scholarly journals Stressful Events in Early Life Lead to Aberrant Ghrelin and Appetite Regulation to Stress in Adulthood

2012 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Cynthia K. Y. Cheung ◽  
Ying Ying Lee ◽  
Siew C. Ng ◽  
Fung Chun Lam ◽  
Wai Tak Law ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Early Life ◽  
Stressful Events ◽  
Appetite Regulation

Biological correlates of early life stressful events in major depressive disorder

2021 ◽  
Vol 125 ◽  
pp. 105103
Author(s):  
Rosana Carvalho Silva ◽  
Elisabetta Maffioletti ◽  
Massimo Gennarelli ◽  
Bernhard T. Baune ◽  
Alessandra Minelli
Keyword(s):  
Major Depressive Disorder ◽  
Depressive Disorder ◽  
Early Life ◽  
Stressful Events ◽  
Major Depressive

scholarly journals 2341

2017 ◽  
Vol 1 (S1) ◽  
pp. 36-36
Author(s):  
Courtney Vaughan ◽  
Bethany Stangl ◽  
Rajita Sinha ◽  
Vijay Ramchandani
Keyword(s):  
Life Events ◽  
Chronic Stress ◽  
Life Stress ◽  
Early Life ◽  
Early Life Stress ◽  
Stressful Events ◽  
Computer Assisted ◽  
Chronic Stressors ◽  
Stress Interview ◽  
The Impact

OBJECTIVES/SPECIFIC AIMS: The objective of this analysis was to characterize the impact of stress, both early life and chronic, on intravenous alcohol self-administration (IV-ASA) in healthy non-dependent drinkers using the Computer-Assisted Infusion System (CAIS). Personality measures also have shown to impact drinking behavior, particularly impulsivity. Few studies have assessed the impact of stress and impulsivity on drinking behaviors in a non-dependent population. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: Healthy non-dependent drinkers (n=28) completed a CAIS session, where they push a button adlib to self-administer standardized IV alcohol infusions. Participants completed the Cumulative Chronic Stress interview and the Early Life Stress Questionnaire (ELSQ) for stress measures. The Cumulative Chronic Stress interview was broken up into 4 sections: major life events, life traumas, recent life events, and chronic stressors. The number of endorsed events was added up to create 4 separate scores. Subjective response and craving measures were collected serially using the Drug Effects Questionnaire (DEQ) and Alcohol Urge Questionnaire (AUQ). The Impaired Control Scale (ICS) assessed failed control over recent drinking in the past 6 months. Impulsivity was assessed using the NEO personality inventory, which included the N-impulsive sub-facet, as well as the UPPS-P Impulsive Behavior Scale. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: Results showed early life stress events (ELSQ) are related to more chronic stressors in the cumulative chronic stress interview (p=0.005). Participants with higher chronic stress scores showed lower subjective effects, as measured by the DEQ, following the priming exposure (p=0.036) but had more craving for alcohol as measured by the AUQ (p=0.009). A regression analysis showed the number of chronic stressful events predicted ICS failed attempts to control drinking (p=0.034), after covarying for sex. Participants with more chronic stressful events showed more impulsivity on the N-impulsivity measure (p=0.034) and the UPPS-P positive urgency measure (p=0.005). DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE OF IMPACT: Non-dependent drinkers with more early life stress tend to have a higher number of chronic stressful events. More chronically stressful events were associated with feeling less effects of alcohol and higher craving for alcohol. Participants with more chronically stressful events also appear to have more failed attempts at controlling their drinking. Future analysis will assess for mediation and moderation of these factors. Chronically stressful events and impulsive behaviors could serve as important areas for intervention for better treatment outcomes for alcohol use disorders.

Personality and its disorders

Psychiatry ◽  
2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rebecca McKnight ◽  
Jonathan Price ◽  
John Geddes
Keyword(s):  
Personality Disorder ◽  
Mentally Ill ◽  
Early Life ◽  
Stressful Events ◽  
Social Situations ◽  
Common Features ◽  
Normal Personality ◽  
General Terms ◽  
Behavioural Characteristics ◽  
The Individual

Personality is a difficult concept to define: it is ex­tremely hard to encapsulate what makes a person ‘who they are’ in general terms. Personality is typically thought of as the set of characteristics which make us think, feel, and act in our own unique way. Personality is pervasive; people tend to behave in similar ways throughout life and across differing social and inter­personal contexts. The characteristics of personality, called traits, are a set of common features which are observed in variable degrees in different people. Traits provide a useful structure in which to describe a per­sonality: Box 31.1 shows some common personality traits. Some traits may be perceived as an asset to the individual, while others are more of a nuisance. We all have a little more or a little less of any given trait. The word ‘temperament’ rather than personality is used to describe the behavioural characteristics dis­played by young children. This is because our person­ality takes time to develop; it is shaped by a multitude of environmental, biological, and factors which interact throughout early life. By our late teens or early twenties, the majority of individuals have the set of traits which define the personality we will have for the rest of our lives. Having an understanding of an individual’s per­sonality helps clinicians to predict their patients’ re­sponse to illness and its treatment. The majority of us have some less favourable aspects to our personality, but we work around them and/ or have more prominent favourable traits that allow us to get on with our lives. For a minority of people, their less favourable traits are so prominent that they cause problems for themselves or for those around them. It is these people who we think of as having a personality disorder. It is extremely difficult to draw a line between normal personality and personality disorder, so this simple pragmatic approach is helpful in clinical practice. People with a personality disorder may: … ● have difficulties with social situations and relationships; ● have difficulties controlling their feelings and/ or behaviour; ● react in unusual ways to illness or to treatment; ● behave in unusual ways when mentally ill; ● have more extreme or unusual reactions to stressful events; ● behave in ways that are detrimental to themselves or others ● be more prone to developing other types of mental disorder.

scholarly journals Early maltreatment experience increases resting-state functional connectivity in the theory of mind (ToM) network

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sara Boccadoro ◽  
Roma Siugzdaite ◽  
Anna Hudson ◽  
Lien Maeyens ◽  
Charlotte Van Hamme ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Prefrontal Cortex ◽  
Functional Connectivity ◽  
Theory Of Mind ◽  
Childhood Maltreatment ◽  
Resting State ◽  
Early Life ◽  
Stressful Events ◽  
Resting State Functional Connectivity ◽  
Hierarchical Processing ◽  
Dorsomedial Prefrontal Cortex

Background: Early life stressful events, such as childhood maltreatment, significantly increase risk for the development of psychopathology and are associated with impairments in socio-cognitive skills including theory-of-mind (ToM). However, to date, no study has examined the resting-state activity of the ToM network in adults with maltreatment history. Methods: Thirty-five women with a history of childhood maltreatment and 31 unaffected women completed a resting-state scan and a ToM localizer task. The peak coordinates from the localizer were used as the seed regions for the resting-state functional connectivity (RSFC) analyses (temporoparietal junction, dorsomedial prefrontal cortex, middle temporal gyrus and precuneus). Results: Child abuse was associated with increased RSFC between various ToM regions including the precuneus and the brainstem suggesting altered hierarchical processing in ToM regions. In addition, RSFC was also changed between the dorsomedial prefrontal cortex and the cerebellum. Limitations. A small and heterogeneous sample. Conclusions: The data indicate a lasting influence of early life stress on neural networks involved in social processing and may underlie the social difficulties reported by maltreated individuals.

S47. Early Life Traumatic Stressful Events are Associated With Increased Psychopathology and Poorer Cognitive Function in the Philadelphia Neurodevelopmental Cohort

2018 ◽  
Vol 83 (9) ◽  
pp. S365
Author(s):  
Ran Barzilay ◽  
Monica Calkins ◽  
Tyler Moore ◽  
Daniel Wolf ◽  
Theodore Satterthwaite ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Function ◽  
Early Life ◽  
Stressful Events

scholarly journals Early life stress and development: potential mechanisms for adverse outcomes

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Karen E. Smith ◽  
Seth D. Pollak
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Life Stress ◽  
Early Life ◽  
Early Life Stress ◽  
Adverse Outcomes ◽  
Stressful Events ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Extreme Stress ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Stress Influences

Abstract Background Chronic and/or extreme stress in early life, often referred to as early adversity, childhood trauma, or early life stress, has been associated with a wide range of adverse effects on development. However, while early life stress has been linked to negative effects on a number of neural systems, the specific mechanisms through which early life stress influences development and individual differences in children’s outcomes are still not well understood. Main text The current paper reviews the existing literature on the neurobiological effects of early life stress and their ties to children’s psychological and behavioral development. Conclusions Early life stress has persistent and pervasive effects on prefrontal–hypothalamic–amygdala and dopaminergic circuits that are at least partially mediated by alterations in hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis function. However, to date, this research has primarily utilized methods of assessment that focus solely on children’s event exposures. Incorporating assessment of factors that influence children’s interpretation of stressors, along with stressful events, has the potential to provide further insight into the mechanisms contributing to individual differences in neurodevelopmental effects of early life stress. This can aid in further elucidating specific mechanisms through which these neurobiological changes influence development and contribute to risk for psychopathology and health disorders.

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