scholarly journals Use of the ESI-2007 scale to evaluate the 2003 Boumerdès earthquake (North Algeria)

2016 ◽  
Vol 59 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Aicha Heddar ◽  
Hamoud Beldjoudi ◽  
Christine Aurhemayou ◽  
Roza SiBachir ◽  
Abdelkrim Yelles-Chaouche ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Historical Earthquakes ◽  
Seismic Intensity ◽  
Turbidity Currents ◽  
Secondary Effects ◽  
Rock Falls ◽  
Tsunami Waves ◽  
The North ◽  
Field Investigations ◽  
Surface Ruptures ◽  
Ground Effects

<p>In this study, we applied the environmental seismic intensity (ESI-2007) scale to a major recent Algerian earthquake. The ESI-2007 scale is an effective tool to assess the seismic hazard and has been applied to onshore earthquakes. Here we applied the scale to a recent earthquake (Mw 6.8, 2003) that took place offshore in the province of Boumerdès in the north of Algeria along the boundary between African and Eurasian plates. The main shock was associated to an unknown submarine structure. No surface ruptures were observed on the onshore domain, but many earthquake environmental effects (EEEs) were reported during several field investigations. In addition to onshore ground effects, this event triggered turbidity currents responsible for 29 submarine cable breaks. Mapping and describing coseismic ground effects allowed us to distinguish primary and secondary effects like coastal uplifts, liquefaction phenomena, tsunami waves, turbidity currents, cracks, rock falls, slope movements and hydrological anomalies. Considering the total area affected and the distribution of ground effects, we suggest intensity X that appears in agreement with intensity calculated in previous study with the EMS-98 scale. Thus, this method is validated even in the case of a coastal earthquake, and could be applied in the future to Algerian historical earthquakes that have affected scarcely inhabited zones but where EEEs were listed and located.</p>

scholarly journals Earthquake Environmental Effects of the 1992 MS7.3 Suusamyr Earthquake, Kyrgyzstan, and Their Implications for Paleo-Earthquake Studies

Geosciences ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (6) ◽  
pp. 271 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christoph Grützner ◽  
Richard Walker ◽  
Eleanor Ainscoe ◽  
Austin Elliott ◽  
Kanatbek Abdrakhmatov
Keyword(s):  
Historical Earthquakes ◽  
Seismic Intensity ◽  
Tien Shan ◽  
Mass Movements ◽  
Surface Rupture ◽  
Epicentral Area ◽  
Surface Ruptures ◽  
Sparse Population ◽  
Earthquake Effects ◽  
Rupture Pattern

Large pre-historical earthquakes leave traces in the geological and geomorphological record, such as primary and secondary surface ruptures and mass movements, which are the only means to estimate their magnitudes. These environmental earthquake effects (EEEs) can be calibrated using recent seismic events and the Environmental Seismic Intensity Scale (ESI2007). We apply the ESI2007 scale to the 1992 MS7.3 Suusamyr Earthquake in the Kyrgyz Tien Shan, because similar studies are sparse in that area and geological setting, and because this earthquake was very peculiar in its primary surface rupture pattern. We analyze literature data on primary and secondary earthquake effects and add our own observations from fieldwork. We show that the ESI2007 distribution differs somewhat from traditional intensity assessments (MSK (Medvedev-Sponheuer-Karnik) and MM (Modified Mercalli)), because of the sparse population in the epicentral area and the spatial distribution of primary and secondary EEEs. However, the ESI2007 scale captures a similar overall pattern of the intensity distribution. We then explore how uncertainties in the identification of primary surface ruptures influence the results of the ESI2007 assignment. Our results highlight the applicability of the ESI2007 scale, even in earthquakes with complex and unusual primary surface rupture patterns.

scholarly journals SEISMIC VULNERABILITY ASSESSMENT OF FES MEDINA IN MOROCCO

2020 ◽  
Vol XLIV-M-1-2020 ◽  
pp. 699-706
Author(s):  
S. Stefanini ◽  
L. Rovero ◽  
U. Tonietti
Keyword(s):  
Vulnerability Assessment ◽  
Seismic Vulnerability ◽  
Fragility Curves ◽  
Historical Earthquakes ◽  
Vulnerability Index ◽  
Seismic Intensity ◽  
World Heritage Site ◽  
Damage Scenarios ◽  
The North ◽  
Unesco World Heritage Site

Abstract. The assessment of seismic vulnerability in the Maghreb area is not yet fully investigated, especially considering the important connection between the vulnerability and traditional housing or construction local types. This paper proposes a methodology for the assessment of seismic vulnerability at territorial scale that is calibrated on the specific characteristics of historical settlements in the North of Morocco, mostly made of patio buildings in aggregate. The proposed methodology is structured to be extended and replicated in other similar contexts and is based on the Vulnerability Index approach proposed by the National Group for Earthquake Defence (Gruppo Nazionale per la Difesa dai Terremoti, GNDT). This method was applied to the Medina of Fes, UNESCO World Heritage site, which has suffered severe damages from historical earthquakes. The study allowed the realization of vulnerability and fragility curves, damage scenarios for different seismic intensity and loss scenarios. The proposed methodology was applied a second time to the case study after a simulated structural retrofitting intervention. The results of this second application allowed to validate the guidelines and the reinforcement strategies calibrated on local construction culture. The results of the vulnerability assessment are also presented through maps in the Geographic Information System (GIS) environment.

Coseismic surface rupture during the 2018 Mw 7.5 Palu earthquake, Sulawesi Island, Indonesia

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dengyun Wu ◽  
Zhikun Ren ◽  
Jinrui Liu ◽  
Jie Chen ◽  
Peng Guo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Slip Rate ◽  
Flower Structure ◽  
Surface Rupture ◽  
Sand Liquefaction ◽  
Field Surveys ◽  
The North ◽  
Field Investigations ◽  
Surface Ruptures ◽  
Lateral Offset ◽  
Coseismic Offset

Sulawesi Island is located at the triple junction between the converging Australian, Sunda, and Philippine plates. The magnitude (Mw) 7.5 Palu earthquake occurred on 28 September 2018 on Sulawesi Island and caused serious casualties. The causative fault of the Palu earthquake was the left-lateral, strike-slip Palu-Koro fault, which has a rapid slip rate. We experienced this earthquake in Palu City and conducted field investigations on coseismic surface ruptures 1 d after the earthquake. Field surveys revealed that the coseismic surface ruptures were characterized by left-lateral offset, en echelon tensional cracks, mole tracks within a narrow zone, and large areas of sand liquefaction that increased the damage and losses. We measured the coseismic displacements along surface ruptures and observed a maximum coseismic offset of ∼6.2 m. The rupture traces in the north Palu Basin near Palu City mark the previously unmapped Palu-Koro fault. Based on the field investigations, we determined the exact location of the Palu-Koro fault within the Palu Basin and found that the Palu-Koro fault zone can be divided into three branches: F1, F2, and F3, forming a typical flower structure.

Ketilidian structure and the rapakivi suite between Lindenow Fjord and Kap Farvel, South-East Greenland

2000 ◽  
pp. 50-59
Author(s):  
Brian Chadwick ◽  
Adam A. Garde ◽  
John Grocott ◽  
Ken J.W. McCaffrey ◽  
Mike A. Hamilton
Keyword(s):  
Coastal Region ◽  
Field Work ◽  
Natural Environment Research Council ◽  
East Greenland ◽  
The North ◽  
Tectonic Processes ◽  
Field Investigations ◽  
North Eastern ◽  
Bad Weather ◽  
North Eastern Part

NOTE: This article was published in a former series of GEUS Bulletin. Please use the original series name when citing this article, for example: Chadwick, B., Garde, A. A., Grocott, J., McCaffrey, K. J., & Hamilton, M. A. (2000). Ketilidian structure and the rapakivi suite between Lindenow Fjord and Kap Farvel, South-East Greenland. Geology of Greenland Survey Bulletin, 186, 50-59. https://doi.org/10.34194/ggub.v186.5215 _______________ The southern tip of Greenland is underlain by the Palaeoproterozoic Ketilidian orogen (e.g. Chadwick & Garde 1996; Garde et al. 1998a). Field investigations in the summer of 1999 were focused on the structure of migmatites (metatexites) and garnetiferous granites (diatexites) of the Pelite Zone in the coastal region of South-East Greenland between Lindenow Fjord and Kap Farvel (Figs 1, 2). Here, we first address the tectonic evolution in the Pelite Zone in that region and its correlation with that in the Psammite Zone further north. Then, the structure and intrusive relationships of the rapakivi suite in the Pelite Zone are discussed, including particular reference to the interpretation of the controversial outcrop on Qernertoq (Figs 2, 8). Studies of the structure of the north-eastern part of the Julianehåb batholith around Qulleq were continued briefly from 1998 but are not addressed here (Fig. 1; Garde et al. 1999). The field study was keyed to an interpretation of the Ketilidian orogen as a whole, including controls of rates of thermal and tectonic processes in convergent settings. Earlier Survey field work (project SUPRASYD, 1992–1996) had as its principal target an evaluation of the economic potential of the orogen (Nielsen et al. 1993). Ensuing plate-tectonic studies were mainly funded in 1997–1998 by Danish research foundations and in 1999 by the Natural Environment Research Council, UK. The five-week programme in 1999 was seriously disrupted by bad weather, common in this part of Greenland, and our objectives were only just achieved. Telestation Prins Christian Sund was the base for our operations (Fig. 2), which were flown with a small helicopter (Hughes MD-500).

scholarly journals Fault source investigation of the 6 December 2016 MwMw 6.5 Pidie Jaya, Indonesia, earthquake based on GPS and its implications of the geological survey result

2020 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 405-412
Author(s):  
Endra Gunawan ◽  
Takuya Nishimura ◽  
Susilo Susilo ◽  
Sri Widiyantoro ◽  
Nanang T. Puspito ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Surface Deformation ◽  
Source Parameters ◽  
Secondary Effects ◽  
Near Surface ◽  
Morphological Attributes ◽  
Ground Shaking ◽  
The North ◽  
Coulomb Failure ◽  
North And South ◽  
Fault Source

AbstractOn 6 December 2016 at 22:03 UTC, a devastating magnitude 6-class strike-slip earthquake occurred along an unidentified and unmapped fault in Pidie Jaya, northern Sumatra. We analysed the possible fault using continuous Global Positioning System (GPS) observation available in the region. In our investigation, we searched for the fault source parameters of the north- and south-dipping left-lateral faults and the west- and east-dipping right-lateral faults. We identified that the fault responsible for the earthquake was located offshore, with a southwest-northeast direction. We also computed the Coulomb failure stress and compared the result with the distribution of the aftershocks. In this study, we demonstrated that the result of the geological field survey conducted soon after the mainshock was attributed to the secondary effects of ground shaking and near-surface deformation, and not surface faulting. The newly identified offshore fault proposed by this study calls for further investigation of the corresponding submarine morphological attributes in this particular region.

scholarly journals A short introduction to historical earthquakes in Libya

2009 ◽  
Vol 47 (2-3) ◽  
Author(s):  
A. S. Suleiman ◽  
P. Albini ◽  
P. Migliavacca
Keyword(s):  
Historical Earthquakes ◽  
Historical Seismicity ◽  
Historical Sources ◽  
Short Introduction ◽  
North Central ◽  
The North ◽  
Lack Of Information ◽  
Macroseismic Effects ◽  
Instrumental Recording ◽  
Earthquake Effects

As a result of the relative motion of the African and European plates, Libya, located at the north central margin of the African continent, has experienced a considerable intraplate tectonism, particularly in its northern coastal regions. If the seismic activity of the last fifty years, at most, is known from instrumental recording, macroseismic effects of those earthquakes which affected Libya in the past centuries are still imperfectly known. To try and partly overcome this lack of information, in this contribution we present a short introduction to historical earthquakes in Libya, focusing on the period up to 1935. According to the studies published in the last twenty years, the earliest records of earthquakes in Libya are documented in the Roman period (3rd and 4th century A.D.). There is a gap in information along the Middle and Modern Ages, while the 19th and early 20th century evidence is concentrated on effects in Tripoli, in the western part of nowadays Libya. The Hun Graben area (western part of the Gulf of Sirt) has been identified as the location of many earthquakes affecting Libya, and it is in this area that the 19 April 1935 earthquake (Mw = 7.1) struck, followed by many aftershocks. Further investigations are needed, and some hints are here given at historical sources potentially reporting on earthquake effects in Libya. Their investigation could result in the needed improvement to lay the foundations of a database and a catalogue of the historical seismicity of Libya.

scholarly journals Field work in the north of the Ivisârtoq region, inner Godthåbsfjord, southern West Greenland

1983 ◽  
Vol 115 ◽  
pp. 49-56
Author(s):  
B Chadwick ◽  
M.A Crewe ◽  
J.F.W Park
Keyword(s):  
Field Work ◽  
Geological Survey ◽  
West Greenland ◽  
North West ◽  
The North ◽  
Field Investigations ◽  
New Findings ◽  
Host Rocks

The programme of field investigations in the north of the Ivisartoq region begun in 1981 by Chadwick & Crewe (1982) was continued in 1982. Julia Park began mapping the Taserssuaq granodiorite, its host rocks and the Ataneq fault in the north-west. Dur team was joined by D. Bellur, Geological Survey of India, nominally as an assistant. In this report we present only summary notes of new findings relevant to the interpretation of the geometry and chronology of this segment of the Archaean crust in southern West Greenland. We use the established terminology for the Archaean rocks of the Godthåbsfjord region.

scholarly journals Historical Earthquake Scenarios for the Middle Strand of the North Anatolian Fault Deduced from Archeo-Damage Inventory and Building Deformation Modeling

2020 ◽  
Vol 92 (1) ◽  
pp. 583-598
Author(s):  
Yacine Benjelloun ◽  
Julia de Sigoyer ◽  
Hélène Dessales ◽  
Laurent Baillet ◽  
Philippe Guéguen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Historical Earthquakes ◽  
Historical Seismicity ◽  
North Anatolian Fault ◽  
First Century ◽  
Building Vulnerability ◽  
Earthquake Scenarios ◽  
The North ◽  
Seismicity Catalog ◽  
Quality Ranking ◽  
The City

Abstract The city of İznik (ancient Nicaea), located on the middle strand of the North Anatolian fault zone (MNAF), presents outstanding archeological monuments preserved from the Roman and Ottoman periods (first to fifteenth centuries A.D.), bearing deformations that can be linked to past seismic shaking. To constrain the date and intensity of these historical earthquakes, a systematic survey of earthquake archeological effects (EAEs) is carried out on the city’s damaged buildings. Each of the 235 EAEs found is given a quality ranking, and the corresponding damage is classified according to the European Macroseismic Scale 1998 (EMS-98). We show that the walls oriented north–south were preferentially damaged, and that most deformations are perpendicular to the walls’ axes. The date of postseismic repairs is constrained with available archeological data and new C14 dating of mortar charcoals. Three damage episodes are evidenced: (1) between the sixth and late eighth centuries, (2) between the nineth and late eleventh centuries A.D., and (3) after the late fourteenth century A.D. The repartition of damage as a function of building vulnerability points toward a global intensity VIII on the EMS-98. The 3D modeling of a deformed Roman obelisk shows that only earthquakes rupturing the MNAF can account for this deformation. Their magnitude can be bracketed between Mw 6 and 7. Our archeoseismological study complements the historical seismicity catalog and confirms paleoseismological data, suggesting several destructive earthquakes along the MNAF, since the first century A.D. We suggest the fault might still have accumulated enough stress to generate an Mw 7+ rupture.

scholarly journals The 1755 earthquake in the Algarve (South of Portugal): what would happen nowadays?

2008 ◽  
Vol 14 ◽  
pp. 59-63 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Tedim Pedrosa ◽  
J. Gonçalves
Keyword(s):  
Land Use Planning ◽  
Disaster Preparedness ◽  
Risk Mitigation ◽  
Seismic Intensity ◽  
Mitigation Measures ◽  
The North ◽  
Lisbon Earthquake ◽  
Moroccan Coast ◽  
Flooded Area ◽  
The One

Abstract. The 1755 Lisbon earthquake, which reached a magnitude of 8.5, remains the most powerful and destructive to hit Europe so far. Within minutes, many lives were lost, populations displaced, livelihoods, homes and infrastructures were destroyed. Although frequently associated to the city of Lisbon, one of the most important European cities at the time, this earthquake caused similar damage and casualties, if not greater, in the southwest of the Algarve, where the seismic intensity was estimated at IX-X Mercalli Intensity Scale. Some time later a tsunami increased the number of victims and the amount of damage. In some locations the tsunami caused greater destruction than the earthquake itself. The tsunami hit both coasts of the North Atlantic; however, the more destructive damage occurred in the Portuguese coast, south from Lisbon, in the Gulf of Cadiz and in the Moroccan coast. The downtown of Lisbon was flooded by waves that reached a height of 6 m. The water flooded an area with an extension of around 250 m from the coast. In the Southwest part of Algarve the waves reached a height between 10 and 15 m and the flooded area was much larger. Through the analysis of recent research works on the assessment of the 1755 tsunami parameters and the interpretation of the more reliable historical documents, it is our intention to analyse the destructive power of the tsunami in the Algarve and delimit the flooded area. Using simple techniques of simulation it is our intention to assess the impacts nowadays of the occurrence of a tsunami similar to the one that hit the Algarve in 1755, which would probably affect a greater number of people, buildings and infrastructures. This assessment is an important instrument not only in terms of disaster preparedness but also for the integration of risk mitigation measures in land use planning.

Contemporary deformation and earthquake hazard of the Capital Circle of China inferred from GPS Measurements

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shaogang Wei ◽  
Xiwei Xu ◽  
Tuo Shen ◽  
Xiaoqiong Lei
Keyword(s):  
High Risk ◽  
Earthquake Hazard ◽  
Historical Earthquakes ◽  
Tectonic Stress ◽  
Middle Part ◽  
Earthquake Hazards ◽  
Seismic Belt ◽  
Fault Plane Solutions ◽  
The North ◽  
Recent Earthquakes

&lt;p&gt;The Capital Circle (CC) is a region with high risk of great damaging earthquake hazards. In our present study, by using a subset of rigorously GPS data around the North China Plain (NCP), med-small recent earthquakes data and focal mechanism of high earthquakes data covering its surrounding regions, the following major conclusions have been reached: (a) Driven by the deformation force associated with both eastward and westward motion, with respect to the NCP, of the rigid South China and the rigid Amurian block, widespread sinistral shear appear over the NCP, which results in clusters of parallel NNE-trending faults with predominant right-lateral strike-slips via bookshelf faulting within the interior of the NCP. (b) Fault plane solutions of recent earthquakes show that tectonic stress field in the NCP demonstrate overwhelming NE-ENE direction of the maximum horizontal principal stress, and that almost all great historical earthquakes in the NCP occurred along the NWW-trending Zhangjiakou-Bohai seismic belt and the NNE-trending Tangshan-Hejian-Cixian seismic belt. Additionally, We propose a simple conceptual model for inter-seismic deformation associated with the Capital Circle, which might suggest that two seismic gaps are located on the middle part of Tangshan-Hejian-Cixian fault seismic belt (Tianjin-Hejian segment) and the northeast part of Tanlu seismic belt (Anqiu segment), and constitute as, in our opinion, high risk areas prone to great earthquakes.&lt;/p&gt;

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