scholarly journals Different Modes of Transmission and Containment Strategies for COVID-19

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sitaram Khadka ◽  
Hamid Saeed ◽  
Yogesh Bajgain ◽  
Janak Shahi ◽  
Tank Prasad Yadav ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Direct Contact ◽  
Therapeutic Agent ◽  
Contact Tracing ◽  
Personal Hygiene ◽  
Infected Person ◽  
Safety Measures ◽  
Indirect Contact ◽  
Modes Of Transmission ◽  
Short Period ◽  
Environmental Decontamination

Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is a respiratory infectious ailment caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2). The first outbreak of this disease occurred in China and declared a pandemic in a very short period of time. SARS-CoV-2 gets transmitted mainly through the respiratory tract by droplets or respiratory secretions and by direct contact with the infected person as well as indirect contact through touching the contaminated surface accompanied by poor hygiene practice. Until the vaccine, a therapeutic agent or any other treatment modality gets approved; contact tracing and management, social distancing, personal hygiene, respiratory etiquette, and environmental decontamination are the prime factors to be considered for transmission containment and hence for appropriate safety measures for COVID-19 which is possible with the support of social work from the community level.

scholarly journals Impact of Prior Infection on Protection and Transmission of SARS-CoV-2 in Golden Hamsters

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cheng Zhang ◽  
Zhendong Guo ◽  
Nan Li ◽  
Huan Cui ◽  
Keyin Meng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Direct Contact ◽  
Protective Immunity ◽  
Herd Immunity ◽  
Transmission Experiment ◽  
Indirect Contact ◽  
Golden Hamsters ◽  
Short Period ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Prior Infection

AbstractThe severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has caused over 100 million confirmed human infections, and 2 million more deaths globally since its emergence in the end of 2019. Several studies have shown that prior infection provided protective immunity against SARS-CoV-2 in non-human primate models. However, the effect of prior infection on blocking SARS-CoV-2 transmission is not clear. Here, we evaluated the impact of prior infection on protection and transmission of the SARS-CoV-2 virus in golden hamsters. Our results showed that prior infection provided protective immunity against SARS-CoV-2 re-challenge, but it was not sterizing immunity. The transmission experiment results showed that SARS-CoV-2 was efficiently transmitted from naive hamsters to prior infected hamsters by direct contact and airborne route, but not by indirect contact. Further, the virus was efficiently transmitted from prior infected hamsters to naive hamsters by direct contact, but not by airborne route and indirect contact. Surprisingly, the virus can be transmitted between prior infected hamsters by direct contact during a short period of early infection. Taken together, our study demonstrated that prior infected hamsters with good immunity can still be naturally re-infected, and the virus can be transmitted between prior infected hamsters and the naive through different transmission routes, implying the potential possibility of human re-infection and the risk of virus transmission between prior infected population and the healthy. Our study will help to calculate the herd immunity threshold more accurately, make more reasonable public health decisions, formulate an optimized population vaccination program, as well as aid the implementation of appropriate public health and social measures to control COVID-19.

scholarly journals PCT-TEE: Trajectory-based Private Contact Tracing System with Trusted Execution Environment

2022 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 1-35
Author(s):  
Fumiyuki Kato ◽  
Yang Cao ◽  
Mastoshi Yoshikawa
Keyword(s):  
Direct Contact ◽  
Homomorphic Encryption ◽  
Infected Individual ◽  
Contact Tracing ◽  
Trajectory Data ◽  
Indirect Contact ◽  
Set Intersection ◽  
Execution Environment ◽  
Private Set Intersection ◽  
Trusted Execution Environment

Existing Bluetooth-based private contact tracing (PCT) systems can privately detect whether people have come into direct contact with patients with COVID-19. However, we find that the existing systems lack functionality and flexibility , which may hurt the success of contact tracing. Specifically, they cannot detect indirect contact (e.g., people may be exposed to COVID-19 by using a contaminated sheet at a restaurant without making direct contact with the infected individual); they also cannot flexibly change the rules of “risky contact,” such as the duration of exposure or the distance (both spatially and temporally) from a patient with COVID-19 that is considered to result in a risk of exposure, which may vary with the environmental situation. In this article, we propose an efficient and secure contact tracing system that enables us to trace both direct contact and indirect contact. To address the above problems, we need to utilize users’ trajectory data for PCT, which we call trajectory-based PCT . We formalize this problem as a spatiotemporal private set intersection that satisfies both the security and efficiency requirements. By analyzing different approaches such as homomorphic encryption, which could be extended to solve this problem, we identify the trusted execution environment (TEE) as a candidate method to achieve our requirements. The major challenge is how to design algorithms for a spatiotemporal private set intersection under the limited secure memory of the TEE. To this end, we design a TEE-based system with flexible trajectory data encoding algorithms. Our experiments on real-world data show that the proposed system can process hundreds of queries on tens of millions of records of trajectory data within a few seconds.

scholarly journals Dental Practice in the Era of nCOVID-19 Pandemic

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vandana Chhabra ◽  
Poonam Sood ◽  
Ajay Chhabra ◽  
Gourav Ahuja ◽  
Krittika Chhabra
Keyword(s):  
Protective Equipment ◽  
Dental Practice ◽  
Infected Person ◽  
Fatal Disease ◽  
Safety Measures ◽  
Indirect Contact ◽  
Emergency Situations ◽  
Adequate Knowledge ◽  
Recent Outbreak ◽  
Work Done

The recent outbreak of nCOVID-19 pandemic has shaken the world. Dentists are at a great risk of contracting and transmitting this fatal disease. However, as health care personnel, this is our duty to treat patients especially in emergency situations when treatment is inevitable. Equipping ourselves with adequate knowledge and safety measures will not only protect us, but our patients as well. The routes of transmission of nCOVID-19 include direct and indirect contact with the infected person. Dental operatory offers plethora of opportunities for transmission because of the nature of the work done so it is important that clinical management should begin even before the patient enters the dental clinic. Dentist should be aware of the disinfection protocols and proper use of barrier techniques and Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) and about the disposal of the waste generated.

Reduce odor and NH3 emission: condensation of the carbonatation vapors

2017 ◽  
pp. 534-537
Author(s):  
Nico Antens ◽  
Jan L.M. Struijs
Keyword(s):  
Direct Contact ◽  
Waste Heat ◽  
Pilot Scale ◽  
Sugar Production ◽  
Two Stage ◽  
Indirect Contact ◽  
Nh3 Emission ◽  
Emission Limits ◽  
Plant Trials ◽  
Contact Condensation

At beet sugar production, vapors from first and second carbonatation contain a significant amount of odor components, NH3 and waste heat, which are normally directly released into the environment. Due to sustainability motivations, obligations regarding odor nuisance and expected stricter regulations regarding NH3 emission limits, Suiker Unie decided to take measures to reduce emission via the carbonatation vapors. During the 2015 beet campaign, pilot scale plant trials have been performed to investigate the effectiveness of indirect contact and direct contact condensation of these vapors. Based on this experimental work a two-stage gas scrubbing concept was designed: in the first stage main goal is condensing the vapors and reuse the heat of condensation to heat up limed juice, while the actual scrubbing takes place in the second scrubber. This two-stage gas scrubbing installation has been built at the Vierverlaten factory and was started up in the 2016 beet campaign. The background, pilot scale trials, concept of design and achieved reductions in odor and NH3 emission at industrial scale are discussed.

scholarly journals Modeling Ebola Virus Transmission Using Ferrets

mSphere ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 3 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Marc-Antoine de La Vega ◽  
Geoff Soule ◽  
Kaylie N. Tran ◽  
Kevin Tierney ◽  
Shihua He ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Animal Model ◽  
Direct Contact ◽  
Ebola Virus ◽  
Infected Animal ◽  
Severe Disease ◽  
Virus Transmission ◽  
Metal Mesh ◽  
Indirect Contact ◽  
Specific Antibodies ◽  
Bodily Fluids

ABSTRACT Ebola virus (EBOV) has been responsible for sporadic outbreaks in Central Africa since 1976 and has the potential of causing social disruption and public panic as illustrated by the 2013–2016 epidemic in West Africa. Transmission of EBOV has been described to occur via contact with infected bodily fluids, supported by data indicating that infectious EBOV could be cultured from blood, semen, saliva, urine, and breast milk. Parameters influencing transmission of EBOV are, however, largely undefined in part due to the lack of an established animal model to study mechanisms of pathogen spread. Here, we investigated EBOV transmissibility in male and female ferrets. After intranasal challenge, an infected animal was placed in direct contact with a naive ferret and in contact with another naive ferret (separated from the infected animal by a metal mesh) that served as the indirect-contact animal. All challenged animals, male direct contacts, and one male indirect contact developed disease and died. The remaining animals were not viremic and remained asymptomatic but developed EBOV-glycoprotein IgM and/or IgG specific antibodies—indicative of virus transmission. EBOV transmission via indirect contact was frequently observed in this model but resulted in less-severe disease compared to direct contact. Interestingly, these observations are consistent with the detection of specific antibodies in humans living in areas of EBOV endemicity. IMPORTANCE Our knowledge regarding transmission of EBOV between individuals is vague and is mostly limited to spreading via direct contact with infectious bodily fluids. Studying transmission parameters such as dose and route of infection is nearly impossible in naturally acquired cases—hence the requirement for a laboratory animal model. Here, we show as a proof of concept that ferrets can be used to study EBOV transmission. We also show that transmission in the absence of direct contact is frequent, as all animals with indirect contact with the infected ferrets had detectable antibodies to the virus, and one succumbed to infection. Our report provides a new small-animal model for studying EBOV transmission that does not require adaptation of the virus, providing insight into virus transmission among humans during epidemics.

scholarly journals STIGMA-STATISTIK: Når dagsordener sættes i dansk aids-politik

1996 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jens Seeberg
Keyword(s):  
Human Rights ◽  
Hiv Testing ◽  
Asylum Seekers ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Public Debate ◽  
Contact Tracing ◽  
Infected Person ◽  
African Countries ◽  
Aids Policy ◽  
The Impact

Jens Seeberg: Stigma Statistics: Agendas in the Making in Danish AIDS Policy This article explores a number of paradoxes and assumptions in the public debate on AIDS in Denmark. They form part of a recurrent attack on the Danish ‘soft line’ AIDS policy that maintains anonymity and voluntary HIV-testing. One central issue in recent years has been obligatory testing of asylum seekers from high risk areas as a precondition for considering the asylum request. Especially asylum seekers from African countries are pointed out as constituting a major threat to the native Danish population in terms of spread of HIV. This is shown to rest on a misreading of the official statistics, repeated as often as the statistics themselves. The assumption that there is a basic clash between the human rights of the HIV-infected person and the population in general is discussed. This conceived clash rests on the assumption that restrictions of the human rights of the HIV-infected person will provide efficient protection for the noninfected majority. The potential counterproductive effects of this line of thought are discussed. Contact tracing is sometimes considered as an effective preventive measure. Part of the critique of the present AIDS policy States that contact tracing is virtually non-existing and that this has a major negative impact on the preventive efforts. It is argued that while the impact of contact tracing in itself may be rather limited, the lack of contact tracing may be seen as a symptom of insufficient counselling. While obligatory HIV testing may never be practiced in Denmark, its recurrent appearance on the agenda serves to provoke a defensive stand among AIDS policy makers. It is argued that this debate has hitherto had the effect of keeping the needs of HIV-infected people - and especially HIV-infected immigrants — away from public debate and serious concern.

scholarly journals The Relationship Of The Utilization Of Sanitation Clinic With The Prevention Of Upper Respiratory Tract Infection Disease In Majasem Public Health Center Working Area Cirebon City 2019

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 22-26
Author(s):  
Dina Aulya Wahab ◽  
Mitha Erlisya Puspandhani ◽  
Shella Febiana
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Personal Hygiene ◽  
P Value ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Indirect Contact ◽  
Public Health Office ◽  
Upper Respiratory ◽  
Tract Infections

Utilization of clinical sanitation is where people use clinical sanitation room and follow activity in clinical saanitation. Efforts to prevent diseases of the upper respiratory tract, namely to prevent direct or indirect contact with patients with upper respiratory tract infections and using PPE, maintaining environmental cleanliness, maintaining personal hygiene with clean and healthy living behaviors in the household order. Depend on data of Public Health Office Cirebon at 2018, achievement program clinical sanitation just reach clinical sanitation is 30%, number of ISPA cases reach number 26.142 people. This research uses correlation descriptive, approach with cross sectional. Population is all of people in Puskesmas Working Area Cirebon as much 2.506 people. Sample technic which use is purposiv sampling technic as much 97 people. Instrumen which uses this research is questionare. Result of research shows 97 responden total responden which utilize clinical sanitation as much 88 responden or 90,7% more than which not utilize clinical sanitation as much 9,3%. P value which is got as bis as 0,00 and smller of value a = 0,05. This result shows that there is relation utilization of clinical sanitation which prevent ISPA disease in Puskesmas Working Area Majasem Cirebon.  Be expected that the agency more improve clinical sanitation program and educate the public related importance to maintain environmental health.

scholarly journals Tanggap Siaga Dalam Masa Pandemi Covid-19 Desa Tempursari Kabupaten Magelang

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 135-140
Author(s):  
Paramita Nuraini ◽  
Atri Pratiwi ◽  
Kevin Gusti ◽  
Novina Silvita ◽  
Arinda Fauziah
Keyword(s):  
Influenza Virus ◽  
Direct Contact ◽  
Hand Washing ◽  
Guidance And Counseling ◽  
Infected Person ◽  
Study Program ◽  
Service Activity ◽  
Insight Into ◽  
Assistant Lecturer ◽  
Virus Influenza

Abstract:Corona virus is a type of influenza virus or a common virus that causes infection of the nose, sinuses or upper throat. The Covid-19 virus in humans is most commonly transmitted from an infected person to another in a number of ways. This virus can be transmitted easily through the air by coughing and sneezing. However, it can also be through direct contact such as shaking hands, touching objects and so on. Indonesia is one of the countries where the spread of the corona 19 virus is relatively fast. This virus also causes the death of victims, therefore education is needed related to preparedness during the Covid 19 Pandemic. This activity was held in Tempursari village, Magelang Regency for 1 month (June 2020) involving 1 assistant lecturer and 4 students of the Guidance and Counseling study program. Muhammadiyah University of Magelang as a companion for counseling and simulations related to proper hand washing and the use of proper masks. This service activity is expected for the community to have insight into the dangers of Covid 19 and have skills related to proper hand washing procedures and the use of proper masks so that they can reduce the spread of Covid 19, especially in Magelang district.Keywords: alert response; covid pandemic 19; wash hands  Abstrak:Virus Corona merupakan sejenis virus influenza atau virus umum yang menyebabkan infeksi pada hidung, sinus atau tenggorokan bagian atas.Virus Covid-19 pada manusia paling umum menular dari orang yang terinfeksi ke orang lain melalui berbagai cara. Virus ini dapat menular dengan mudah melalui udara dengan batuk dan bersin. Namun, bisa juga melalui kontak langsung seperti berjabat tangan, menyentuh benda dan lain sebagainya. Indonesia merupakan salah satu negara yang penyebaran Virus Covid-19 terhitung cepat. Virus ini juga  menyebabkan kematian terhadap korban, karena itu perlu adanya edukasi terkait tanggap siaga dalam masa Pandemi Covid 19. Kegiatan ini dilaksankan di desa Tempursari Kabupaten Magelang selama 1 bulan ( juni 2020) dengan melibatkan 1 dosen pendamping dan  4 mahasiswa program studi Bimbingan dan Konseling Universitas Muhammadiyah Magelang sebagai pendamping penyuluhan dan simulasi terkait cuci tangan yang benar dan penggunaan masker yang tepat. Kegiatan pengabdian ini diharapkan masyarakat memiliki wawasan terkait bahaya covid 19 dan memiliki ketrampilan terkait tata cara cuci tangan yang benar dan penggunaan masker yang tepat sehingga dapat menekan penyebaran Covid-19 khususnya di kabupaten Magelang.Kata kunci: cuci tangan; pandemi covid-19; tanggap siaga

Lucretius and the Salty Taste of Sea Air

2021 ◽  
Vol 69 ◽  
pp. 173-217
Author(s):  
Pamela Zinn
Keyword(s):  
Direct Contact ◽  
Water Cycle ◽  
Traditional View ◽  
Sensory Threshold ◽  
De Rerum Natura ◽  
Indirect Contact ◽  
Salty Taste

This article treats the sense of taste in Epicurean thought through the evidence in Lucretius’ De rerum natura. It reconstructs Lucretius’ account of what taste is and how it works, with a view to explaining instances like the taste of salt by the seaside, where we seem to taste at a distance. I argue that such instances are not exceptions, but examples that reveal more about the processes behind them. When analyzed in conjunction with the physiology of taste and the water cycle, the salty taste of sea air confirms the traditional view that the perception of flavor consistently occurs through direct contact with the object of perception, not through indirect contact with an intermediary. Moreover, it advances the understanding of what comes into contact, what the perceiver contributes to taste, and taste’s sensory threshold.

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