scholarly journals The effect of individual differences on the cognitive processes of a witness during interrogation

2021 ◽  
Vol 39 (71) ◽  
pp. 643-659
Author(s):  
Marina Anatoleyvna Kaluzhina ◽  
Vadim Victorovich Verstov ◽  
Yuri Alekseevich Bondarenko ◽  
Tatiana Sergeevna Balugina ◽  
Alexander Ivanovich Natura
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Personality Inventory ◽  
The Body ◽  
Eysenck Personality Inventory ◽  
Per Se

The article presents an analysis of the different existing conceptions of interrogation and, at the same time, indicates the ambiguity of approaches to the examination of witnesses according to the type of crime, the body conducting the investigation and the tactics used. The study explores the effect of individual differences on the cognitive processes of witnesses in a simulated interrogation. The authors conducted a survey using the Eysenck Personality Inventory (EPI) method. The groups of witnesses are divided not by the types of temperament per se but according to the set of temperamental characteristics (introversion and extraversion; neuroticism) and controlling the sincerity of the interviewees during the test, which significantly improves the reliability of the conclusions (Eysenck Personality Inventory). Finally, the study experimentally demonstrates that the speed of the mental reactions of the witnesses is not uniform and varies according to their temperamental characteristics. This gives reason to affirm the need to adapt to different groups of witnesses before and during their interrogation, giving an account of the peculiarities of their perception and processing of information.

Relationship between Introversion/Extraversion, Values regarding Control over Information, and Perceptions of Invasion of Privacy

1986 ◽  
Vol 62 (2) ◽  
pp. 371-376 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dianna L. Stone
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Laboratory Study ◽  
Personal Information ◽  
Personal Data ◽  
Personality Inventory ◽  
Eysenck Personality Inventory ◽  
Invasion Of Privacy ◽  
The Relationship

A laboratory study examined the relationship between individual differences in introversion/extraversion, values regarding control over personal information, and perceptions of invasion of privacy. 119 subjects were asked to complete the Eysenck Personality Inventory, a personal data questionnaire, a measure of values regarding control over information, and a measure of perceived invasion of privacy. Regression/correlational analyses indicated that both introversion and values regarding control over personal information were positively related to perceptions of invasion of privacy.

Dimensionality of the Body-Image: The Body-Image Questionnaire

1987 ◽  
Vol 65 (3) ◽  
pp. 887-892 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marilou Bruchon-Schweitzer
Keyword(s):  
Body Image ◽  
Factor Analysis ◽  
Personality Traits ◽  
Personality Inventory ◽  
Principal Factor ◽  
The Body ◽  
Principal Factor Analysis ◽  
Eysenck Personality Inventory ◽  
Age And Sex

A body-image questionnaire was administered to 619 French subjects between the ages of 10 and 40 yr. A principal factor analysis of item correlations yielded four meaningful factors. Some of them are associated with personality traits of the Eysenck Personality Inventory, age, and sex.

Continuity or Compensation between Waking and Dreaming: An Exploration Using the Eysenck Personality Inventory

1986 ◽  
Vol 58 (3) ◽  
pp. 871-874 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hélène Samson ◽  
Joseph De Koninck
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Personality Inventory ◽  
Eysenck Personality Inventory ◽  
Undergraduate Women

To determine whether personality in dreams exhibits a compensatory or a continuous relationship with waking personality, one dream from each of 100 undergraduate women was analysed with an extraversion scale derived from the Eysenck Personality Inventory. The dream extraversion scores were correlated with the subjects' corresponding extraversion score on Eysenck's inventory. The over-all coefficient (.14) was nonsignificant; however, when subjects were divided into high and low neuroticism groups, the low scorers' r was negative and significant (-.29) but that of the high scorers was not (.12). The results suggest that individual differences in neuroticism should be taken into account for further explorations of compensatory relationships between waking and dreaming.

Personality, Arousal and Individual Differences in Cigarette Smoking

1979 ◽  
Vol 45 (2) ◽  
pp. 423-428 ◽  
Author(s):  
Verner J. Knott
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Cigarette Smoking ◽  
Personality Inventory ◽  
High Arousal ◽  
Eysenck Personality Inventory ◽  
Personality Correlates ◽  
Physiologically Based

This study attempted to examine physiologically based personality correlates of ‘low-arousal smokers’ and ‘high-arousal smokers.’ The former were smokers who generally experienced their strongest need to smoke in low-arousal situations, characterized by, e.g., monotony or boredom, while the latter experienced their strongest need to smoke in high-arousal situations, characterized by, e.g., anxiety or excitement. Members of each group completed the Eysenck Personality Inventory and the Vando Reduction-Augmentation Scale. High-arousal smokers exhibited significantly greater scores on extraversioon, neuroticism, and reducing dimensions.

Elaborating the role of reflection and individual differences in the study of folk-economic beliefs

2018 ◽  
Vol 41 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kevin Arceneaux
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Individual Differences ◽  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Evolutionary History ◽  
Behavioral Responses ◽  
History Of ◽  
Economic Beliefs

AbstractIntuitions guide decision-making, and looking to the evolutionary history of humans illuminates why some behavioral responses are more intuitive than others. Yet a place remains for cognitive processes to second-guess intuitive responses – that is, to be reflective – and individual differences abound in automatic, intuitive processing as well.

Individual Differences in the Flexibility of Peripersonal Space

2017 ◽  
Vol 64 (1) ◽  
pp. 49-55 ◽  
Author(s):  
Samuel B. Hunley ◽  
Arwen M. Marker ◽  
Stella F. Lourenco
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Peripersonal Space ◽  
The Body ◽  
Laser Pointer ◽  
Baseline Measure ◽  
Bisection Task ◽  
Defensive Function ◽  
Representational Space ◽  
Laser Condition ◽  
Line Bisection Task

Abstract. The current study investigated individual differences in the flexibility of peripersonal space (i.e., representational space near the body), specifically in relation to trait claustrophobic fear (i.e., fear of suffocating or being physically restricted). Participants completed a line bisection task with either a laser pointer (Laser condition), allowing for a baseline measure of the size of one’s peripersonal space, or a stick (Stick condition), which produces expansion of one’s peripersonal space. Our results revealed that individuals high in claustrophobic fear had larger peripersonal spaces than those lower in claustrophobic fear, replicating previous research. We also found that, whereas individuals low in claustrophobic fear demonstrated the expected expansion of peripersonal space in the Stick condition, individuals high in claustrophobic fear showed less expansion, suggesting decreased flexibility. We discuss these findings in relation to the defensive function of peripersonal space and reduced attentional flexibility associated with trait anxieties.

Depression und Biografie

2003 ◽  
Vol 22 (05) ◽  
pp. 267-271 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. König ◽  
K.-E. Bühler
Keyword(s):  
Thematic Apperception Test ◽  
Klinische Studie ◽  
Personality Inventory ◽  
Eysenck Personality Inventory ◽  
Thematic Apperception ◽  
Gesunde Probanden

ZusammenfassungIn der vorliegenden Untersuchung kamen zwei Persönlichkeitsfragebögen, das Eysenck Personality Inventory (EPI) und der Biografische Fragebogen für Alkoholabhängige (BIFA-AL). sowie ein Persönlichkeitstest, der Thematic Apperception Test (TAT), zur Anwendung. Insgesamt umfasste die klinische Studie 88 Versuchspersonen: 44 depressive Patienten und 44 in Bezug auf Alter, Geschlecht und Schulbildung parallelisierte gesunde Probanden. Die Ergebnisse des TAT zeigen, dass sich die Patienten in ihren Fantasiegeschichten von ihrer depressiven Einstellungen lösen. Die Bildtafeln scheinen die Patienten zu animieren, ihre passive und negative Einstellungen aufzugeben und in ihren Fantasiegeschichten aktiv und positiv eingestellt in das Geschehen einzugreifen. In ihren Fantasiegeschichten leben sie das aus, was sie im normalen depressiven Leben nicht verwirklichen können, und verhalten sich so, wie sie gerne in Wirklichkeit wären. In den beiden Persönlichkeitsfragebögen konnten deutliche Unterschiede (höherer Neurotizismus, niedrigere Extraversion) zwischen den beiden Stichproben festgestellt werden. In der Skala „Zielgerichtetheit” des BIFA-AL erzielten die Patienten deutlich niedrigere Werte als die gesunden Probanden. Die Patienten erreichten ferner ungünstigere Werte hinsichtlich der Primärsozialisation. Sie schildern ihre Primärsozialisation deutlich ungünstiger und belastender. Vorschläge hinsichtlich psychotherapeutischer Folgerungen aus diesen Befunden werden unterbreitet.

The Concept of Animals in Balinese Proverbs

2017 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 87
Author(s):  
I Wayan Budiarta ◽  
Ni Wayan Kasni
Keyword(s):  
Short Story ◽  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Qualitative Data ◽  
Syntactic Structure ◽  
The Body ◽  
Biological Characteristic ◽  
Speech Community ◽  
Target Domain ◽  
Source Domain ◽  
Mapping Process

This research is aimed to figure out the syntactic structure of Balinese proverbs, the relation of meaning between the name of the animals and the meaning of the proverbs, and how the meanings are constructed in logical dimension. This research belongs to a qualitative as the data of this research are qualitative data which taken from a book entitled Basita Paribahasa written by Simpen (1993) and a book of Balinese short story written by Sewamara (1977). The analysis shows that the use of concept of animals in Balinese proverbs reveal similar characteristics, whether their form, their nature, and their condition. Moreover, the cognitive processes which happen in resulting the proverb is by conceptualizing the experience which is felt by the body, the nature, and the characteristic which owned by the target with the purpose of describing event or experience by the speech community of Balinese. Analogically, the similarity of characteristic in the form of shape of source domain can be proved visually, while the characteristic of the nature and the condition can be proved through bodily and empirical experiences. Ecolinguistics parameters are used to construct of Balinese proverbs which happen due to cross mapping process. It is caused by the presence of close characteristic or biological characteristic which is owned by the source domain and target domain, especially between Balinese with animal which then are verbally recorded and further patterned in ideological, biological, and sociological dimensions.

scholarly journals Genetic and environmental architecture of conscientiousness in adolescence

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yusuke Takahashi ◽  
Anqing Zheng ◽  
Shinji Yamagata ◽  
Juko Ando
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Effortful Control ◽  
Genetic Variance ◽  
Genetic Factors ◽  
Common Factor ◽  
Genetic Correlations ◽  
Self Control ◽  
Genetic Analyses ◽  
Environmental Correlations ◽  
Per Se

AbstractUsing a genetically informative design (about 2000 twin pairs), we investigated the phenotypic and genetic and environmental architecture of a broad construct of conscientiousness (including conscientiousness per se, effortful control, self-control, and grit). These four different measures were substantially correlated; the coefficients ranged from 0.74 (0.72–0.76) to 0.79 (0.76–0.80). Univariate genetic analyses revealed that individual differences in conscientiousness measures were moderately attributable to additive genetic factors, to an extent ranging from 62 (58–65) to 64% (61–67%); we obtained no evidence that shared environmental influences were observed. Multivariate genetic analyses showed that for the four measures used to assess conscientiousness, genetic correlations were stronger than the corresponding non-shared environmental correlations, and that a latent common factor accounted for over 84% of the genetic variance. Our findings suggest that individual differences in the four measures of conscientiousness are not distinguishable at both the phenotypic and behavioural genetic levels, and that the overlap was substantially attributable to genetic factors.

scholarly journals Characterizing Bilingual Effects on Cognition: The Search for Meaningful Individual Differences

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 81
Author(s):  
Kristina C. Backer ◽  
Heather Bortfeld
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Language Background ◽  
Bilingual Advantage ◽  
The Past ◽  
General Movement ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Task Irrelevant ◽  
Analytical Approaches ◽  
The Relationship

A debate over the past decade has focused on the so-called bilingual advantage—the idea that bilingual and multilingual individuals have enhanced domain-general executive functions, relative to monolinguals, due to competition-induced monitoring of both processing and representation from the task-irrelevant language(s). In this commentary, we consider a recent study by Pot, Keijzer, and de Bot (2018), which focused on the relationship between individual differences in language usage and performance on an executive function task among multilingual older adults. We discuss their approach and findings in light of a more general movement towards embracing complexity in this domain of research, including individuals’ sociocultural context and position in the lifespan. The field increasingly considers interactions between bilingualism/multilingualism and cognition, employing measures of language use well beyond the early dichotomous perspectives on language background. Moreover, new measures of bilingualism and analytical approaches are helping researchers interrogate the complexities of specific processing issues. Indeed, our review of the bilingualism/multilingualism literature confirms the increased appreciation researchers have for the range of factors—beyond whether someone speaks one, two, or more languages—that impact specific cognitive processes. Here, we highlight some of the most salient of these, and incorporate suggestions for a way forward that likewise encompasses neural perspectives on the topic.

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