Development of a Fuel Consumption Test Procedure for Refrigeration Units

2012 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 657-663
Author(s):  
Marius-Dorin Surcel
Keyword(s):  
Fuel Consumption ◽  
Test Procedure

An adaptive equivalent consumption minimization strategy considering catalyst temperature for plug-in hybrid electric vehicle

2021 ◽  
pp. 095440702110434
Author(s):  
Tao Deng ◽  
Ke Zhao ◽  
Haoyuan Yu
Keyword(s):  
Fuel Consumption ◽  
Electric Vehicle ◽  
Fuel Economy ◽  
Hybrid Electric Vehicle ◽  
Test Procedure ◽  
Catalyst Temperature ◽  
Equivalent Factor ◽  
Simulation Results ◽  
Hybrid Electric ◽  
Equivalent Consumption Minimization Strategy

In the process of sufficiently considering fuel economy of plug-in hybrid electric vehicle (PHEV), the working time of engine will be reduced accordingly. The increased frequency that the three-way catalytic converter (TWCC) works in abnormal operating temperature will lead to the increasing of emissions. This paper proposes the equivalent consumption minimization strategy (ECMS) to ensure the catalyst temperature of PHEV can work in highly efficient areas, and the influence of catalyst temperature on fuel economy and emissions is considered. The simulation results show that the fixed equivalent factor of ECMS has great limitations for the underutilized battery power and the poor fuel economy. In order to further reduce fuel consumption and keep the emission unchanged, an equivalent factor map based on initial state of charge (SOC) and vehicle mileage is established by the genetic algorithm. Furthermore, an Adaptive changing equivalent factor is achieved by using the following strategy of SOC trajectory. Ultimately, adaptive equivalent consumption minimization strategy (A-ECMS) considering catalyst temperature is proposed. The simulation results show that compared with ordinary ECMS, HC, CO, and NOX are reduced by 14.6%, 20.3%, and 25.8%, respectively, which effectively reduces emissions. But the fuel consumption is increased by only 2.3%. To show that the proposed method can be used in actual driving conditions, it is tested on the World Light Vehicle Test Procedure (WLTC).

scholarly journals Production Forecast of China’s New Energy Passenger Vehicles in 2021–2023 under the Compliance of Dual-Credit Policy

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 119
Author(s):  
Li Lv ◽  
Xi Li
Keyword(s):  
Fuel Consumption ◽  
Dual Credit ◽  
Test Procedure ◽  
Credit Policy ◽  
Production Forecast ◽  
New Energy ◽  
Vehicle Test ◽  
Production Requirement ◽  
New Energy Vehicle ◽  
New Energy Vehicles

The corporate average fuel consumption (CAFC) and new energy vehicle (NEV) credit policy (2021–2023) was officially released in June 2020. As a mandatory regulation for automobile manufacturers to produce new energy vehicles, its impact on the output of new energy vehicles needs to be systematically evaluated. In this study, we build an enterprise policy compliance model to simulate the dual-credit policy requirements for the production of new energy vehicles from 2021 to 2023 under different scenarios. The results show that the production of new energy vehicles from 2021 to 2023 is required to reach 1.78 to 3.97 million under different scenarios. Three factors, i.e., switching from New Europe Driving Cycle (NEDC) to World Light Vehicle Test Procedure (WLTP) fuel consumption improvement of conventional vehicles, and credit per new energy vehicle, have a more significant impact on the new energy vehicle production than others. Under the minimum guarantee scenario, a 10% change in the above three factors will lead to a 2.5%, 1.5%, and 0.5% reduction in the production requirement for new energy vehicles.

The Analysis of Fuel Consumption and Exhaust Emissions From Forklifts Fueled by Diesel Fuel and Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) Obtained Under Real Driving Conditions

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pawel Fuc ◽  
Piotr Lijewski ◽  
Przemyslaw Kurczewski ◽  
Andrzej Ziolkowski ◽  
Michal Dobrzynski
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Fuel Consumption ◽  
Test Procedure ◽  
Exhaust Emissions ◽  
Spark Ignition Engine ◽  
Emission Measurement ◽  
Liquefied Petroleum Gas ◽  
Load Transport ◽  
Driving Conditions ◽  
Identical Type

The paper presents an analysis of gaseous exhaust emissions and fuel consumption obtained from two forklifts based on the measurements performed under actual driving conditions. The first of the investigated objects was fitted with a diesel engine and the second with a spark ignition engine fueled with LPG. In order to carry out the research, the authors developed a proprietary methodology because the VDI 2198 test procedure (developed by VDI - Association of German Engineers) for the determination of forklift energy consumption, did not fully reflect the actual conditions of operation of these vehicles. The VDI procedure only determines the energy consumption according to predetermined sequences (collecting load, load transport, load-dropping) performed only in indoor areas. The authors developed a test route composed of similar sequences i.e. collecting load, load transport, load-dropping and driving without a load. The measurements were carried out in a warehouse and outdoors, which better reflected the actual forklift driving conditions. During the trials, the exhaust emissions were measured (Semtech - Portable Emission Measurement System) along with the driving parameters such as speed, acceleration and distance covered. Based on the obtained parameters, on-road exhaust emissions and fuel consumption were obtained. The obtained data allowed a comparison of the measurement conditions and the type of fuel used for the forklifts. Both tested vehicles were loaded with identical type of load of the same weight.

scholarly journals Driving Cycles Based on Fuel Consumption

Energies ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (11) ◽  
pp. 3064 ◽  
Author(s):  
José Huertas ◽  
Michael Giraldo ◽  
Luis Quirama ◽  
Jenny Díaz
Keyword(s):  
Fuel Consumption ◽  
Test Procedure ◽  
Region Of Interest ◽  
Driving Cycle ◽  
Normal Operation ◽  
Characteristic Parameters ◽  
Driving Cycles ◽  
Driving Pattern ◽  
Relative Differences ◽  
Fuel Consumption And Emissions

Type-approval driving cycles currently available, such as the Federal Test Procedure (FTP) and the Worldwide harmonized Light vehicles Test Cycle (WLTC), cannot be used to estimate real fuel consumption nor emissions from vehicles in a region of interest because they do not describe its local driving pattern. We defined a driving cycle (DC) as the time series of speeds that when reproduced by a vehicle, the resulting fuel consumption and emissions are similar to the average fuel consumption and emissions of all vehicles of the same technology driven in that region. We also declared that the driving pattern can be described by a set of characteristic parameters (CPs) such as mean speed, positive kinetic energy and percentage of idling time. Then, we proposed a method to construct those local DC that use fuel consumption as criterion. We hypothesized that by using this criterion, the resulting DC describes, implicitly, the driving pattern in that region. Aiming to demonstrate this hypothesis, we monitored the location, speed, altitude, and fuel consumption of a fleet of 15 vehicles of similar technology, during 8 months of normal operation, in four regions with diverse topography, traveling on roads with diverse level of service. In every region, we considered 1000 instances of samples made of m trips, where m varied from 4 to 40. We found that the CPs of the local driving cycle constructed using the fuel-based method exhibit small relative differences (<15%) with respect to the CPs that describe the driving patterns in that region. This result demonstrates the hypothesis that using the fuel based method the resulting local DC exhibits CPs similar to the CPs that describe the driving pattern of the region under study.

scholarly journals A drag coefficient for application to the WLTP driving cycle

2017 ◽  
Vol 231 (9) ◽  
pp. 1274-1286 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeff Howell ◽  
David Forbes ◽  
Martin Passmore
Keyword(s):  
Drag Coefficient ◽  
Fuel Consumption ◽  
Aerodynamic Drag ◽  
Meteorological Data ◽  
Test Procedure ◽  
Driving Cycle ◽  
Alternative Measure ◽  
Speed Distribution ◽  
Road Speed ◽  
Yaw Angle

The aerodynamic drag characteristics of a passenger car have, typically, been defined by a single parameter: the drag coefficient at a yaw angle of 0°. Although this has been acceptable in the past, it does not provide an accurate measure of the effect of aerodynamic drag on fuel consumption because the important influence of the wind has been excluded. The result of using drag coefficients at a yaw angle of 0° produces an underprediction of the aerodynamic component of fuel consumption that does not reflect the on-road conditions. An alternative measure of the aerodynamic drag should take into account the effect of non-zero yaw angles, and a variant of wind-averaged drag is suggested as the best option. A wind-averaged drag coefficient is usually derived for a particular vehicle speed using a representative wind speed distribution. In the particular case where the road speed distribution is specified, such as for a driving cycle to determine fuel economy, a relevant drag coefficient can be derived by using a weighted road speed. An effective drag coefficient is determined with this approach for a range of cars using the proposed test cycle for the Worldwide Harmonised Light Vehicle Test Procedure, WLTP. The wind input acting on the car has been updated for this paper using recent meteorological data and an understanding of the effect of a shear flow on the drag loading obtained from a computational fluid dynamics study. In order to determine the different mean wind velocities acting on the car, a terrain-related wind profile has also been applied to the various phases of the driving cycle. An overall drag coefficient is derived from the work done over the full cycle. This cycle-averaged drag coefficient is shown to be significantly higher than the nominal drag coefficient at a yaw angle of 0°.

Dynamic Optimization of Diesel Air-Path Control for Reduced Pumping Work

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas A. Brewbaker ◽  
Michiel van Nieuwstadt
Keyword(s):  
Cost Function ◽  
Fuel Consumption ◽  
Test Procedure ◽  
Pressure Control ◽  
Potential Method ◽  
Boost Pressure ◽  
Control Error ◽  
Path Control ◽  
Three State Model ◽  
Numerical Dynamic Programming

One potential method to reduce fuel consumption in diesel engines with variable geometry turbines (VGT) and exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) is to reduce the transient engine pumping work through improved EGR-VGT control. Numerical dynamic programming is applied to investigate optimal EGR-VGT control policies for reduced pumping work on a three-state model of a 6.7-liter medium-duty diesel engine. Optimality is defined by a multi-objective cost function that penalizes pumping work, EGR rate control error, and boost pressure control error. Multiple dynamic programs, each with a different set of cost function weights, are performed over an acceleration in the Heavy-Duty Federal Test Procedure cycle to generate the optimal trade-off between the stated objectives. Additionally, a production-representative EGR-VGT controller is simulated, and the resulting suboptimal performance is compared to the optimal frontier to establish the potential fuel consumption benefit of improved EGR-VGT control.

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