The levels of some of these markers correlate with clinical progression of HIV disease, and these markers may be useful as surrogate markers for development of clinical AIDS. Because the likelihood and timing of development of clinical AIDS following seroconversion, for any particular individual, are not readily predictable, the use of nonclinical disease markers has become critically important to patient management. Surrogate markers of HIV infection are, by definition, measurable traits that correlate with disease progression. An ideal marker should identify patients at highest risk of disease progression, provide information on how long an individual has been infected, help in staging HIV disease, predict development of opportunistic infections associated with AIDS, monitor the therapeutic efficacy of immunomodulating or antiviral treatments, and the easily quantifiable, reliable, clinically available, and affordable. This review examines the current state of knowledge and the role of surrogate markers in the natural history and treatment of HIV infection. The clinical usefulness of each marker is assessed with respect to the criteria outlined for the ideal surrogate marker for HIV disease progression.

scholarly journals Pathogenesis of Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Mycobacterium tuberculosis Co-Infection

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (11) ◽  
pp. 3575
Author(s):  
Kevin Wong ◽  
James Nguyen ◽  
Lillie Blair ◽  
Marina Banjanin ◽  
Bunraj Grewal ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Mycobacterium Tuberculosis ◽  
Opportunistic Infections ◽  
Treatment Options ◽  
Clinical Use ◽  
Hiv Disease ◽  
Adjuvant Therapies ◽  
Tnf Α ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Living With Hiv

Given that infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) is the leading cause of death amongst individuals living with HIV, understanding the complex mechanisms by which Mtb exacerbates HIV infection may lead to improved treatment options or adjuvant therapies. While it is well-understood how HIV compromises the immune system and leaves the host vulnerable to opportunistic infections such as Mtb, less is known about the interplay of disease once active Mtb is established. This review explores how glutathione (GSH) depletion, T cell exhaustion, granuloma formation, and TNF-α upregulation, as a result of Mtb infection, leads to an increase in HIV disease severity. This review also examines the difficulties of treating coinfected patients and suggests further research on the clinical use of GSH supplementation.

Nutrition and HIV infection. A continuum of care

1995 ◽  
Vol 85 (8) ◽  
pp. 434-438 ◽  
Author(s):  
RC Elbein
Keyword(s):  
Immune Deficiency ◽  
Immune Deficiency Syndrome ◽  
Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome ◽  
Nutrition Therapy ◽  
Deficiency Syndrome ◽  
Hiv And Aids ◽  
Hiv Disease ◽  
Medical Interventions ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Acquired Immune Deficiency

Nutrition is a fundamental intervention in the early and ongoing treatment of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) disease. Nutrition therapy, in coordination with other medical interventions, can extend and improve the quality and quantity of life in individuals infected with HIV and living with acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). The author reviews the current literature and practice for nutrition use in the treatment of patients with HIV and AIDS.

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