Human Body Size and Passenger Vehicle Design

1956 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ross A. Mcfarland ◽  
Howard W. Stoudt
Keyword(s):  
Body Size ◽  
Human Body ◽  
Vehicle Design ◽  
Passenger Vehicle

scholarly journals Morphometric traits predict educational attainment independently of socioeconomic background

2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Markus Valge ◽  
Richard Meitern ◽  
Peeter Hõrak
Keyword(s):  
Body Size ◽  
Educational Attainment ◽  
Human Body ◽  
Tertiary Education ◽  
Low Fertility ◽  
Socioeconomic Background ◽  
Cumulative Probability ◽  
High Fertility ◽  
Exact Nature ◽  
Morphometric Traits

Abstract Background Aim of this study is to describe the relationship between anthropometric traits and educational attainment among Estonian schoolchildren born between 1937 and 1962. We asked whether height, cranial volume and face width (a testosterone-dependent trait), measured in childhood predict later educational attainment independently of each other, family socioeconomic position (SEP) and sex. Associations between morphometric traits and education and their interactions with biosocial variables are of scholarly importance because higher education is nearly universally associated with low fertility in women, and often with high fertility in men. Hence, morphometric traits associated with educational attainment are targeted by natural selection and describing the exact nature of these associations is relevant for understanding the current patterns of evolution of human body size. Methods Data on morphometric measurements and family background of 11,032 Estonian schoolchildren measured between seven and 19 years of age were obtained from the study performed by Juhan Aul between 1956 and 1969. Ordinal logistic regression was used for testing the effects of morphometric traits, biosocial variables and their interaction on the cumulative probability of obtaining education beyond primary level. Results Of biosocial variables, family SEP was the most important determinant of educational attainment, followed by the sex, rural vs urban origin and the number of siblings. No significant interactions with morphometric traits were detected, i.e., within each category of SEP, rural vs urban origin and sex, taller children and those with larger heads and relatively narrower faces were more likely to proceed to secondary and/or tertiary education. The effect of height on education was independent of cranial volume, indicating that taller children did not obtain more educations because their brains were larger than those of shorter children; height per se was important. Conclusions Our main finding – that adjusting for other morphometric traits and biosocial variables, morphometric traits still robustly predicted educational attainment, is relevant for understanding the current patterns of evolution of human body size. Our findings suggest that fecundity selection acting on educational attainment could be partly responsible for the concurrent selection for smaller stature and cranial volume in women and opposite trends in men.

Railway Passenger Vehicle Design Loads and Structural Crashworthiness

1987 ◽  
Vol 201 (3) ◽  
pp. 201-207 ◽  
Author(s):  
A Scholes
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Permanent Deformation ◽  
The United States ◽  
Vehicle Body ◽  
Vehicle Design ◽  
Passenger Vehicle ◽  
Service Experience ◽  
Design Loads ◽  
Railway Passenger ◽  
Accident Statistics

The loading specifications to which passenger vehicle body structures are designed seek to fulfil two basic requirements. Firstly, normal service loads experienced over the life of the vehicle must be met without loss of serviceability. Secondly, passengers and crew must be afforded protection against loads outside the normal service experience. In the specifications used in Europe and the United States there is an emphasis on ‘proof’ loading, that is loading which causes no permanent deformation. This requirement is in conflict with the absorption of energy which is necessary to cushion passengers and crew involved in an accident. The author examines UK accident statistics and proposes alternative ways in which the basic aims of structural crashworthiness can be met.

3D Digitization of Human Body Based on Checkerboard Matching

2013 ◽  
Vol 718-720 ◽  
pp. 1108-1112
Author(s):  
Jian Li ◽  
Cheng Yan Zhang ◽  
Xue Li Xu ◽  
Hai Feng Chen
Keyword(s):  
Feature Extraction ◽  
Body Size ◽  
Human Body ◽  
Measurement Method ◽  
Stereo Matching ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Size Measurement ◽  
Body Images ◽  
General Application ◽  
3D Digitization

A body-size measurement method based on checkerboard matching is proposed. First, calibrated cameras are used to acquire two body images after projecting chess boards on human body with projector. Then, the parallax of the two images is got by feature extraction and stereo matching. Finally, we can calculate the 3D coordinates of the human body according to the principle of binocular vision to complete the acquisition of body size. The result shows that measurement error is ± 4%. This study can measure automatically and improve precision compared with traditional methods while it has low-cost, simple operation compared with the non-contact measurement. And the results accuracy can meet its general application in practice.

Body mass estimates of hominin fossils and the evolution of human body size

2015 ◽  
Vol 85 ◽  
pp. 75-93 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark Grabowski ◽  
Kevin G. Hatala ◽  
William L. Jungers ◽  
Brian G. Richmond
Keyword(s):  
Body Size ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Human Body

Study on Forklift Cockpit Design Based on Ergonomics

2013 ◽  
Vol 753-755 ◽  
pp. 1361-1364
Author(s):  
Niu Liu ◽  
Hong Sun ◽  
Wei Guo Zhu ◽  
Yu Ping Ma ◽  
Xue Gong
Keyword(s):  
Body Size ◽  
Human Factors ◽  
Product Design ◽  
Human Body ◽  
Interface Design ◽  
Operating Characteristics ◽  
Machine Interface ◽  
Space Layout ◽  
Cockpit Design ◽  
Size Data

With the application of ergonomics in product design increasingly widely, humanization design of products has become a new revolution in the field of design. Based on the study of ergonomics, taking the forklift as an example, combined with the human body size data, operating characteristics and other factors, this paper analyzes the forklift cockpit human factors, such as the overall space layout, the human-machine interface design and the manipulation device arrangement, and proposes the concept of people-oriented forklift cockpit design. The research has taken an important step in this area of the modified forklift cockpit.

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