scholarly journals Optimal Campaign in Leptospirosis Epidemic by Multiple Control Variables

2012 ◽  
Vol 03 (11) ◽  
pp. 1655-1663 ◽  
Author(s):  
Muhammad Altaf Khan ◽  
Gul Zaman ◽  
Saeed Islam ◽  
Muhammad Ikhlaq Chohan
2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Muhammad Altaf Khan ◽  
Saeed Islam ◽  
Sher Afzal Khan ◽  
Ilyas Khan ◽  
Sharidan Shafie ◽  
...  

Leptospirosis is an infectious disease that damages the liver and kidneys, found mainly in dogs and farm animals and caused by bacteria. In this paper, we present the optimal control problem applied to a dynamical leptospirosis infected vector and human population by using multiple control variables. First, we show the existence of the control problem and then use analytical and numerical techniques to investigate the existence cost effective control efforts for prevention of indirect and direct transmission of this disease. In order to do this, we consider three control functions two for human and one for vector population. We completely characterize the optimal control problem and compute the numerical solution of the optimality system using an iterative method.


Complexity ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lei Liu ◽  
Yongji Wang ◽  
Fuqiang Xie ◽  
Jiashi Gao

Particle swarm optimization (PSO) is a population-based stochastic optimization technique in a smooth search space. However, in a category of trajectory optimization problem with arbitrary final time and multiple control variables, the smoothness of variables cannot be satisfied since the linear interpolation is widely used. In the paper, a novel Legendre cooperative PSO (LCPSO) is proposed by introducing Legendre orthogonal polynomials instead of the linear interpolation. An additional control variable is introduced to transcribe the original optimal problem with arbitrary final time to the fixed one. Then, a practical fast one-dimensional interval search algorithm is designed to optimize the additional control variable. Furthermore, to improve the convergence and prevent explosion of the LCPSO, a theorem on how to determine the boundaries of the coefficient of polynomials is given and proven. Finally, in the numeral simulations, compared with the ordinary PSO and other typical intelligent optimization algorithms GA and DE, the proposed LCPSO has traits of lower dimension, faster speed of convergence, and higher accuracy, while providing smoother control variables.


2018 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 158-169
Author(s):  
Umi Wahidah ◽  
Sri Ayem

This research aimed to examine the effect of the convergence of International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) on tax avoidance on companies listed in Indonesia Stock Exchange. Tax avoidance that used in this research was Cash Efective Tax Rate (CETR). This research is also use the control variable to get other different influence that different such as CSR, size, and earning management (EM. This research used populations sector of transport service companies that listed in Indonesia Stock Exchange. The data of this research taken from secondary data that was from the Indonesia Stock Exchange in the form of Indonesian Capital Market Directory (ICMD) and the annual report of the company 2011-2015. The method of collecting sample was purposive sampling technique, the population that to be sampling in this research was populations that has the criteria of a particular sample. Companies that has the criteria of the research sample as many as 78 companies. The method of analysis used in this research is multiple regression analysis. Based on regression testing shows that the convergence of International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) has a positiveand significant impact on tax evasion. This shows that IFRS convergence actually improves tax evasion practices. The control variables of firm size and earnings management also significantly influence the application of IFRS in improving tax avoidance practices, while CSR control variables have no role in convergence IFRS in improving tax evasion practice.


2017 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 272
Author(s):  
Yousef Hajim Al-Taie ◽  
Darwn Faraidun Abdulla ◽  
Wrya Najm Rasheed

The ethical  leadership is considered as one of the most  vital  practices , leadership styles and as an aspects of appropriate behavior to build organizational social relationships between the human capital in organization and its outside , and characterized their relationship by two-way , between the superior and subordinate from one way and  between them and the society on the other hand, in order to focus on strengthen relations processes and the appropriate decision making  in accordance with the behaviors of ethical  leadership Which focuses in its philosophy on credibility, trust and justice in the distribution of decision-making among individuals, and the most important thing that  individuals need is to encourage ethical values that limit the behavior of perverse action or negative behavior, and whenever  the leadership does ethically, they may  led to achieve organizational integrity, which emphasizes its philosophy to avoid negative behaviors or illegal and adhere by the behavior rules and ethical discipline  that would limit from the behavior of deviant corruption or rooted in the organizations. Organizational integrity it deliberated as the most significant aspects of the development of organizations in the third millennium, which focuses socially on the forces of work and highlight the positive side of the Organization activities and educating and training of individuals on such those kind of actions, taking into consideration its impact on the external environment and adherence to ethical standards and principles that they have a mental acceptance. Therefore, it can be said that through ethical leadership and organizational integrity, organizations can reduce the spread of administrative corruption and eliminate its nutrients and incubators by fostering a culture of ethical leadership and working with the principles of organizational integrity within the wholly organization. Hence, the current study focused on the three key variables.  The independent variable is the ethical leadership, according to the model of (Sajefert et al..2016), with its dimension which includes (Justice, ethical principles, orientation towards individuals, separation between authorities, classification and anxiety bearing), while the mediator variable is the organizational integrity which were applied based on the model of (Moon & Hamition: 2013), which its sub-dimensions consists of  (critical task, supervision, focus on the process, focus on efficiency, human resource, trust, learning and improvement, change management). However,  the dependent variable of our study is nutrients of administrative corruption including  the dimensions, which have been obtained from the preliminary study of a number of experts and academics, as identified as more than twenty dimensions and  then the following dimensions, which have been got the agreement between most of the experts, are  (mortal routine, job Infiltration during work, career lazing, partisan interest, multiple control points, lack Importance in specialization, carelessness, lack of commitment, lack of knowledge of the profession ethics, Competencies and incompetence Conflict, the lack of strict laws and regulations, linking salary to productivity). Questionnaires were designed and which have been pre-tested for data collection and measurements were developed using a random sampling method. The questionnaires were distributed for the sample of 70 employees in three important departments in Najaf Governorate (Tax Department, State Real Estate Department and Registration Department) to be a part of the current study. Numerical statistical methods were applied, including mean, standard deviation, percent weight, C.V, and simple and multiple linear regressions using SMART PLS program. The results showed a positive correlation among the three variables in varying proportions. Based on the results of the current study, a number of recommendations were suggested to strengthen the importance of ethical leadership in achieving organizational integrity as well as to reduce the spread of administrative corruption and eliminate its nutrients and incubators in other organizations.


2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (3(J)) ◽  
pp. 74-83
Author(s):  
Lerato C. Bapela ◽  
Collins C. Ngwakwe ◽  
Mokoko P. Sebola

This paper evaluated the relationship between water infrastructure financing and water provision in South Africa. The research followed a quantitative research design; secondary data for water infrastructure financing and water provision in South Africa was obtained from the Trans - Caledon Tunneling Agency (TCTA) and the World Bank for the period 1994 - 2014 . The regression results indicated two separate findings which offers unique contribution to the current literature; results from water asset finance as a single independent variable on water provision showed a significant relationship. However, an addition of two control variables , corruption and violence, neutralised the effectiveness of water asset finance on water provision to the extent that water asset finance became less significant with a P value of 0.05. The paper makes a nuance contribution from the findings, which specifically is that finance alone may not deliver target water provision if corruption and violence is left unbridled. The paper thus recommends the need for public policy makers to control the rate of corruption and violence to enable effective application of water infrastructure finance in water provision. The paper also recommends the need for further research on other government departments to integrate corruption and violence as control variables. 


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