scholarly journals Seismic damage in historic town centres and attenuation criteria

1995 ◽  
Vol 38 (5-6) ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Giuffrè
Keyword(s):  
Seismic Damage ◽  
Intervention Strategies ◽  
Seismic Behaviour ◽  
Damage Scenarios ◽  
Safety Requirements ◽  
Prevention Programmes ◽  
Viii And Ix ◽  
Mechanical Interpretation ◽  
New Buildings ◽  
Structural Significance

The structural significance of the damage scenarios characteristic of VIII and IX degrees on the MKS macroseismic scale is discussed with reference to the seismic behaviour of the buildings which make up the urban fabric of a historic town or city. In an VIII degree scenario, damage is limited to structurally precarious situations, while a IX degree scenario involves seismic damage to external walls. Mechanical interpretation of these scenarios provides the basis for intervention strategies sufficiently well defined as to constitute a guide for seismic damage prevention programmes. VIII degree damage is prevented by identifying precarious situations. while IX degree damage requires systematic action. A proposal is put forward for the clarification of seismic regulations and the usefulness of evaluating future earthquakes in macroseismic terms with reference to the safety requirements of new buildings is discussed.

scholarly journals What can we learn from offspring studies in bipolar disorder?

2016 ◽  
Vol 22 (3) ◽  
pp. 176-185 ◽  
Author(s):  
Josephine Loftus ◽  
Bruno Etain ◽  
Jan Scott
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Bipolar Disorder ◽  
Early Intervention ◽  
High Risk ◽  
Secondary Prevention ◽  
Environmental Risk ◽  
Clinical Characteristics ◽  
Intervention Strategies ◽  
Prevention Programmes ◽  
Methodological Approaches

SummaryWe offer a contemporary review of studies of the offspring of parents with bipolar disorder and explore the clinical characteristics of these populations. We discuss how different methodological approaches may influence study findings and may explain some of the heterogeneity in the results reported. We also highlight some of the environmental risk factors that may increase the likelihood of transition from an ‘at-risk’ or high-risk state to bipolar disorder. Last, we briefly discuss the implications of study findings for early intervention strategies and comment on such issues as genetic counselling and primary and early secondary prevention programmes.

Seismic damage scenarios in Lefkas old town (W. Greece)

2015 ◽  
Vol 13 (12) ◽  
pp. 3669-3711 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. Kassaras ◽  
D. Kalantoni ◽  
C. Benetatos ◽  
G. Kaviris ◽  
K. Michalaki ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Seismic Damage ◽  
Damage Scenarios

scholarly journals The Kids Are Alright: Outcome of a Safety Programme for Addressing Childhood Injury in Australia

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 546-556
Author(s):  
Blake Peck ◽  
Daniel Terry
Keyword(s):  
Retrospective Study ◽  
School Children ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Test Scores ◽  
Intervention Strategies ◽  
Great Promise ◽  
Safety Programme ◽  
Post Test ◽  
Prevention Programmes ◽  
Target Children

Globally, injuries are the leading cause of death and represent the highest burden of ongoing disease amongst children 1–16 years of age. Increasingly, prevention programmes are recognising a growing need for intervention strategies that target children. The purpose of this study was to determine the efficacy of the SeeMore Safety Programme, designed to teach children (4–6 years of age) how to make conscious decisions about their own capabilities related to safety and how to manage risk. This retrospective study examined de-identified pre- and post-programme data from a sample of 1027 4 to 6-year-old pre-school children over the four-year period who participated in the SeeMore Safety Programme. Results show a significant improvement in each of the post-test scores and when compared to the pre-test scores (p < 0.001). Children from rural areas, as well as those from areas of greater disadvantage, also showed significant improvement in their pre- and post-test scores (p < 0.001). Overall, the findings highlight that the SeeMore Safety Programme over the four-year period demonstrates an increase in the children’s capacity to recognise and identify danger and safety amongst all children, offering great promise for reducing the burden of injury on children, their families and society.

scholarly journals The heuristic vulnerability model: fragility curves for masonry buildings

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sergio Lagomarsino ◽  
Serena Cattari ◽  
Daria Ottonelli
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Fragility Curves ◽  
Expert Elicitation ◽  
Total Risk ◽  
Seismic Behaviour ◽  
Ground Acceleration ◽  
Intensity Measures ◽  
Bull Earthquake ◽  
Damage Scenarios ◽  
Vulnerability Model

AbstractIn the framework of seismic risk analyses at large scale, among the available methods for the vulnerability assessment the empirical and expert elicitation based ones still represent one of most widely used options. In fact, despite some drawbacks, they benefit of a direct correlation to the actual seismic behaviour of buildings and they are easy to handle also on huge stocks of buildings. Within this context, the paper illustrates a macroseismic vulnerability model for unreinforced masonry existing buildings that starts from the original proposal of Lagomarsino and Giovinazzi (Bull Earthquake Eng 4(4):445–463, 2006) and has further developed in recent years. The method may be classified as heuristic, in the sense that: (a) it is based on the expertise that is implicit in the European Macroseismic Scale (EMS98), with fuzzy assumptions on the binomial damage distribution; (b) it is calibrated on the observed damage in Italy, available in the database Da.D.O. developed by the Italian Department of Civil Protection (DPC). This approach guarantees a fairly well fitting with actual damage but, at the same time, ensures physically consistent results for both low and high values of the seismic intensity (for which observed data are incomplete or lacking). Moreover, the method provides a coherent distribution between the different damage levels. The valuable data in Da.D.O. allowed significant improvements of the method than its original version. The model has been recently applied in the context of ReLUIS project, funded by the DPC to support the development of Italian Risk Maps. To this aim, the vulnerability model has been applied for deriving fragility curves. This step requires to introduce a correlation law between the Macroseismic Intensity (adopted for the calibration of the model from a wide set of real damage data) and the Peak Ground Acceleration (at present, one of most used instrumental intensity measures); this conversion further increases the potential of the macroseismic method. As presented in the paper, the first applications of the model have produced plausible and consistent results at national scale, both in terms of damage scenarios and total risk (economic loss, consequences to people).

scholarly journals Damage Scenarios Simulation for Seismic Risk Assessment in Urban Zones

1996 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 371-394 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alex H. Barbat ◽  
Fabricio Yépez Moya ◽  
JoséA. Canas
Keyword(s):  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Seismic Risk ◽  
Fragility Curves ◽  
Vulnerability Index ◽  
Survey Study ◽  
Seismic Behaviour ◽  
Seismic Risk Assessment ◽  
Damage Scenarios ◽  
Damage Probability Matrices

A methodology for simulating seismic damage of unreinforced masonry buildings for seismic risk assessment of urban areas is presented in this paper. The methodology is based on the Italian vulnerability index and on the results of a post-earthquake damage survey study whose main result was an observed vulnerability function. The Monte Carlo method was then used to simulate damage probability matrices, fragility curves and vulnerability functions, all of which are the basis of a seismic risk study. The simulation process required the generation of thousands of hypothetical buildings, the analysis of their seismic behaviour and probabilistic studies of the computed results. As an example, probable damage scenarios were developed for an urban zone of Barcelona.

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