Coseismic surface rupture during the 2018 Mw 7.5 Palu earthquake, Sulawesi Island, Indonesia

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dengyun Wu ◽  
Zhikun Ren ◽  
Jinrui Liu ◽  
Jie Chen ◽  
Peng Guo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Slip Rate ◽  
Flower Structure ◽  
Surface Rupture ◽  
Sand Liquefaction ◽  
Field Surveys ◽  
The North ◽  
Field Investigations ◽  
Surface Ruptures ◽  
Lateral Offset ◽  
Coseismic Offset

Sulawesi Island is located at the triple junction between the converging Australian, Sunda, and Philippine plates. The magnitude (Mw) 7.5 Palu earthquake occurred on 28 September 2018 on Sulawesi Island and caused serious casualties. The causative fault of the Palu earthquake was the left-lateral, strike-slip Palu-Koro fault, which has a rapid slip rate. We experienced this earthquake in Palu City and conducted field investigations on coseismic surface ruptures 1 d after the earthquake. Field surveys revealed that the coseismic surface ruptures were characterized by left-lateral offset, en echelon tensional cracks, mole tracks within a narrow zone, and large areas of sand liquefaction that increased the damage and losses. We measured the coseismic displacements along surface ruptures and observed a maximum coseismic offset of ∼6.2 m. The rupture traces in the north Palu Basin near Palu City mark the previously unmapped Palu-Koro fault. Based on the field investigations, we determined the exact location of the Palu-Koro fault within the Palu Basin and found that the Palu-Koro fault zone can be divided into three branches: F1, F2, and F3, forming a typical flower structure.

scholarly journals New findings on the effects of the İzmit <i>M</i><sub>w</sub>=7.4 and Düzce <i>M</i><sub>w</sub>=7.2 earthquakes

2011 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 267-272 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. S. Kutoglu ◽  
R. N. Celik ◽  
M. T. Ozludemir ◽  
C. Güney
Keyword(s):  
Black Hole ◽  
Geodetic Network ◽  
North Anatolian Fault ◽  
Fault Line ◽  
Surface Rupture ◽  
The North ◽  
Gps Network ◽  
New Findings ◽  
Surface Ruptures

Abstract. The 17 August 1999 İzmit Mw=7.4 and the 12 November 1999 Düzce Mw=7.2 earthquakes caused a 150 km long surface rupture in the western part of the North Anatolian Fault. The coseismic slips along the fault line and the trace of the surface ruptures were studied in detail in Barka (1999), Reilinger et al. (2000), Cakir et al. (2003a, b) and Ergintav (2009) after the earthquakes. However, the basin to the east of Sapanca Lake was a black hole for all investigations because there was no geodetic network and no significant deformation that could be obtained by using InSAR techniques. In this study, findings on the abovementioned basin have been reinterpreted through a GPS network newly explored. This interpretation shows coseismic slips of between 2–3 m, and links the surface rupture to the main branch of the North Anatolian Fault (NAF) in the east Sapanca basin.

scholarly journals Supplemental Material: Coseismic surface rupture during the 2018 Mw 7.5 Palu earthquake, Sulawesi Island, Indonesia

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dengyun Wu ◽  
Zhikun Ren
Keyword(s):  
Field Investigation ◽  
Rupture Zone ◽  
Surface Rupture ◽  
Lateral Offset ◽  
Uav Images ◽  
Coseismic Offset

Table S1: Main coseismic offset locations of the Palu rupture zone; Table S2: Field investigation locations; Figure S1: UAV images and surface coseismic left-lateral offset distribution; Figure S2: Mirrored trench and interpretation; Figure S3: Relations between the surface rupture trace and the architecture of the Palu-Koro fault.

Active Faulting of Landforms along the Tuosuhu-Maoniushan Fault and Its Seismotectonic Implications in Eastern Qaidam Basin, China

2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guihua Chen ◽  
Xun Zeng ◽  
Zhongwu Li ◽  
Xiwei Xu
Keyword(s):  
Late Quaternary ◽  
Qaidam Basin ◽  
Slip Rate ◽  
Northern Margin ◽  
The North ◽  
Fold And Thrust Belt ◽  
Field Investigations ◽  
High Resolution Satellite Images ◽  
Geomorphic Features ◽  
Tectonic Belt

Abstract The fold-and-thrust belt along the northern margin of the Qaidam basin is a typical active tectonic belt located in the northeast Tibetan Plateau. This belt is at a high risk of strong earthquakes with magnitudes larger than 6, as shown by multiple recorded events during 1962–2009. The lack of detailed late Quaternary surficial faulting data and systematic seismotectonic studies has posed difficulties in properly assessing the seismic risks and understanding the ongoing geodynamics in this region. In this study, we mapped the geomorphic features and fault traces from high-resolution satellite images and field investigations of the Tuosuhu-Maoniushan fault (TMF). Field photogrammetry was conducted to obtain deformation measurements using a DJI M300 real-time kinematic (RTK) drone. The TMF displaces the Holocene and late Pleistocene alluvial terraces in the eastern Qaidam basin. This fault dips to the south in the west and central segments (as a boundary of the Denan depression) and to the north in the eastern segment along the piedmont of the Maoniushan Mountains. The vertical slip rate is estimated to be 0.37 ± 0.08 mm/yr, which is similar to that of the active southern Zongwulongshan fault. By integrating our investigations with the previously published studies on deep structures and Cenozoic geology of the region, we propose a deep-seated thrust model for the seismotectonics of the northern margin of the Qaidam basin. The Aimunike, Tuosuhu-Maoniushan, southern Zongwulongshan, and Zongwulong faults, along with many folds, form an active compressional zone. The complex across-strike structures and along-strike segmentation could facilitate the release of strain through earthquakes of magnitude 6–7 in this broad seismotectonics belt, rather than through strong surface-rupturing events resulting from a single mature large fault.

scholarly journals Use of the ESI-2007 scale to evaluate the 2003 Boumerdès earthquake (North Algeria)

2016 ◽  
Vol 59 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Aicha Heddar ◽  
Hamoud Beldjoudi ◽  
Christine Aurhemayou ◽  
Roza SiBachir ◽  
Abdelkrim Yelles-Chaouche ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Historical Earthquakes ◽  
Seismic Intensity ◽  
Turbidity Currents ◽  
Secondary Effects ◽  
Rock Falls ◽  
Tsunami Waves ◽  
The North ◽  
Field Investigations ◽  
Surface Ruptures ◽  
Ground Effects

<p>In this study, we applied the environmental seismic intensity (ESI-2007) scale to a major recent Algerian earthquake. The ESI-2007 scale is an effective tool to assess the seismic hazard and has been applied to onshore earthquakes. Here we applied the scale to a recent earthquake (Mw 6.8, 2003) that took place offshore in the province of Boumerdès in the north of Algeria along the boundary between African and Eurasian plates. The main shock was associated to an unknown submarine structure. No surface ruptures were observed on the onshore domain, but many earthquake environmental effects (EEEs) were reported during several field investigations. In addition to onshore ground effects, this event triggered turbidity currents responsible for 29 submarine cable breaks. Mapping and describing coseismic ground effects allowed us to distinguish primary and secondary effects like coastal uplifts, liquefaction phenomena, tsunami waves, turbidity currents, cracks, rock falls, slope movements and hydrological anomalies. Considering the total area affected and the distribution of ground effects, we suggest intensity X that appears in agreement with intensity calculated in previous study with the EMS-98 scale. Thus, this method is validated even in the case of a coastal earthquake, and could be applied in the future to Algerian historical earthquakes that have affected scarcely inhabited zones but where EEEs were listed and located.</p>

scholarly journals Supplemental Material: Coseismic surface rupture during the 2018 Mw 7.5 Palu earthquake, Sulawesi Island, Indonesia

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dengyun Wu ◽  
Zhikun Ren
Keyword(s):  
Field Investigation ◽  
Rupture Zone ◽  
Surface Rupture ◽  
Lateral Offset ◽  
Uav Images ◽  
Coseismic Offset

Table S1: Main coseismic offset locations of the Palu rupture zone; Table S2: Field investigation locations; Figure S1: UAV images and surface coseismic left-lateral offset distribution; Figure S2: Mirrored trench and interpretation; Figure S3: Relations between the surface rupture trace and the architecture of the Palu-Koro fault.

Ketilidian structure and the rapakivi suite between Lindenow Fjord and Kap Farvel, South-East Greenland

2000 ◽  
pp. 50-59
Author(s):  
Brian Chadwick ◽  
Adam A. Garde ◽  
John Grocott ◽  
Ken J.W. McCaffrey ◽  
Mike A. Hamilton
Keyword(s):  
Coastal Region ◽  
Field Work ◽  
Natural Environment Research Council ◽  
East Greenland ◽  
The North ◽  
Tectonic Processes ◽  
Field Investigations ◽  
North Eastern ◽  
Bad Weather ◽  
North Eastern Part

NOTE: This article was published in a former series of GEUS Bulletin. Please use the original series name when citing this article, for example: Chadwick, B., Garde, A. A., Grocott, J., McCaffrey, K. J., & Hamilton, M. A. (2000). Ketilidian structure and the rapakivi suite between Lindenow Fjord and Kap Farvel, South-East Greenland. Geology of Greenland Survey Bulletin, 186, 50-59. https://doi.org/10.34194/ggub.v186.5215 _______________ The southern tip of Greenland is underlain by the Palaeoproterozoic Ketilidian orogen (e.g. Chadwick & Garde 1996; Garde et al. 1998a). Field investigations in the summer of 1999 were focused on the structure of migmatites (metatexites) and garnetiferous granites (diatexites) of the Pelite Zone in the coastal region of South-East Greenland between Lindenow Fjord and Kap Farvel (Figs 1, 2). Here, we first address the tectonic evolution in the Pelite Zone in that region and its correlation with that in the Psammite Zone further north. Then, the structure and intrusive relationships of the rapakivi suite in the Pelite Zone are discussed, including particular reference to the interpretation of the controversial outcrop on Qernertoq (Figs 2, 8). Studies of the structure of the north-eastern part of the Julianehåb batholith around Qulleq were continued briefly from 1998 but are not addressed here (Fig. 1; Garde et al. 1999). The field study was keyed to an interpretation of the Ketilidian orogen as a whole, including controls of rates of thermal and tectonic processes in convergent settings. Earlier Survey field work (project SUPRASYD, 1992–1996) had as its principal target an evaluation of the economic potential of the orogen (Nielsen et al. 1993). Ensuing plate-tectonic studies were mainly funded in 1997–1998 by Danish research foundations and in 1999 by the Natural Environment Research Council, UK. The five-week programme in 1999 was seriously disrupted by bad weather, common in this part of Greenland, and our objectives were only just achieved. Telestation Prins Christian Sund was the base for our operations (Fig. 2), which were flown with a small helicopter (Hughes MD-500).

scholarly journals Surface-Rupturing Historical Earthquakes in Australia and Their Environmental Effects: New Insights from Re-Analyses of Observational Data

Geosciences ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (10) ◽  
pp. 408 ◽  
Author(s):  
King ◽  
Quigley ◽  
Clark
Keyword(s):  
Observational Data ◽  
Environmental Effects ◽  
Active Faults ◽  
Magnetic Data ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Surface Rupture ◽  
Secondary Fracture ◽  
Geological Evidence ◽  
Surface Ruptures ◽  
Strong Control

We digitize surface rupture maps and compile observational data from 67 publications on ten of eleven historical, surface-rupturing earthquakes in Australia in order to analyze the prevailing characteristics of surface ruptures and other environmental effects in this crystalline basement-dominated intraplate environment. The studied earthquakes occurred between 1968 and 2018, and range in moment magnitude (Mw) from 4.7 to 6.6. All earthquakes involved co-seismic reverse faulting (with varying amounts of strike-slip) on single or multiple (1–6) discrete faults of ≥ 1 km length that are distinguished by orientation and kinematic criteria. Nine of ten earthquakes have surface-rupturing fault orientations that align with prevailing linear anomalies in geophysical (gravity and magnetic) data and bedrock structure (foliations and/or quartz veins and/or intrusive boundaries and/or pre-existing faults), indicating strong control of inherited crustal structure on contemporary faulting. Rupture kinematics are consistent with horizontal shortening driven by regional trajectories of horizontal compressive stress. The lack of precision in seismological data prohibits the assessment of whether surface ruptures project to hypocentral locations via contiguous, planar principal slip zones or whether rupture segmentation occurs between seismogenic depths and the surface. Rupture centroids of 1–4 km in depth indicate predominantly shallow seismic moment release. No studied earthquakes have unambiguous geological evidence for preceding surface-rupturing earthquakes on the same faults and five earthquakes contain evidence of absence of preceding ruptures since the late Pleistocene, collectively highlighting the challenge of using mapped active faults to predict future seismic hazards. Estimated maximum fault slip rates are 0.2–9.1 m Myr-1 with at least one order of uncertainty. New estimates for rupture length, fault dip, and coseismic net slip can be used to improve future iterations of earthquake magnitude—source size—displacement scaling equations. Observed environmental effects include primary surface rupture, secondary fracture/cracks, fissures, rock falls, ground-water anomalies, vegetation damage, sand-blows / liquefaction, displaced rock fragments, and holes from collapsible soil failure, at maximum estimated epicentral distances ranging from 0 to ~250 km. ESI-07 intensity-scale estimates range by ± 3 classes in each earthquake, depending on the effect considered. Comparing Mw-ESI relationships across geologically diverse environments is a fruitful avenue for future research.

Preliminary investigation of emerging suburban landsliding in Gisborne, New Zealand

2022 ◽  
pp. qjegh2021-087
Author(s):  
Matthew E. Cook ◽  
Martin S. Brook ◽  
Jon Tunnicliffe ◽  
Murry Cave ◽  
Noah P. Gulick
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
New Zealand ◽  
High Intensity ◽  
Preliminary Investigation ◽  
Rainfall Event ◽  
Slope Instability ◽  
Antecedent Soil Moisture ◽  
Field Surveys ◽  
Coastal City ◽  
The North

Recently uplifted, soft Pleistocene sediments in northern New Zealand are particularly vulnerable to landsliding because they are often underlain by less permeable, clay-rich Neogene mudstone/siltstone rocks. Typically, instability is rainfall-induced, often due to a high intensity rainfall event from extra-tropical cyclones, following wetter months when antecedent soil moisture has increased. Using remote sensing, field surveys and laboratory testing, we report on some emerging slope instability hazards in the eastern suburbs of the coastal city of Gisborne, on the North Island. Retrogressive failure of the main landslide (at Wallis Road) is ongoing and has already led to the abandonment of one home, while an adjacent landslide (at Titirangi Drive) appears to be in an incipient phase of failure. The Wallis Road landslide has been particularly active from mid-2017, with slumping of the headscarp area transitioning to a constrained mudflow downslope, which then descends a cliff before terminating on the beach. In contrast, the incipient Titirangi Drive landslide at present displays much more subtle effects of deformation. While activity at both landslides appears to be linked to rainfall-induced increases in soil moisture, this is due to the effects of prolonged periods of rainfall rather than the passage of high intensity cyclonic storms.

scholarly journals Field work in the north of the Ivisârtoq region, inner Godthåbsfjord, southern West Greenland

1983 ◽  
Vol 115 ◽  
pp. 49-56
Author(s):  
B Chadwick ◽  
M.A Crewe ◽  
J.F.W Park
Keyword(s):  
Field Work ◽  
Geological Survey ◽  
West Greenland ◽  
North West ◽  
The North ◽  
Field Investigations ◽  
New Findings ◽  
Host Rocks

The programme of field investigations in the north of the Ivisartoq region begun in 1981 by Chadwick & Crewe (1982) was continued in 1982. Julia Park began mapping the Taserssuaq granodiorite, its host rocks and the Ataneq fault in the north-west. Dur team was joined by D. Bellur, Geological Survey of India, nominally as an assistant. In this report we present only summary notes of new findings relevant to the interpretation of the geometry and chronology of this segment of the Archaean crust in southern West Greenland. We use the established terminology for the Archaean rocks of the Godthåbsfjord region.

Frequency and size of quaternary surface ruptures of the pitaycachi fault, northeastern Sonora, Mexico

1988 ◽  
Vol 78 (2) ◽  
pp. 956-978
Author(s):  
William B. Bull ◽  
Philip A. Pearthree
Keyword(s):  
Late Pleistocene ◽  
Volcanic Rocks ◽  
Surface Rupture ◽  
Maximum Slope ◽  
Degradation Rates ◽  
Mountain Front ◽  
Surface Ruptures ◽  
Study Sites ◽  
Fault Scarps ◽  
Prior Event

Abstract Movements along the Pitaycachi fault since the Miocene juxtaposed different alluvial units and created 2- to 45-m-high fault scarps downslope from a pedimented mountain front prior to 1887. In 1887, a major earthquake formed a 75-km-long, 12- to 4-m-high scarp along the trace of prehistoric surface ruptures. Diverse evidence from many study sites indicates that about 200,000 yr elapsed between the prior (youngest Pleistocene) event and the 1887 surface rupture. Cumulative displacements of Pliocene(?) to mid-Pleistocene alluvial fans and stream terraces decrease with decreasing age. The trace of the prior rupture was largely buried by sheets of late Pleistocene and Holocene piedmont alluvium. Late Pleistocene soils are offset about the same amount as the height of the 1887 scarp. Valleys that are as much as 40 m deep and 0.5 to 0.9 km wide have been eroded since the prior event; they contain multiple late Pleistocene and Holocene stream terraces that were not faulted until 1887. Pre-1887 alluvial fault scarps were degraded to 2° to 9° slopes before the 1887 event, even in resistant materials such as clay-rich soil horizons with unweathered rhyolite cobbles and calcrete. Scarp height-maximum slope regressions and diffusion-equation analyses for reconstructed pre-1887 scarp profiles indicate that the prior event occurred more than 100,000 yr ago. Acceleration of scarp degradation rates during the Holocene, and/or relatively resistant materials exposed in the scarps, would increase the age estimates to 200,000 yr or more. Very long recurrence intervals are the characteristic style of movement on the Pitaycachi fault. At one site, six ages of diverse valley fills were inset into pedimented granodiorite upslope from the fault between the prior and 1887 events. Only 3 m of relief remained before the 1887 rupture increased the scarp height from 3 to 6 m. Some hillslopes have triangular talus facets of carbonatecemented colluvium that resulted from infrequent fault movements and intervening periods of erosion. Smooth hillsides of resistant volcanic rocks between the facets show that virtually all of the prior surface-rupture event scarps had been removed by prolonged slope degradation.

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