scholarly journals The effect of coronaviruses on olfaction: systematic review

2021 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
pp. 0-0
Author(s):  
M. Zugaj ◽  
N.S. van Ditzhuijzen ◽  
K. Golebski ◽  
W.J. Fokkens
Keyword(s):  
Web Of Science ◽  
Respiratory Epithelium ◽  
Supporting Cells ◽  
Neuropilin 1 ◽  
System Method ◽  
Infection Mechanisms ◽  
Olfactory Impairment ◽  
Nasal Inflammation ◽  
Human Coronaviruses ◽  
Observed Damage

BACKGROUND: Unlike other respiratory viruses, SARS-CoV-2 causes anosmia without sinonasal inflammation. Here we systematically review the effects of the 7 known human coronaviruses on olfaction to determine if SARS-CoV-2 distinctly affects the olfactory system. METHOD: PubMed, EMBASE, Web of Science, bioRxiv, medRxiv and DOAJ were searched for studies describing pathophysiological, immunohistochemical, cytological and clinical data. RESULTS: 49 studies were included. Common cold coronaviruses lead to sinonasal inflammation which can cause transient and chronic loss of smell. MERS-CoV entry receptors were not found in the nasal mucosa and it did not impair olfaction. SARS-CoV-1 had low affinity for its receptor ACE2, limiting olfactory effects. Anosmia is frequent in SARS-CoV-2 infections. SARS-CoV-2’s entry factors ACE2 and TMPRSS2 are expressed in the nasal respiratory epithelium and olfactory supporting cells. SARS-CoV-2 appeared to target the olfactory cleft while diffuse nasal inflammation was not observed. Damage of the olfactory epithelium was observed in animal models. Alternative receptors such as furin and neuropilin-1 and the similarity of viral proteins to odourant receptors could amplify olfactory impairment in SARS-CoV-2 infection. CONCLUSIONS: The pathophysiology of anosmia in SARS-CoV-2 infection is distinct from other coronaviruses due to preferentially targeting olfactory supporting cells. However, SARS-CoV-2 does not cause sinonasal inflammation in spite of preferred entry factor expression in the nasal respiratory epithelium. This raises doubts about the attention given to ACE2. Alternative receptors, odourant receptor mimicry and other as yet unknown mechanisms may be crucial in the pathogenesis of anosmia in SARS-CoV-2 infection. Further studies are warranted to investigate infection mechanisms beyond ACE2.

scholarly journals Systematic Comparison of Two Animal-to-Human Transmitted Human Coronaviruses: SARS-CoV-2 and SARS-CoV

Viruses ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 244 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jiabao Xu ◽  
Shizhe Zhao ◽  
Tieshan Teng ◽  
Abualgasim Elgaili Abdalla ◽  
Wan Zhu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Respiratory Tract Infections ◽  
Disease Outbreak ◽  
Respiratory Epithelium ◽  
Global Health Security ◽  
Health Security ◽  
The World ◽  
Similarities And Differences ◽  
Human Coronaviruses ◽  
Tract Infections

After the outbreak of the severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) in the world in 2003, human coronaviruses (HCoVs) have been reported as pathogens that cause severe symptoms in respiratory tract infections. Recently, a new emerged HCoV isolated from the respiratory epithelium of unexplained pneumonia patients in the Wuhan seafood market caused a major disease outbreak and has been named the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). This virus causes acute lung symptoms, leading to a condition that has been named as “coronavirus disease 2019” (COVID-19). The emergence of SARS-CoV-2 and of SARS-CoV caused widespread fear and concern and has threatened global health security. There are some similarities and differences in the epidemiology and clinical features between these two viruses and diseases that are caused by these viruses. The goal of this work is to systematically review and compare between SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 in the context of their virus incubation, originations, diagnosis and treatment methods, genomic and proteomic sequences, and pathogenic mechanisms.

scholarly journals Communication between health professionals and patients: review of studies using the RIAS (Roter Interaction Analysis System) method

2014 ◽  
Vol 60 (2) ◽  
pp. 156-172 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carla M. Pires ◽  
Afonso M. Cavaco
Keyword(s):  
Health Professionals ◽  
Web Of Science ◽  
Interaction Analysis ◽  
Professional Burnout ◽  
Professional Activities ◽  
System Method ◽  
Roter Interaction Analysis System ◽  
Analysis System ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Academic Search

Objective: Systematic review of studies that investigate the communication between patients and health professionals with the application of the RIAS methodology. Methods: Keyword Roter Interaction Analysis System was searched in the following bibliographic resources: Academic Search Complete, Current Contents, ISI Proceedings, PubMed, Elsevier, SpringerLink, Web of Science, RCAAP, Solo and the official RIAS site. Selection period: 2006 to 2011. Studies were selected using multicriteria dichotomous analysis and organized according to PRISMA. Results: Identification of 1,262 articles (455 unrepeated). 34 articles were selected for analysis, distributed by the following health professions: family medicine and general practitioners (14), pediatricians (5), nurses (4), geneticists (3), carers of patients with AIDS (2), oncologists (2), surgeons (2), anesthetists (1) and family planning specialists (1). The RIAS is scarcely used and publicized within the scope of healthcare in Portuguese speaking countries. Discussion: Main themes studied include the influence of tiredness, anxiety and professional burnout on communication and the impact of specific training actions on professional activities. The review enabled the identification of the main strengths and weaknesses of synchronous and dyadic verbal communication within the provision of healthcare. Conclusion: Scientific investigation of the communication between health professionals and patients using RIAS has produced concrete results. An improvement is expected in health outcomes through the application of the RIAS.

The effect of SARS-CoV-2 on the nervous system: a review of neurological impacts caused by human coronaviruses

2021 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Colin Day ◽  
Carson Studders ◽  
Kim Arklie ◽  
Asees Kaur ◽  
Kyra Teetzen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Severe Disease ◽  
Critical Illness Polyneuropathy ◽  
System A ◽  
Recent Emergence ◽  
Infection Mechanisms ◽  
Neurological Effects ◽  
Human Coronaviruses ◽  
Neurotropic Effects ◽  
Insight Into

Abstract The COVID-19 pandemic has affected millions of people worldwide. While coronaviruses typically have low rates of neurotropic effects, the massive transmission of SARS-CoV-2 suggests that a substantial population will suffer from potential SARS-CoV-2-related neurological disorders. The rapid and recent emergence of SARS-CoV-2 means little research exists on its potential neurological effects. Here we analyze the effects of similar viruses to provide insight into the potential effects of SARS-CoV-2 on the nervous system and beyond. Seven coronavirus strains (HCoV-OC43, HCoV-HKU1, HCoV-229E, HCoV-NL63, SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, SARS-CoV-2) can infect humans. Many of these strains cause neurological effects, such as headaches, dizziness, strokes, seizures, and critical illness polyneuropathy/myopathy. Certain studies have also linked coronaviruses with multiple sclerosis and extensive central nervous system injuries. Reviewing these studies provides insight into the anticipated effects for patients with SARS-CoV-2. This review will first describe the effects of other coronaviruses that have caused severe disease (SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV) on the nervous system, as well as their proposed origins, non-neurological effects, and neurological infection mechanisms. It will then discuss what is known about SARS-CoV-2 in these areas with reference to the aforementioned viruses, with the goal of providing a holistic picture of SARS-CoV-2.

Dexamethasone Effect on Embryonic Chick Respiratory Epithelium

1982 ◽  
Vol 40 ◽  
pp. 248-249
Author(s):  
M.R. Richter ◽  
R.V. Blystone
Keyword(s):  
Lung Development ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Respiratory Epithelium ◽  
Chick Embryos ◽  
Embryonic Chick ◽  
White Leghorn ◽  
Lung Maturation ◽  
Synthetic Analogs ◽  
Lung Physiology ◽  
Avian Lung

Dexamethasone and other synthetic analogs of corticosteroids have been employed clinically as enhancers of lung development. The mechanism(s) by which this steroid induction of later lung maturation operates is not clear. This study reports the effect on lung epithelia of dexamethasone administered at different intervals during development. White Leghorn chick embryos were used so as to remove possible maternal and placental influences on the exogenously applied steroid. Avian lung architecture does vary from mammals; however, respiratory surfactant produced by the lung epithelia serves an equally critical role in avian lung physiology.

Bronchial stereocilia in the immotile cilia syndrome: A case report

1984 ◽  
Vol 42 ◽  
pp. 52-53
Author(s):  
George Price ◽  
Lizardo Cerezo
Keyword(s):  
Surface Modifications ◽  
Respiratory Epithelium ◽  
Immotile Cilia ◽  
Kartagener's Syndrome ◽  
Membrane Blebs ◽  
Radial Spokes ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Dynein Arms ◽  
Ultrastructural Finding ◽  
Ultrastructural Findings

Ultrastructural defects of ciliary structure have been known to cause recurrent sino-respiratory infection concurrent with Kartagener's syndrome. (1,2,3) These defects are also known to cause infertility in both males and females. (4) Overall, the defects are defined as the Immotile, or Dyskinetic Cilia Syndrome (DCS). Several ultrastructural findings have been described, including decreased number of cilia, multidirection orientation, fused and compound cilia, membrane blebs, excess matrix in the axoneme, missing outer tubular doublets, translocated doublets, defective radial spokes and dynein arms. A rare but noteworthy ultrastructural finding in DCS is the predominance of microvilli-like structures on the luminal surface of the respiratory epithelium. (5,6) These permanent surface modifications of the apical respiratory epithelium no longer resemble cilia but reflect the ultrastructure of stereocilia, similar to that found in the epidydimal epithelium. Like microvilli, stereocilia are devoid of microtubular ultrastructure in comparison with true cilia.

Improved preservation of the otolithic membranes

1987 ◽  
Vol 45 ◽  
pp. 914-915
Author(s):  
G. M. Cohen ◽  
J. S. Grasso ◽  
M. L. Domeier ◽  
P. T. Mangonon
Keyword(s):  
Toluidine Blue ◽  
Potassium Phosphate ◽  
Vestibular Function ◽  
Spatial Relations ◽  
White Leghorn ◽  
Supporting Cells ◽  
Semithin Sections ◽  
Micromechanical Models ◽  
Soluble Components

Any explanation of vestibular micromechanics must include the roles of the otolithic and cupular membranes. However, micromechanical models of vestibular function have been hampered by unresolved questions about the microarchitectures of these membranes and their connections to stereocilia and supporting cells. Otolithic membranes are notoriously difficult to preserve because of severe shrinkage and loss of soluble components. We have empirically developed fixation procedures that reduce shrinkage artifacts and more accurately depict the spatial relations between the otolithic membranes and the ciliary bundles and supporting cells.We used White Leghorn chicks, ranging in age from newly hatched to one week. The inner ears were fixed for 3-24 h in 1.5-1.75% glutaraldehyde in 150 mM KCl, buffered with potassium phosphate, pH 7.3; when postfixed, it was for 30 min in 1% OsO4 alone or mixed with 1% K4Fe(CN)6. The otolithic organs (saccule, utricle, lagenar macula) were embedded in Araldite 502. Semithin sections (1 μ) were stained with toluidine blue.

Auswirkungen einer Reduktion der Verfügbarkeit von Glücksspielen auf die Prävalenz der Spielteilnahme und glücksspielbezogener Störungen: Ein systematischer Review

2018 ◽  
Vol 64 (5-6) ◽  
pp. 283e-293e
Author(s):  
Gerhard Meyer ◽  
Jens Kalke ◽  
Tobias Hayer
Keyword(s):  
Web Of Science ◽  
Systematischer Review

Zusammenfassung. Hintergrund: Die aktuellen Spielhallengesetze in Deutschland sehen eine deutliche Reduktion der Anzahl von Spielstätten vor. Ziel: Ziel dieses Beitrags ist es, den internationalen Forschungsstand zu den Auswirkungen einer Reduktion der Verfügbarkeit von Glücksspielen auf die Prävalenz der Spielteilnahme und glücksspielbezogener Störungen in der Bevölkerung systematisch zu erfassen und zu bewerten. Methodik: Mit Hilfe von Schlüsselbegriffen wurde in den elektronischen Datenbanken PsycINFO, Psyindex, Cinahl, Web of Science und Medline in systematischer Weise nach relevanter Literatur gesucht. Ergebnisse: Insgesamt konnten 8 Studien identifiziert werden, die die Einschlusskriterien erfüllen. Die wenigen, teilweise inkonsistenten Befunde belegen für die Zeit nach der Angebotsreduktion im Wesentlichen einen Rückgang der Spielteilnahme, der Anzahl der Häufigspieler, der Behandlungsnachfrage und der Anzahl der Problemspieler. Parallel dazu war in Einzelfällen ein Anstieg der Teilnahmehäufigkeit bei anderen Spielformen erkennbar. Schlussfolgerungen: Potentielle Ursachen der lückenhaften und uneinheitlichen Befundlage werden diskutiert und Limitationen des Reviews aufgezeigt. Im Ergebnis sollte effektive Prävention aufeinander abgestimmte, breit angelegte und nachhaltige Bestrebungen umfassen, die sowohl Aspekte der Verhaltens- als auch der Verhältnisprävention beinhalten.

Apport de la rééducation myofonctionnelle orofaciale au traitement du syndrome d’apnées obstructives du sommeil : une revue systématique de la littérature

2019 ◽  
Vol 90 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 343-370
Author(s):  
Philippe Amat ◽  
Éric Tran Lu Y
Keyword(s):  
Core Collection ◽  
Qualité De Vie ◽  
Web Of Science ◽  
Cochrane Library ◽  
Essais Cliniques ◽  
Review Group ◽  
Revue Systématique ◽  
Étude De Cohorte ◽  
Traitement Multidisciplinaire ◽  
Qualité Du Sommeil

Introduction : Le syndrome d’apnées obstructives du sommeil (SAOS) est une affection très répandue et insuffisamment diagnostiquée, ce qui en fait un problème majeur de santé publique et de sécurité. La rééducation myofonctionnelle orofaciale (RMO) a été montrée efficace dans le traitement multidisciplinaire des SAOS de l’enfant, de l’adolescent et de l’adulte et elle est prescrite à plusieurs étapes de ces prises en charge. Objectifs : L’objectif principal de cette revue systématique de la littérature était d’évaluer l’efficacité de la rééducation myofonctionnelle orofaciale (RMO), active ou passive, dans le traitement du syndrome d’apnées obstructives du sommeil chez les enfants, les adolescents et les adultes. Matériel et méthodes : La revue systématique de la littérature fut entreprise à partir des trois bases de données électroniques : Medline (via PubMed),Cochrane Library, Web of Science Core Collection, et complétée par une recherche limitée de la littérature grise (Google Scholar) afin d’identifier les études évaluant l’efficacité de la RMO sur le SAOS. Le critère de jugement principal était une diminution de l’indice d’apnées/hypopnées (IHA) d’au moins cinq épisodes par heure par rapport à l’état initial. Les critères de jugement secondaires étaient une amélioration de la qualité subjective du sommeil, de la qualité du sommeil mesurée par polysomnographie nocturne et de la qualité de vie mesurée subjectivement. Résultats : Seulement dix études répondaient à tous les critères d’inclusion. Huit étaient des essais cliniques contrôlés randomisés, une était une étude de cohorte prospective et une autre était une étude de cohorte rétrospective. Six études étaient consacrées au SAOS de l’adulte et quatre au SAOS pédiatrique. Toutes les études incluses ont été évaluées à « faible risque de biais » d’après les douze critères de risque de biais du Cochrane Back Review Group. D’après les données probantes disponibles, la RMO permet une réduction significative de l’IAH, jusqu’à 90,6 % chez l’enfant et jusqu’à 92,06 % chez l’adulte. Elle permet une diminution significative de l’intensité et de la fréquence du ronflement, participe à une réduction de la somnolence diurne, limite la réapparition des symptômes d’apnée obstructive du sommeil (AOS) après adénoamygdalectomie chez l’enfant et améliore l’adhésion au traitement par ventilation en pression positive continue (PPC). La RMO passive, avec l’assistance apportée au patient par le port d’une orthèse sur mesure à bille, augmente l’observance à la rééducation, permet une réduction significative de l’intensité du ronflement, de l’IAH et un accroissement significatif des voies aérifères supérieures. Conclusions : Les données publiées montrent que la rééducation myofonctionnelle orofaciale est efficace dans les traitements multidisciplinaires des SAOS de l’enfant, de l’adolescent et de l’adulte et devrait être largement prescrite à plusieurs étapes de ces prises en charge. La RMO passive, avec l’orthèse d’avancée mandibulaire à bille conçue par Michèle Hervy-Auboiron, aide à pallier les fréquents défauts d’observance observés lors des traitements par RMO active.

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