A Comparison of HEV Engine Operation and HD Engine Emissions Test Cycles

2000 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edward Bass ◽  
Joseph Johnson ◽  
Pat Wildemann
Keyword(s):  
Engine Emissions ◽  
Engine Operation

Impact of Measurement Uncertainty in the Characteristic Maps of a Turbocharger on Engine Performance

2013 ◽  
Vol 136 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Holger Mai ◽  
Mathias Vogt ◽  
Roland Baar ◽  
Andreas Kinski
Keyword(s):  
Measurement Uncertainty ◽  
Process Simulation ◽  
Combustion Engine ◽  
Engine Performance ◽  
Engine Emissions ◽  
Engine Operation ◽  
Power Simulation ◽  
Systematic Uncertainties ◽  
Measurement Results ◽  
The Impact

The main goal of current engine development is to increase power density and efficiency and to minimize engine emissions. The idea is to obtain the desired power output with a highly charged combustion engine in combination with exhaust gas turbocharging and a very small engine displacement, which is known as downsizing. The selection of a turbocharger is based on the maps of the turbine and compressor, which are usually measured on a test bench. They also provide important boundary conditions on the engine process simulation of a supercharged engine with this turbocharger. In general, a very accurate measurement of the characteristic maps is desired to ensure the best possible matching. However, random and systematic errors have an impact on the measurement results. In order to assess the quality of the measured and calculated values, it is necessary to determine the uncertainties of the measurement variables as accurately as possible; particularly, the error propagation in calculating the efficiencies. The uncertainties are based on a systematic uncertainty component of the sensor and the confidence interval. In this way, the measurement uncertainty is estimated by linear and geometric combination of the calculated random and systematic uncertainties. After that, the respective uncertainty contributions and the identification of the relevant parameters that influence the resulting measurement uncertainty are evaluated. Knowing the measurement uncertainties of the characteristic maps of a turbocharger, the influence on engine operation will be determined with a one-dimensional engine process simulation model. Consequently, the determined measurement uncertainty will be applied as a deviation on the efficiencies and will be investigated in a GT POWER simulation. The impact of the measurement uncertainty on the engine performance is shown on the basis of load steps.

Exhaust Emissions Characterization of a Turbocharged 2-Stroke Tier 0+ Locomotive Engine: NOx, PM, SOF and SOF Composition

2011 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stanislav V. Bohac ◽  
Eric Feiler ◽  
Ian Bradbury
Keyword(s):  
Elemental Carbon ◽  
Engine Oil ◽  
Exhaust Emission ◽  
Moderate Increase ◽  
Oil Consumption ◽  
Engine Emissions ◽  
Engine Operation ◽  
Locomotive Engine ◽  
Insoluble Portion

This study presents a detailed exhaust emission characterization of an EMD 2-Stroke turbocharged line haul locomotive diesel engine fitted with an early-development Tier 0+ emissions kit. The objective of this work is to use emissions characterization to gain insight into engine operation and mechanisms of pollutant formation for this family of engine, and identify areas of potential future engine emissions improvement. Results show that at the notches tested (notches 3–8) the largest contributor to PM mass is insolubles (mostly elemental carbon), but that the soluble component of PM, comprising 14–32% of PM, is also significant. GC-FID analysis of the soluble portion shows that it is composed of 55–77% oil-like C22-C30+ hydrocarbons, with the remainder being fuel-like C9-C21 hydrocarbons. The emissions characterization suggests that advancing combustion timing should be effective in reducing PM mass by reducing the insoluble portion (elemental carbon) of PM at all notches. NOx will likely increase, but the current level of NOx is sufficiently below Tier 0+ limits to allow a moderate increase. Reducing engine oil consumption should also reduce PM mass at all notches, although to a smaller degree than measures that reduce the insoluble portion of PM.

scholarly journals High-Speed Infrared Measurement of Injector Tip Temperature during Diesel Engine Operation

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (15) ◽  
pp. 4584
Author(s):  
Alex Gander ◽  
Dan Sykes ◽  
Raúl Payri ◽  
Guillaume de Sercey ◽  
Dave Kennaird ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Surface Temperature ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Engine Emissions ◽  
Engine Operation ◽  
Time Resolved ◽  
Optical Engine ◽  
Infrared Measurement ◽  
Nozzle Temperature ◽  
First Time

Pre-catalyst engine emissions and detrimental injector deposits have been widely associated with the near-nozzle fluid dynamics during and after the injection events. Although the heating and evaporation of fuel films on the nozzle surface directly affects some of these processes, there are no experimental data for the transient evolution of nozzle surface temperature during typical engine conditions. In order to address this gap in knowledge, we present a non-intrusive approach for the full-cycle time resolved measurement of the surface temperature of production nozzles in an optical engine. A mid-wave infrared high-speed camera was calibrated against controlled conditions, both out of engine and in-engine to account for non-ideal in surface emissivity and optical transmissivity. A custom-modified injector with a thermocouple embedded below the nozzle surface was used to validate the approach under running engine conditions. Calibrated infrared thermography was then applied to characterise the nozzle temperature at 1200 frames per second, during motored and fired engine operation, thus revealing for the first time the effect of transient operating conditions on the temperature of the injector nozzle’s surface.

Field Experience of a Dry Low Emissions Combustion System for Allison 501-K Series of Engines

1997 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohan K. Razdan ◽  
Charles S. Bach ◽  
Paul J. Bautista
Keyword(s):  
Ratio Schedule ◽  
Combustion System ◽  
Ambient Conditions ◽  
Engine Emissions ◽  
Engine Operation ◽  
Lean Premixed Combustion ◽  
Exhaust Gas Emission ◽  
Alternate Control ◽  
A Site ◽  
Industrial Gas Turbine

Allison Engine Company has introduced a dry low emissions lean premixed combustion system, designated LE4, for the 501-K series industrial gas turbine engines. The design goals were 1) to develop a retrofittable combustion system which limits exhaust gas emission levels to less than 25 ppm NOx, 50 ppm CO and 20 ppm UHC while operating on natural gas fuel at full load conditions, and 2) to maintain system cost to less than that for alternate control methods. Extensive in-house engine tests were completed to ensure successful combustion system operation including acceptable engine transient operation during load dumps, and also to optimize the window of operation for emissions performance. These tests have demonstrated engine emissions levels which are below the goals, with NOx less than 15 ppm, CO less than 20 ppm, and UHC less than 10 ppm, all corrected to 15% O2. These emissions can be maintained at the target levels for engine operation from 85 to 100% power. For applications requiring wider power operation, a diffuser bleed system has been engine demonstrated which maintains less than 25 ppm NOx, 50 ppm CO and 25 ppm UHC from 50 to 100% power. The combustion system employs a dual mode combustion approach to meet engine operability requirements and emissions targets. The control algorithm developed for the LE4 combustion system allows easy tailoring of the pilot-to-main fuel ratio schedule setting to meet the customer needs on a site by site basis to account for different ranges of ambient conditions. Use of Streamwise Oriented Effusion Cooling (SOEC) design in the liner wall met the maximum wall temperature goals of less than 1650°F. The LE4 combustion system is operating currently in two applications: 501-KC5 ANR Pipeline application in Woodstock, IL, and 501-KB7 Cogeneration application in Scandiano, Italy. Measured emissions over time and a range of ambients in these engines show NOx, CO and UHC results which are better than the goals. The 501-KC5 engine has accumulated more than 3500 hours, and the 501-KB7 engine has accumulated more than 5500 hours. Both sites have been running with problem free operation, and borescope inspections have indicated excellent condition of the combustion systems.

Impact of Measurement Uncertainty in the Characteristic Maps of a Turbocharger on Engine Performance

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Holger Mai ◽  
Mathias Vogt ◽  
Roland Baar ◽  
Andreas Kinski
Keyword(s):  
Measurement Uncertainty ◽  
Process Simulation ◽  
Combustion Engine ◽  
Engine Performance ◽  
Engine Emissions ◽  
Engine Operation ◽  
Power Simulation ◽  
Systematic Uncertainties ◽  
Measurement Results ◽  
The Impact

The main goal of current engine development is to increase power density and efficiency and to minimize engine emissions. The idea is to obtain the desired power output with a highly charged combustion engine in combination with exhaust gas turbocharging and a very small engine displacement, so-called downsizing. The selection of a turbocharger is based on the maps of the turbine and compressor, which are usually measured on a test bench. They also provide important boundary conditions on the engine process simulation of a supercharged engine with this turbocharger. In general, a very accurate measurement of the characteristic maps is desired to ensure the best possible matching. However, random and systematic errors have an impact on the measurement results. In order to assess the quality of the measured and calculated values, it is necessary to determine the uncertainties of the measurement variables as accurately as possible, particularly the error propagation in calculating the efficiencies. The uncertainties are based on a systematic uncertainty component of the sensor and the confidence interval. In this way the measurement uncertainty is estimated by linear and geometric combination of the calculated random and systematic uncertainties. After that, the respective uncertainty contributions and the identification of the relevant parameters that influence the resulting measurement uncertainty are evaluated. Knowing the measurement uncertainties of the characteristic maps of a turbocharger, the influence on engine operation will be determined with a one-dimensional engine process simulation model. Consequently, the determined measurement uncertainty will be applied as a deviation on the efficiencies and will be investigated in a GT POWER simulation. The impact of the measurement uncertainty on the engine performance is shown on the basis of load steps.

DIESEL ENGINE OPERATION IN USE OF FUEL WITH ADDITIVES

2018 ◽  
pp. 18-24
Author(s):  
Petar Kazakov ◽  
Atanas Iliev ◽  
Emil Marinov
Keyword(s):  
Diesel Engine ◽  
Fuel Consumption ◽  
Diesel Fuel ◽  
Internal Combustion Engines ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Combustion Engines ◽  
Engine Operation ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Operating Modes ◽  
Positive Effects

Over the decades, more attention has been paid to emissions from the means of transport and the use of different fuels and combustion fuels for the operation of internal combustion engines than on fuel consumption. This, in turn, enables research into products that are said to reduce fuel consumption. The report summarizes four studies of fuel-related innovation products. The studies covered by this report are conducted with diesel fuel and usually contain diesel fuel and three additives for it. Manufacturers of additives are based on already existing studies showing a 10-30% reduction in fuel consumption. Comparative experimental studies related to the use of commercially available diesel fuel with and without the use of additives have been performed in laboratory conditions. The studies were carried out on a stationary diesel engine СМД-17КН equipped with brake КИ1368В. Repeated results were recorded, but they did not confirm the significant positive effect of additives on specific fuel consumption. In some cases, the factors affecting errors in this type of research on the effectiveness of fuel additives for commercial purposes are considered. The reasons for the positive effects of such use of additives in certain engine operating modes are also clarified.

EVALUATION OF ZERO-DIMENSIONAL CO AND NO ENGINE EMISSIONS MODELS AND THEIR SUITABILITY FOR E10

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Oswaldo Franca ◽  
Rogério Gonçalves dos Santos ◽  
Clayton Zabeu ◽  
Mario Martins
Keyword(s):  
Engine Emissions

scholarly journals Analysis of Driving Dynamics Considering Driving Resistances in On-Road Driving

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (12) ◽  
pp. 3408
Author(s):  
Jingeun Song ◽  
Junepyo Cha
Keyword(s):  
Combustion Engine ◽  
Vehicle Speed ◽  
Driving Dynamic ◽  
Engine Emissions ◽  
Engine Load ◽  
Positive Acceleration ◽  
Emission Regulations ◽  
Transportation Emissions ◽  
Light Duty Vehicles ◽  
Dynamic Variables

Internal combustion engine emissions are a serious worldwide problem. To combat this, emission regulations have become stricter with the goal of reducing the proportion of transportation emissions in global air pollution. In addition, the European Commission passed the real driving emissions–light-duty vehicles (RDE-LDV) regulation that evaluates vehicle emissions by driving on real roads. The RDE test is significantly dependent on driving conditions such as traffic or drivers. Thus, the RDE regulation has the means to evaluate driving dynamics such as the vehicle speed per acceleration (v·apos) and the relative positive acceleration (RPA) to determine whether the driving during these tests is normal or abnormal. However, this is not an appropriate way to assess the driving dynamics because the v⋅apos and the RPA do not represent engine load, which is directly related to exhaust emissions. Therefore, in the present study, new driving dynamic variables are proposed. These variables use engine acceleration calculated from wheel force instead of the acceleration calculated from the vehicle speed, so they are proportional to the engine load. In addition, a variable of driving dynamics during braking is calculated using the negative wheel force. This variable can be used to improve the accuracy of the emission assessment by analyzing the braking pattern.

Prediction of aircraft engine emissions using ADS-B flight data

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-25
Author(s):  
A. Filippone ◽  
B. Parkes ◽  
N. Bojdo ◽  
T. Kelly
Keyword(s):  
Real Time ◽  
Water Vapour ◽  
Long Range ◽  
Aircraft Engine ◽  
Software Systems ◽  
Engine Emissions ◽  
Flight Data ◽  
Seasonal Basis ◽  
Emissions Inventories ◽  
Aviation Emissions

ABSTRACT Real-time flight data from the Automatic Dependent Surveillance–Broadcast (ADS-B) has been integrated, through a data interface, with a flight performance computer program to predict aviation emissions at altitude. The ADS-B, along with data from Mode-S, are then used to ‘fly’ selected long-range aircraft models (Airbus A380-841, A330-343 and A350-900) and one turboprop (ATR72). Over 2,500 flight trajectories have been processed to demonstrate the integration between databases and software systems. Emissions are calculated for altitudes greater than 3,000 feet (609m) and exclude landing and take-off cycles. This proof of concept fills a gap in the aviation emissions inventories, since it uses real-time flights and produces estimates at a very granular level. It can be used to analyse emissions of gases such as carbon dioxide ( $\mathrm{CO}_2$ ), carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen oxides ( $\mathrm{NO}_x$ ) and water vapour on a specific route (city pair), for a specific aircraft, for an entire fleet, or on a seasonal basis. It is shown how $\mathrm{NO}_x$ and water vapour emissions concentrate around tropospheric altitudes only for long-range flights, and that the cruise range is the biggest discriminator in the absolute value of these and other exhaust emissions.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document