Investigation of Rear Occupant Head Restraint Interaction in High-Severity Rear Impact using BioRID and HIII

The objective of this study was to determine the forces and bending moments at the top of the Hybrid III dummy neck secondary to rear impact acceleration and evaluate the various proposed injury criteria. Rear impact sled tests were conducted by applying the Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards FMVSS 202 acceleration pulse. Differing positions of the head restraint in terms of height (750 and 800 mm) and backset (zero, 50, and 100 mm) were used to determine the axial and shear forces, bending moments, and injury criteria (NIC, Nij, and Nkm). The time sequence of attainment of these parameters was determined along with peak values.

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Design and Evaluation of the Initial 50th Percentile Female Prototype Rear Impact Dummy, BioRID P50F – Indications for the Need of an Additional Dummy Size

Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology ◽

10.3389/fbioe.2021.687058 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 9 ◽

Author(s):

Anna Carlsson ◽

Johan Davidsson ◽

Astrid Linder ◽

Mats Y. Svensson

Keyword(s):

Angular Displacement ◽

Crash Test ◽

Head Restraint ◽

Response Data ◽

Rear Impact ◽

Protection Systems ◽

Crash Test Dummy ◽

Rear Impacts ◽

Lumbar Spinal ◽

Head Neck

The objective of this study was to present the design of a prototype rear impact crash test dummy, representing a 50th percentile female, and compare its performance to volunteer response data. The intention was to develop a first crude prototype as a first step toward a future biofidelic 50th percentile female rear impact dummy. The current rear impact crash test dummy, BioRID II, represents a 50th percentile male, which may limit the assessment and development of whiplash protection systems with regard to female occupants. Introduction of this new dummy size will facilitate evaluation of seat and head restraint (HR) responses in both the average sized female and male in rear impacts. A 50th percentile female rear impact prototype dummy, the BioRID P50F, was developed from modified body segments originating from the BioRID II. The mass and rough dimensions of the BioRID P50F is representative of a 50th percentile female. The prototype dummy was evaluated against low severity rear impact sled tests comprising six female volunteers closely resembling a 50th percentile female with regard to stature and mass. The head/neck response of the BioRID P50F prototype resembled the female volunteer response corridors. The stiffness of the thoracic and lumbar spinal joints remained the same as the average sized male BioRID II, and therefore likely stiffer than joints of an average female. Consequently, the peak rearward angular displacement of the head and T1, and the rearward displacement of the T1, were lesser for the BioRID P50F in comparison to the female volunteers. The biofidelity of the BioRID P50F prototype thus has some limitations. Based on a seat response comparison between the BioRID P50F and the BioRID II, it can be concluded that the male BioRID II is an insufficient representation of the average female in the assessment of the dynamic seat response and effectiveness of whiplash protection systems.

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Investigation on Occupant Ejection in High Severity Rear Impact based on Post Mortem Human Subject Sled Tests

10.4271/2011-22-0005 ◽

2011 ◽

Author(s):

Philippe Petit ◽

Carole Luet ◽

Pascal Potier ◽

Guy Vallancien

Keyword(s):

Human Subject ◽

Post Mortem ◽

Rear Impact ◽

High Severity

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Optimization of Passive Head Restraint for IIHS Low Speed Rear Impact

Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering - Proceedings of the FISITA 2012 World Automotive Congress ◽

10.1007/978-3-642-33805-2_21 ◽

2012 ◽

pp. 257-268

Author(s):

Dong Ming

Keyword(s):

Low Speed ◽

Head Restraint ◽

Rear Impact

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Effect of Active Head Restraint on Cervical Vertebrae Injuries Lessening

Journal of Biomimetics Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/jbbte.18.13 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 18 ◽

pp. 13-20 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Shu Wen Zhou ◽

Si Qi Zhang

Keyword(s):

Cervical Spine ◽

Cervical Vertebrae ◽

Longitudinal Velocity ◽

Three Dimensional ◽

Fem Simulation ◽

Intervertebral Discs ◽

Interspinous Ligament ◽

Head Restraint ◽

Rear Impact ◽

Ligamenta Flava

A three-dimensional multi-body model of the 50th percentile male human and discretized neck was built to evaluate the effect of active head restraint on cervical vertebrae injuries lessening in vehicle rear impact. The discretized neck includes of cervical spine vertebrae, intervertebral discs, ligaments, and muscles. The BioRID-II adult male dummy restrained using safety belt was seated on a sled, whose longitudinal velocity measured from rear impact FEM simulation was applied to simulate the relative motion of the head and neck. According to the interspinous ligament loads and the ligamenta flava loads of the cervical spine, an active head restraint and an impact absorber were designed to lessening the neck injuries in vehicle rear end collisions.

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Effect of Vehicle Seat on Neck Injury in Rear Impact

Advanced Materials Research ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.538-541.2995 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 538-541 ◽

pp. 2995-2998

Author(s):

Tso Liang Teng ◽

Cho Chung Liang ◽

Hung Yu Huang ◽

You Lin Chen

Keyword(s):

Numerical Model ◽

Influencing Factors ◽

Main Part ◽

Neck Injuries ◽

Sled Test ◽

Head Restraint ◽

Rear Impact ◽

Seat Angle ◽

Vehicle Seat ◽

Safety Seat

Seat is a main part of vehicle to contact with occupant in rear impact and chiefly concern with the severity of neck injuries. Therefore, improvement in seat design can effectively reduce the neck injuries of occupant. For designing an effective vehicle seat to protect occupant, this study develops the numerical model of sled test by using MADYMO software and discusses the relevance between the seat parameters and occupant’s neck based on the validated numerical model. The seat parameters include the stiffness of seat angle device, seat friction and angle of head restraint. The discussion of influencing factors of seat can be referred for designing a safety seat. The occupant neck then can be protected in rear impact accidents.

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A multi-body human model for rear-impact simulation

Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers Part D Journal of Automobile Engineering ◽

10.1243/09544070jauto985 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 223 (5) ◽

pp. 623-638 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

S Himmetoglu ◽

M Acar ◽

K Bouazza-Marouf ◽

A Taylor

Keyword(s):

Human Body ◽

Seat Belt ◽

Impact Response ◽

Human Model ◽

Human Body Model ◽

Head Restraint ◽

Impact Simulation ◽

Body Model ◽

Rear Impact ◽

Multi Body

This paper presents the validation of a 50th-percentile male multi-body human model specifically developed for rear-impact simulation. The aim is to develop a biofidelic model with the simplest architecture that can simulate the interaction of the human body with the seat during rear impact. The model was validated using the head-and-neck and torso responses of seven volunteers from the Japanese Automobile Research Institute sled tests, which were performed at an impact speed of 8km/h with a rigid seat and without head restraint and seat belt. The results indicate that the human-body model can effectively mimic the rear-impact response of a 50th-percentile male with a good level of accuracy and has the potential to predict whiplash injury.

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