Exhaust Emissions Characterization of a Turbocharged 2-Stroke Tier 0+ Locomotive Engine: NOx, PM, SOF and SOF Composition

2011 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stanislav V. Bohac ◽  
Eric Feiler ◽  
Ian Bradbury
Keyword(s):  
Elemental Carbon ◽  
Engine Oil ◽  
Exhaust Emission ◽  
Moderate Increase ◽  
Oil Consumption ◽  
Engine Emissions ◽  
Engine Operation ◽  
Locomotive Engine ◽  
Insoluble Portion

This study presents a detailed exhaust emission characterization of an EMD 2-Stroke turbocharged line haul locomotive diesel engine fitted with an early-development Tier 0+ emissions kit. The objective of this work is to use emissions characterization to gain insight into engine operation and mechanisms of pollutant formation for this family of engine, and identify areas of potential future engine emissions improvement. Results show that at the notches tested (notches 3–8) the largest contributor to PM mass is insolubles (mostly elemental carbon), but that the soluble component of PM, comprising 14–32% of PM, is also significant. GC-FID analysis of the soluble portion shows that it is composed of 55–77% oil-like C22-C30+ hydrocarbons, with the remainder being fuel-like C9-C21 hydrocarbons. The emissions characterization suggests that advancing combustion timing should be effective in reducing PM mass by reducing the insoluble portion (elemental carbon) of PM at all notches. NOx will likely increase, but the current level of NOx is sufficiently below Tier 0+ limits to allow a moderate increase. Reducing engine oil consumption should also reduce PM mass at all notches, although to a smaller degree than measures that reduce the insoluble portion of PM.

Exhaust Emissions Characterization of a Turbocharged 2-Stroke Tier 0+ Locomotive Engine: NOx, Particulate Matter and Soluble Organic Fraction Composition

2012 ◽  
Vol 134 (7) ◽  
Author(s):  
Stanislav V. Bohac ◽  
Eric Feiler ◽  
Ian Bradbury
Keyword(s):  
Particulate Matter ◽  
Elemental Carbon ◽  
Engine Oil ◽  
Exhaust Emission ◽  
Moderate Increase ◽  
Oil Consumption ◽  
Engine Operation ◽  
Soluble Organic Fraction ◽  
Insoluble Portion

This study presents a detailed exhaust emission characterization of a 2-Stroke turbocharged line haul locomotive diesel engine fitted with an early-development Tier 0 + emissions kit. The objective of this work is to use emissions characterization to gain insight into engine operation and mechanisms of pollutant formation for this family of engine, and identify areas of potential future engine emissions improvement. Results show that at the notches tested (notches 3–8) the largest contributor to particulate matter (PM)mass is insolubles (mostly elemental carbon), but that the soluble component of PM, comprising 14–32% of PM, is also significant. Gas chromatography (GC) analysis of the soluble portion shows that it is composed of 55–77% oil-like C22–C30+ hydrocarbons, with the remainder being fuel-like C9–C21 hydrocarbons. The emissions characterization suggests that advancing combustion timing should be effective in reducing PM mass by reducing the insoluble portion (elemental carbon) of PM at all notches. NOx will likely increase, but the current level of NOx is sufficiently below Tier 0+ limits to allow a moderate increase. Reducing engine oil consumption should also reduce PM mass at all notches, although to a smaller degree than measures that reduce the insoluble portion of PM.

Qualitative and Quantitative Characterization of Airport-related Ultrafine Particles using Liquid Chromatography – High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry (UHPLC/HRMS)

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Florian Ungeheuer ◽  
Diana Rose ◽  
Dominik van Pinxteren ◽  
Florian Ditas ◽  
Stefan Jacobi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Ultrafine Particles ◽  
Chemical Characterization ◽  
Engine Oil ◽  
Aircraft Emissions ◽  
Jet Engine ◽  
Qualitative And Quantitative ◽  
Ionization Mode ◽  
Lubrication Oils

<p>We present the results from a chemical characterization study of ultrafine particles (UFP), collected nearby Frankfurt International Airport where particle size distribution measurements showed high number concentrations for particles with a diameter <50 nm. Aluminium filter samples were collected at an air quality monitoring station in a distance of 4 km to Frankfurt airport, using the 13-stage cascade impactor Nano-MOUDI (MSP Model-115). The chemical characterization of the ultrafine particles in the size range of 0.010-0.018 μm, 0.018-0.032 μm and 0.032-0.056 μm was accomplished by the development of an optimized filter extraction method. An UHPLC method for chromatographic separation of homologous series of hydrophobic and high molecular weight organic compounds, followed by heated electrospray ionization (ESI) and mass analysis using an Orbitrap high-resolution mass spectrometer was developed. Using a non-target screening, ~200 compounds were detected in the positive ionization mode after filtering, in order to ensure high quality of the obtained data. We determined the molecular formula of positively charged adducts ([M+H]<sup>+</sup>; [M+Na]<sup>+</sup>), and for each impaction stage we present molecular fingerprints (Molecular weight vs Retention time, Kroll-diagram, Van-Krevelen-diagram, Kendrick mass defect plot) in order to visualize the complex chemical composition. The negative ionization mode led only to the detection of a few compounds (<20) for which reason the particle characterization focuses on the positive ionization mode. We found that the majority of detected compounds belong to homologous series of two different kinds of organic esters, which are base stocks of aircraft lubrication oils. In reference to five different jet engine lubrication oils of various manufacturers, we identified the corresponding lubricant base stocks and their additives in the ultrafine particles by the use of matching retention time, exact mass and MS/MS fragmentation pattern of single organic molecules. As the relevance of the chemical composition of UFP regarding human health is depending on the mass contribution of each compound we strived for quantification of the jet engine oil compounds. This was achieved by standard addition of purchased original standards to the native sample extracts. Two amines serving as stabilizers, one organophosphate used as an anti-wear agent/metal deactivator and two ester base stocks were quantified. Quantification of the two homologous ester series was carried out using one ester compound and cross-calibration. The quantitative determination is burdened by the uncertainty regarding sampling artefacts in the Nano-MOUDI. Therefore we characterized the cascade impactor in a lab experiment using the ester standard. Particle size distribution measurements conducted parallel to the filter sampling enables the determination of jet engine oil contribution to the UFP mass. Results indicate that aircraft emissions strongly influence the mass balance of 0.010-0.018 μm particles. This contribution decreases for bigger sized particles (0.018-0.056 μm) as presumably more sources get involved. The hereby-introduced method allows the qualitative and quantitative assignment of aircraft emissions towards the chemical composition and total mass of airport related ultrafine particles.</p>

A Comparison of HEV Engine Operation and HD Engine Emissions Test Cycles

2000 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edward Bass ◽  
Joseph Johnson ◽  
Pat Wildemann
Keyword(s):  
Engine Emissions ◽  
Engine Operation

Low Emissions Kit Development for a 1.5MW EMD GP20D Locomotive

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher R. Stoos ◽  
Alexander Guliaeff
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Monoxide ◽  
Fuel Injection ◽  
Ventilation System ◽  
Exhaust Emission ◽  
Injection Timing ◽  
Engine Operation ◽  
Temperature Oxidation ◽  
Diesel Particulate ◽  
Diesel Particulate Filters ◽  
Particulate Filters

This paper describes the development, testing, and application of a low emissions upgrade kit for 1.5 MW EMD GP20D locomotives. Low emissions development focused on changes to fuel injection timing combined with the application of crank case ventilation system (CCV) and catalyzed diesel particulate filters (DPF). Composed of a porous cordierite ceramic material, the diesel particulate filters are specifically designed for entrapment of diesel particulates while allowing exhaust gases to flow through. Furthermore, the filters are coated with a proprietary catalyzed washcoat that promotes the oxidation of soot within the exhaust gas temperature range observed under normal engine operation. In addition to the low temperature oxidation of soot, the catalyzed filter also reduces carbon monoxide and unburned hydrocarbons. The test locomotive used for this development, which is owned by CIT Rail, was powered by a recently rebuilt Caterpillar 3516B engine with a rated power of 1.5 MW (2,000 HP). Baseline exhaust emission testing was performed, followed by low emissions retrofit development. In combination with the CCV and new fuel injection calibrations, the DPF system netted significant emissions reductions. The result of the final low emissions upgrade kit was an EPA Tier 1+ certification, with emissions levels that were below EPA Tier 3 locomotive switch cycle standards for oxides of nitrogen (NOx) and below EPA Tier 4 switch cycle standards for hydrocarbons (HC), carbon monoxide (CO), particulate matter (PM), and smoke.

scholarly journals Characterization of ions at Alpine waterfalls

2011 ◽  
Vol 11 (9) ◽  
pp. 25297-25325 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Kolarž ◽  
M. Gaisberger ◽  
P. Madl ◽  
W. Hofmann ◽  
M. Ritter ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Negative Ion ◽  
Moderate Increase ◽  
Field Campaign ◽  
Ion Gradients ◽  
Austrian Alps ◽  
Positive Ions ◽  
Ion Detector

Abstract. During a three-year field campaign of measuring waterfall generated ions, we monitored five different waterfalls in the Austrian Alps. Most measurements were performed at the Krimml waterfall (Salzburg), which is the biggest and most visited one in Europe and the Gartl waterfall (Mölltal, Carinthia). Smallest ion sizes (0.9–2 nm) were measured with a cylindrical air ion detector (CDI-06) while ion sizes from 5.5 to 350 nm were measured using a modified Grimm SMPS aerosol spectrometer. Measurements showed high negative ion gradients nearby waterfalls whereas positive ions showed only a moderate increase. The most abundant sizes of nano-sized and sub-micrometer ions measured were at 2 nm and of the larger and heavier ones at 120 nm.

scholarly journals Exhaust emission from a vehicle engine operating in dynamic states and conditions corresponding to real driving

2019 ◽  
Vol 178 (3) ◽  
pp. 99-105
Author(s):  
Monika ANDRYCH-ZALEWSKA ◽  
Zdzisław CHŁOPEK ◽  
Jerzy MERKISZ ◽  
Jacek PIELECHA
Keyword(s):  
Rotational Speed ◽  
Time Derivative ◽  
Exhaust Emission ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Engine Operation ◽  
Vehicle Engine ◽  
University Of Technology ◽  
The Time Domain ◽  
Speed Characteristic ◽  
Dynamic States

The article presents the exhaust emission results from a diesel engine in dynamic states of engine operation in the driving tests: NEDC (New European Driving Cycle) and Malta test, developed at the Poznan University of Technology. The NEDC and Malta tests were carried out as simulations on the engine test bench mimicking the driving tests conditions. The test results of the emission of carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons and nitrogen oxides obtained in each of the tests were presented. The dynamic states have been classified de-pending on the time derivative value of the torque and engine rotational speed. Both the positive and negative as well as zero time deriv-ative values of torque and rotational speed were considered. Therefore, overall six types of dynamic states were analyzed. A high sensi-tivity of exhaust emission to various types of dynamic states was found. The exhaust emission sensitivity to dynamic states in the Malta test was found to be higher than for the NEDC test, although these tests have similar properties (average rotational speed and average torque). This is due to the fact that the NEDC test is created on the basis of the similarity of zero-dimensional characteristics of the cars speed characteristic, whereas the Malta test was designed in accordance with the principle of faithful representation in the time domain of the NEDC speed curve.

Surface Effects on Engine Materials of Mineral Oil Dilution With Methyl Esters and Biodiesels

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 1-18 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gustavo J. Molina ◽  
Emeka F. Onyejizu ◽  
John L. Morrison ◽  
Valentin Soloiu
Keyword(s):  
Combustion Engine ◽  
Methyl Esters ◽  
Surface Effects ◽  
Mineral Oil ◽  
Engine Oil ◽  
Engine Operation ◽  
Surface Degradation ◽  
Surface Change ◽  
Main Components ◽  
Enhanced Surface

During ordinary internal-combustion engine operation, biodiesels partially mix in the engine-oil, leading to increased surface degradation, as premature wear. Biodiesels are blends of methyl esters as main components, which are dependent on the source feedstock and may lead to different surface effects on engine materials. In this preliminary study of surface change of SAE 1018 steel when adding pure methyl-esters to engine oil, a SAE 15W40 mineral oil was diluted with methyl-palmitate, -oleate, -stearate, -linoleate, -laurate and -myristate, and with two typical biodiesels, soybean oil and peanut oil biodiesel, each at six different dilutions, and tested in two different instruments. Biodiesel at just 5% in oil led to enhanced wear, but some larger fractions of methyl-oleate and -laurate produced negligible surface change enhancements. Addition of methyl-linoleate and -palmitate enhanced surface degradation. Methyl ester compositions of the two tested biodiesels and their wear trends, which are found in good agreement with previous studies, are used to explain the wear differences

Simulation Analysis of Engine-Oil inside the Clearance between Crankshaft Journal and Bearing Shells in the Ideal Stable Conditions

2014 ◽  
Vol 635-637 ◽  
pp. 532-536
Author(s):  
Pei Shu ◽  
Hong Xin Zhang ◽  
Ru Qin Xiao ◽  
Jin Zhu Shi
Keyword(s):  
Simulation Analysis ◽  
Geometric Model ◽  
Engine Oil ◽  
Flow State ◽  
Engine Operation ◽  
Stable Conditions ◽  
Crankshaft Journal ◽  
Oil Flow ◽  
3D Geometric Model ◽  
The Ideal

For the bush-burning problem in the course of the engine operation. Taking a certain kind of engine as reference, build a 3D geometric model of the engine-oil flow field in the ideal stable conditions with GAMBIT and conduct a simulation of it with FLUENT. It reveals that we can have an intuitive understanding of the flow state and pressure distribution of the engine-oil inside the clearance between the crankshaft main journal and crankshaft bearing as well as the rod journal and rod bearing which provides basis for a further refining of bearing lubrication system, improving the lubrication method and enhancing the efficiency of the lubrication.

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