scholarly journals Microbiome: pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics and drug/xenobiotic interactions

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 78-87
Author(s):  
M.O. Ojezele
Keyword(s):  
Drug Interaction ◽  
Treatment Success ◽  
The Body ◽  
Composition Chimique ◽  
Health Maintenance ◽  
Intestinal Microbes ◽  
Microbiome Composition ◽  
Candidate Drug ◽  
Interactions Médicamenteuses ◽  
Microbiote Intestinal

The participation of microbiota in myriads of physiological, metabolic,  genetic and immunological processes shows that they are a fundamental part of human existence and health maintenance. The efficiency of drugs’ absorption depends on solubility, stability, permeability and metabolic   enzymes produced by the body and gut microbiota. Two major types of microbiota-drug interaction have been identified; direct and indirect. The use of antibiotics is a direct means of targeting intestinal microbes and short-term use of antibiotic can significantly alter the microbiome  composition. It is noteworthy that not every microbial drug metabolism is of benefit to the host as some drugs can shut down microbial processes as observed in the co-administration of antiviral sorivudine with  fluoropyridimide resulting in a toxic buildup of fluoropyridimide metabolites from blockade of host fluoropyridimide by the microbial-sorivudine  metabolite. It has been reported that many classes of drugs and  xenobiotics modify the gut microbiome composition which may be detrimental to human health. Microbiome-drug interaction may be beneficial or detrimental resulting in either treatment success or failure which is largely dependent on factors such as microbial enzymes, chemical composition of candidate drug, host immunity and the complex relationship that exists with the microbiome. The effects of microbiota on pharmacology of drugs and vice versa are discussed in this review.Keywords: microbiome; pharmacokinetic, pharmacodynamic, drug, xenobiotic English Title: Microbiome: pharmacocinétique, pharmacodynamique et interactions médicamenteuses/xénobiotiquesLa participation du microbiote à des myriades de processus physiologiques, métaboliques, génétiques et immunologiques montre qu’ils sont un élément fondamental de l’existence et du maintien de la santé de l’être humain. L’efficacité de l’absorption des médicaments dépend de la solubilité, de la stabilité, de la perméabilité et des enzymes métaboliques produites par le corps et le microbiote intestinal. Deux types principaux d’interaction microbiote-médicament ont été identifiés; direct et indirect. L'utilisation d'antibiotiques est un moyen direct de cibler les microbes intestinaux et une utilisation à court terme d'antibiotique peut modifier de manière significative la composition du microbiome. Il est à noter que tous les métabolismes de médicaments microbiens ne sont pas bénéfiques pour l'hôte, car certains médicaments peuvent arrêter les processus microbiens observés lors de l'administration concomitante d'antiviral sorivudine et de fluoropyridimide, ce qui entraîne une accumulation toxique de métabolites de fluoropyridimide résultant du blocage du fluoropyridimide par l'hôte. métabolite microbien-sorivudine. Il a été rapporté que de nombreuses classes de médicaments et de xénobiotiques modifiaient la composition du microbiome intestinal, ce qui pourrait nuire à la santé humaine. Une  interaction médicamenteuse-microbiome peut être bénéfique ou  préjudiciable, entraînant le succès ou l'échec du traitement, qui dépend en grande partie de facteurs tels que les enzymes microbiennes, la  composition chimique du médicament candidat, l'immunité de l'hôte et la relation complexe qui existe avec le microbiome. Les effets du microbiote sur la pharmacologie des médicaments et inversement sont discutés dans cette revue.Mots-clés: microbiome; pharmacocinétique, pharmacodynamique,  médicament, xénobiotique

Osteopathic support of sportsmen during the annual training process

2020 ◽  
pp. 37-43 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. A. Yakupov ◽  
G. I. Safiullina ◽  
A. A. Safiullina ◽  
E. R. Burganov
Keyword(s):  
Musculoskeletal Diseases ◽  
Muscle Tone ◽  
The Body ◽  
Training Process ◽  
Health Maintenance ◽  
Osteopathic Treatment ◽  
Leading Position ◽  
Myofascial Syndrome ◽  
Sports Activities ◽  
Timely Treatment

Introduction. Modern sports places high demands on the functional systems of the body at all stages of the training and competitive processes. High loads create signifi cant background for the occurrence of musculoskeletal diseases, among which the myofascial syndrome (MFS) holds the leading position. MFS negatively affects the functional readiness of the sportsman′s body and is a risk factor for injuries of the musculoskeletal system. In this regard, timely treatment of MFS is important. It creates the conditions for the improvement of sports achievements, for health maintenance and sports longevity. Treatment of patients with MFS should include methods that normalize trophism and muscle tone. Given the problem of doping, the use of non-drug methods, including osteopathy, is preferable. The goal of research — to develop a system of monitoring and osteopathic correction of myofascial disorders (MFD) and to introduce it into the practice of medical and biological support for sportsmen of different categories and levels during the annual training process.Materials and methods. 93 sportsmen (45 women and 48 men), mean age 22,1±1,1 years, representing diffe rent sports were examined. The essence of the proposed system is regular clinical and electroneurophysiological monitoring of the body condition and preventive correction of myofascial disorders in order to exclude their infl uence on the success of sports activities.Results. It was established that the proposed system of monitoring and osteopathic correction led to a signifi cant reduction in clinical and electroneurophysiological manifestations both in local and in extensive forms of myofascial disorders, which allowed to maintain the optimal functional readiness of sportsmen throughout the entire annual training cycle.Conclusion. The system of monitoring and correction of MFS with the use of osteopathic treatment can be one of the elements of medical and biological support for sportsmen during the annual training process.

EFEKTIVITAS BOOKLET TERHADAP PENGETAHUAN DAN SIKAP PEMELIHARAAN KESEHATAN GIGI MULUT PADA IBU HAMIL

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 66
Author(s):  
Rahmaini Fitri
Keyword(s):  
Oral Health ◽  
Pregnant Women ◽  
The Body ◽  
Wilcoxon Test ◽  
Percentage Increase ◽  
Oral Diseases ◽  
Health Maintenance ◽  
Knowledge And Attitudes ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Knowledge And Attitude

Pregnancy causes physiological changes in the body and as well as in the oral cavity. Dental and oral diseases associated with pregnancy that is, gingivitis, periodontitis and pregnancy granuloma. Mouth dental disease during pregnancy is not only influenced by the pregnancy itself but rather the lack of knowledge about dental and oral health maintenance. Efforts to improve the knowledge of pregnant women about oral health is done by providing information, information necessary for health education media. In this case the media is created and used to improve the knowledge of pregnant women is the booklet. This study aimed to analyze the differences in knowledge and attitudes before and after maintenance booklet oral health in pregnant women. This study is a quasi experiment with one group pre  and post test design. The sample is the first trimester pregnant women who come to the health center in Sentosa Baru Medan as many as 34 people. Analysis of the data  forcompare the average difference in scores of knowledge and attitudes before and after the intervention used the Wilcoxon test. The results showed there is an increased knowledge and attitude maintenance of oral health in pregnant women after being given a booklet with a value of p < 0.001, a percentage increase of 30% knowledge and attitudes percentage of 37%. The conclusions of this study is increased knowledge and attitude maintenance of oral health in pregnant women after being given a booklet.

Framework for the Design of Cannabis-Mediated Phase I Drug-Drug Interaction Studies

2021 ◽  
Vol 16 ◽  
Author(s):  
Diana L. Shuster ◽  
Gina Pastino ◽  
Dirk Cerneus
Keyword(s):  
Drug Interaction ◽  
Drug Development ◽  
The United States ◽  
The Body ◽  
Cannabis User ◽  
Special Population ◽  
Care Providers ◽  
Clinical Drug Development ◽  
Drug Drug Interaction ◽  
Clinical Drug

: Cannabis has become legal in much of the United States similarly to many other countries, for either recreational or medical use. The use of cannabis products is rapidly increasing while the body of knowledge of its myriad of effects still lags. In vitro and clinical data show that cannabis’ main constituents, delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol and cannabidiol, can affect the pharmacokinetics (PK), safety and pharmacodynamics (PD) of other drugs. Within the context of clinical drug development, the widespread and frequent use of cannabis products has essentially created another special population; that is, the cannabis user. We propose that all clinical drug development programs include a Phase 1 study to assess the drug-drug interaction potential of cannabis as a precipitant on the PK, safety and if applicable, the PD of all new molecular entities (NMEs) in a combination of healthy adult subjects as well as frequent and infrequent cannabis users. This data should be required to inform drug labeling and aid health care providers in treating any patient, as cannabis has quickly become another common concomitant medication and cannabis users, a new special population.

scholarly journals A Candidate Drug for Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: A Review of Pharmacological Activities of Polygoni Multiflori Radix

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-19
Author(s):  
Mengting Zhou ◽  
Naihua Hu ◽  
Meichen Liu ◽  
Ying Deng ◽  
Linfeng He ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Metabolic Syndrome ◽  
Liver Disease ◽  
Fatty Liver ◽  
Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease ◽  
Fatty Liver Disease ◽  
The Body ◽  
Chemical Components ◽  
Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver ◽  
Candidate Drug ◽  
And Control

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, a type of metabolic syndrome, continues to rise globally. Currently, there is no approved drug for its treatment. Improving lifestyle and exercise can alleviate symptoms, but patients’ compliance is poor. More and more studies have shown the potential of Polygoni Multiflori Radix (PMR) in the treatment of NAFLD and metabolic syndrome. Therefore, this paper reviews the pharmacological effects of PMR and its main chemical components (tetrahydroxystilbene glucoside, emodin, and resveratrol) on NAFLD. PMR can inhibit the production of fatty acids and promote the decomposition of triglycerides, reduce inflammation, and inhibit the occurrence of liver fibrosis. At the same time, it maintains an oxidation equilibrium status in the body, to achieve the therapeutic purpose of NAFLD and metabolic syndrome. Although more standardized studies and clinical trials are needed to confirm its efficacy, PMR may be a potential drug for the treatment of NAFLD and its complications. However, the occurrence of adverse reactions of PMR has affected its extensive clinical application. Therefore, it is necessary to further study its toxicity mechanism, enhance efficacy and control toxicity, and even reduce toxicity, which will contribute to the safe clinical use of PMR.

Stress and Coping Strategies

2008 ◽  
Vol 33 (4) ◽  
pp. 482-487
Author(s):  
S. Suresh
Keyword(s):  
Performance Appraisal ◽  
The Body ◽  
Organizational Strategies ◽  
Organizational Life ◽  
Coping With Stress ◽  
Health Maintenance ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Individual Strategies ◽  
The Mind ◽  
And Coping

Stress is believed to be a state of the mind as well as the body, created by certain biochemical reactions in the human body as well as psychological responses to situations, and is reflected by a sense of anxiety, tension and depression and is caused by such demands by the environmental forces or internal forces that cannot be met by the resources available to the person. The greater the gap between the demands and the resources, the greater is the degree of stress. Some of the individual strategies for coping with stress include: readjustment of life goals, support from family and friends, planning certain events of life in advance and keeping the body in good physiological shape by proper diet, exercise, yoga, meditation and biofeedback. Some of the organizational strategies for coping with stress include organized health maintenance facilities as a part of the organizational life, matching of employees qualifications with job requirements, job enrichment and job work redesigns, equitable performance appraisal and reward systems, participation in organizational decision making and building team spirit in the sense that there should be no interpersonal conflict within the group. All these strategies or a combination thereof should be applied to make the work environment less stressful to a level which is positive and challenging.

scholarly journals Vaginal health in women and the possibility of predicting preterm birth through microbiome analysis

2021 ◽  
Vol 64 (12) ◽  
pp. 833-840
Author(s):  
Young Min Hur ◽  
Mi Na Kang ◽  
Young Ju Kim
Keyword(s):  
Preterm Birth ◽  
Lactic Acid Production ◽  
Premenopausal Women ◽  
The Body ◽  
Lactobacillus Species ◽  
Next Generation Sequencing Technology ◽  
Microbiome Composition ◽  
Microbiome Analysis ◽  
Prediction And Prevention ◽  
Vaginal Health

Background: With the recent development of next-generation sequencing technology, the microbiome in the body is being revealed in detail. It is also possible to describe the normal vaginal microenvironment and, more specifically, any changes in pregnancy. Moreover, we present the hypothesis that the microbiome is a contributing factor to preterm birth (PTB).Current Concepts: High estrogen status stimulates the maturation and proliferation of vaginal epithelial cells and the accumulation of glycogen, which promotes lactic acid production and maintains the vaginal environment at an acidic pH. The vaginas of most premenopausal women are predominantly colonized by Lactobacillus which plays an important role in local defense. Recently, it has also been reported that there are several specific types of Lactobacillus species, while other anaerobes, including Gardnerella and Atopobium also coexist in the vagina. Vaginal dysbiosis is defined as various expressions of microorganisms, secretion of specific metabolites, and changes in pH. During pregnancy, a multitude of microbiome changes occur in the oral cavity, gut, vagina, and placenta. The risk of PTB increases if the microbiome changes to one of dysbiosis. It is possible to analyze the characteristic microbiome composition related to PTB and to develop biomarkers predicting PTB. It is necessary to educate patients based on these findings.Discussion and Conclusion: Microbiome analysis has contributed significantly to understanding the association between women’s vaginal health and PTB. Continued research will also contribute to public health by assisting in the prediction and prevention of PTB.

Holistic approach to Geriatric Care

2018 ◽  
Vol 3 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Dr. Sreelekshmi VS ◽  
Dr. Prashasth MJ. ◽  
Dr. Muralidhara .
Keyword(s):  
Old Age ◽  
Human Life ◽  
Holistic Approach ◽  
The Body ◽  
Noncommunicable Disease ◽  
Degenerative Changes ◽  
Health Maintenance ◽  
Healthy Longevity ◽  
Detailed Classification ◽  
Clinical Consequences

Old age is an integral part of human life. The branch of medicine or social science dealing with the health and care of old people is called Geriatrics. Diseases prevention and health maintenance is more important in old age because sickness related morbidity is more frequent, serious, chronic and more expensive to treat in this age group. Geriatric problems are best confronted by preventive measures than curative ones. Clinical consequences in various system of the body due to changes with ageing are described in text books. Various Ayurveda classics gives detailed classification of Vaya based on the degenerative changes in the body. The Nidana, Poorvaroopa and Lakshanas of Jara is clearly mentioned in Madhava Nidana. Importance of Dinacharya and Ritucharya in preventing Jara is mentioned by Acharyas. Ayurveda has the abeyantto avert disease by health promotion and noncommunicable disease prevention. Jara is considered as one among the eight branches of Ayurveda. Rasayana (Rejuvenation) and Jarachikitsa promote healthy longevity. Jarachikitsa and Rasayana helps to delay Vruddhavastha (ageing) and control geriatric degenerative changes in body.

Interactions- Readdressing the issue

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (04) ◽  
Author(s):  
Prolay Paul ◽  
Lipika Das ◽  
Tanushree BM ◽  
Berlin P Kurian ◽  
Sayantan Ghosh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drug Interaction ◽  
Drug Interactions ◽  
Dietary Supplements ◽  
The Body ◽  
Food Interaction ◽  
Huge Number ◽  
Chemical Substances ◽  
Comprehensive Literature Review ◽  
The Individual ◽  
New Interactions

Broadly drugs include all the chemical substances excluding food that affect the bodily processes. The drug is considered to be a medicine if it benefits the body. Whereas, if the drug is injurious to the body, it’s considered as a poison. Therefore, the same chemical can be a boon or curse with respect to the situation, condition of use, dosage and the individual using it. In this contemporary healthcare era, a huge number of medications are formulated each year and new interactions between drugs are reported every now and then. As a result, it is no more practical for doctors to be dependent on the memory alone to avoid possible drug interactions. Changes in absorption, distribution, metabolism or elimination of drugs are referred to as pharmacokinetic interactions, resulting in alteration in the level of drugs and its metabolites. The effect of drug changes from person to person than expected because it causes different reaction when a drug reacts with the food or dietary supplements they take (drug -food interaction). So, the effect of the drug is altered by means of increasing, decreasing, or producing a new effect which cannot be produced on its own the effect caused by food or dietary supplements. These interactions may occur due to accidental misuse or due to other factors such as lack of knowledge about it. This review provides a comprehensive literature review on various drug interaction. Generally, drug food interactions are neglected and not well defined but it can cause mild to serious effects. However, all clinicians, pharmacists and nurses should be aware of drug interaction to avoid the consequences caused by drug interactions.

The Clinical Pharmacology of Anastrozole

2011 ◽  
Vol 07 (02) ◽  
pp. 106 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ting Bao ◽  
Michelle A Rudek ◽  
◽  
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
Clinical Pharmacology ◽  
Drug Interaction ◽  
Aromatase Inhibitor ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
The Body ◽  
Adjuvant Hormonal Therapy ◽  
Standard Dosage ◽  
Once Daily ◽  
The Us

Anastrozole is a potent non-steroidal aromatase inhibitor that selectively inhibits aromatase. It is the first aromatase inhibitor approved by the US Food and Drug Administration as an adjuvant hormonal therapy in early-stage breast cancer. With most patients needing to take anastrozole for two to five years, it is important for physicians to understand the clinical pharmacology of anastrozole. Anastrozole has excellent oral bioavailability and is widely distributed throughout the body. It is extensively metabolised by the liver, with a half-life of 40–50 hours. Anastrozole is primarily excreted through the faecal route. Steady-state concentrations are achieved after seven days of once-daily administration. The standard dosage of anastrozole is 1mg/day orally. No dose adjustments are necessary based on hepatic or renal dysfunction. No significant drug–drug interaction has been reported with anastrozole use. This article is to summarise the existing knowledge of the pharmacokinetics of anastrozole.

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