scholarly journals PIP2 signaling, an integrator of cell polarity and vesicle trafficking in directionally migrating cells

2012 ◽  
Vol 6 (5) ◽  
pp. 409-412 ◽  
Author(s):  
Narendra Thapa ◽  
Richard A. Anderson
Keyword(s):  
Cell Polarity ◽  
Vesicle Trafficking ◽  
Migrating Cells

scholarly journals Do migrating cells need a nucleus?

2018 ◽  
Vol 217 (3) ◽  
pp. 799-801 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rhoda J. Hawkins
Keyword(s):  
Cell Polarity ◽  
Three Dimensions ◽  
Mechanical Responses ◽  
Cell Biol ◽  
And Migration ◽  
Migrating Cells

How the nucleus affects cell polarity and migration is unclear. In this issue, Graham et al. (2018. J. Cell Biol. https://doi.org/10.1083/jcb.201706097) show that enucleated cells polarize and migrate in two but not three dimensions and propose that the nucleus is a necessary component of the molecular clutch regulating normal mechanical responses.

Rho-GTPase-regulated vesicle trafficking in plant cell polarity

2014 ◽  
Vol 42 (1) ◽  
pp. 212-218 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xu Chen ◽  
Jiří Friml
Keyword(s):  
Cell Polarity ◽  
Plant Cell ◽  
Rho Gtpase ◽  
Vesicle Trafficking ◽  
Large Family ◽  
Small Gtpases ◽  
Cell Polarization ◽  
Cellular Mechanisms ◽  
Pavement Cells ◽  
Cytoskeleton Organization

ROPs (Rho of plants) belong to a large family of plant-specific Rho-like small GTPases that function as essential molecular switches to control diverse cellular processes including cytoskeleton organization, cell polarization, cytokinesis, cell differentiation and vesicle trafficking. Although the machineries of vesicle trafficking and cell polarity in plants have been individually well addressed, how ROPs co-ordinate those processes is still largely unclear. Recent progress has been made towards an understanding of the co-ordination of ROP signalling and trafficking of PIN (PINFORMED) transporters for the plant hormone auxin in both root and leaf pavement cells. PIN transporters constantly shuttle between the endosomal compartments and the polar plasma membrane domains, therefore the modulation of PIN-dependent auxin transport between cells is a main developmental output of ROP-regulated vesicle trafficking. The present review focuses on these cellular mechanisms, especially the integration of ROP-based vesicle trafficking and plant cell polarity.

scholarly journals Positive feedback between Cdc42 activity and H+ efflux by the Na-H exchanger NHE1 for polarity of migrating cells

2007 ◽  
Vol 179 (3) ◽  
pp. 403-410 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christian Frantz ◽  
Anastasios Karydis ◽  
Perihan Nalbant ◽  
Klaus M. Hahn ◽  
Diane L. Barber
Keyword(s):  
Cell Polarity ◽  
Positive Feedback ◽  
Eukaryotic Cell ◽  
Feedback Signal ◽  
Nucleotide Exchange ◽  
Spatial Cues ◽  
Membrane Recruitment ◽  
Nucleotide Exchange Factor ◽  
Guanosine Triphosphatase ◽  
Migrating Cells

A fundamental feature of cell polarity in response to spatial cues is asymmetric amplification of molecules generated by positive feedback signaling. We report a positive feedback loop between the guanosine triphosphatase Cdc42, a central determinant in eukaryotic cell polarity, and H+ efflux by Na-H+ exchanger 1 (NHE1), which is necessary at the front of migrating cells for polarity and directional motility. In response to migratory cues, Cdc42 is not activated in fibroblasts expressing a mutant NHE1 that lacks H+ efflux, and wild-type NHE1 is not activated in fibroblasts expressing mutationally inactive Cdc42-N17. H+ efflux by NHE1 is not necessary for release of Cdc42–guanosine diphosphate (GDP) from Rho GDP dissociation inhibitor or for the membrane recruitment of Cdc42 but is required for GTP binding by Cdc42 catalyzed by a guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF). Data indicate that GEF binding to phosphotidylinositol 4,5–bisphosphate is pH dependent, suggesting a mechanism for how H+ efflux by NHE1 promotes Cdc42 activity to generate a positive feedback signal necessary for polarity in migrating cells.

scholarly journals A Novel ROP/RAC Effector Links Cell Polarity, Root-Meristem Maintenance, and Vesicle Trafficking

2007 ◽  
Vol 17 (11) ◽  
pp. 947-952 ◽  
Author(s):  
Meirav Lavy ◽  
Daria Bloch ◽  
Ora Hazak ◽  
Itai Gutman ◽  
Limor Poraty ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Polarity ◽  
Root Meristem ◽  
Vesicle Trafficking ◽  
Meristem Maintenance

scholarly journals Characterization of the Yeast Amphiphysins Rvs161p and Rvs167p Reveals Roles for the Rvs Heterodimer In Vivo

2006 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 1306-1321 ◽  
Author(s):  
Helena Friesen ◽  
Christine Humphries ◽  
Yuen Ho ◽  
Oliver Schub ◽  
Karen Colwill ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Polarity ◽  
Vegetative Growth ◽  
Vesicle Trafficking ◽  
Sh3 Domain ◽  
Cell Integrity ◽  
Synthetic Lethal ◽  
Synthetic Lethal Interactions ◽  
Src Homology

We have used comprehensive synthetic lethal screens and biochemical assays to examine the biological role of the yeast amphiphysin homologues Rvs161p and Rvs167p, two proteins that play a role in regulation of the actin cytoskeleton, endocytosis, and sporulation. We found that unlike some forms of amphiphysin, Rvs161p-Rvs167p acts as an obligate heterodimer during vegetative growth and neither Rvs161p nor Rvs167p forms a homodimer in vivo. RVS161 and RVS167 have an identical set of 49 synthetic lethal interactions, revealing functions for the Rvs proteins in cell polarity, cell wall synthesis, and vesicle trafficking as well as a shared role in mating. Consistent with these roles, we show that the Rvs167p-Rvs161p heterodimer, like its amphiphysin homologues, can bind to phospholipid membranes in vitro, suggesting a role in vesicle formation and/or fusion. Our genetic screens also reveal that the interaction between Abp1p and the Rvs167p Src homology 3 (SH3) domain may be important under certain conditions, providing the first genetic evidence for a role for the SH3 domain of Rvs167p. Our studies implicate heterodimerization of amphiphysin family proteins in various functions related to cell polarity, cell integrity, and vesicle trafficking during vegetative growth and the mating response.

scholarly journals The Arp2/3 complex has essential roles in vesicle trafficking and transcytosis in the mammalian small intestine

2015 ◽  
Vol 26 (11) ◽  
pp. 1995-2004 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kang Zhou ◽  
Kaelyn D. Sumigray ◽  
Terry Lechler
Keyword(s):  
Small Intestine ◽  
Cell Polarity ◽  
Cultured Cells ◽  
Vesicle Trafficking ◽  
Complex Function ◽  
Lipid Absorption ◽  
Intestinal Development ◽  
Actin Assembly ◽  
Cell Type ◽  
Cell Type Specific

The Arp2/3 complex is the only known nucleator of branched F-actin filaments. Work in cultured cells has established a wide array of functions for this complex in controlling cell migration, shape, and adhesion. However, loss of Arp2/3 complex function in tissues has yielded cell type–specific phenotypes. Here we report essential functions of the Arp2/3 complex in the intestinal epithelium. The Arp2/3 complex was dispensable for intestinal development, generation of cortical F-actin, and cell polarity. However, it played essential roles in vesicle trafficking. We found that in the absence of ArpC3, enterocytes had defects in the organization of the endolysosomal system. These defects were physiologically relevant, as transcytosis of IgG was disrupted, lipid absorption was perturbed, and neonatal mice died within days of birth. These data highlight the important roles of the Arp2/3 complex in vesicle trafficking in enterocytes and suggest that defects in cytoplasmic F-actin assembly by the Arp2/3 complex, rather than cortical pools, underlie many of the phenotypes seen in the mutant small intestine.

scholarly journals Multiple roles of syndecan-4 during myoblast migration

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dániel Becsky
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Stem Cells ◽  
Cell Migration ◽  
Embryonic Development ◽  
Cell Polarity ◽  
Focal Adhesion ◽  
Muscle Disease ◽  
Satellite Stem Cells ◽  
Migrating Cells

Background and purpose: Cell migration is one of the cornerstones of regeneration processes, as it is necessary for wound healing, and also required for embryonic development, immune system activation, or tumor metastasis formation. Skeletal muscle has a special, advanced dynamism that allows it to adapt to various impacts and recover successfully after an injury, exercise, or muscle disease. Satellite stem cells are activated by local damage during muscle regeneration, and after asymmetric division, myoblasts (i.e., activated satellite cells) migrate to the site of injury, differentiate, and fuse to form muscle fibers. Migration of the cells requires cellular polarization, the creation of leading and trailing edges, as well as the proper orientation and positioning of organelles inside the cell. Efficient migration also requires the presence of an asymmetrical front-to-rear calcium (Ca2+) gradient to regulate focal adhesion assembly and actomyosin contractility. The transmembrane proteoglycan syndecan-4 (SDC4), which is one of the cell surface markers of resting and activated satellite stem cells, is involved in the formation of focal adhesions. Furthermore, SDC4 plays a variety of roles in signal transduction processes, including controlling the function of the small GTPase Rac1 by binding to and inhibiting the activity of T-lymphoma invasion and metastasis-1 (Tiam1), a guanine nucleotide exchange factor for Rac1 (Ras-related C3 botulinum toxin substrate 1) GTPase. Cell migration also requires Rac1-mediated actin remodeling. SDC4 knockout mice are unable to regenerate damaged muscle; however, its underlying precise mechanism is unclear; therefore, our aim was to analyze the role of SDC4 in myoblast migration. Experimental approaches: To achieve SDC4 knockdown, C2C12 murine myoblast cells were transfected stably with plasmids expressing short hairpin RNAs (shRNAs) specific for mouse SDC4 (shSDC4#1 and shSDC4#2) or a scrambled target sequence. To study cell migration, time-lapse images were captured at 37 °C and 5% CO2 using a high-content imaging system for single-cell tracking or wound scratch assay was performed. To evaluate the movement of the single cells, the cell nuclei were tracked with ImageJ and CellTracker software. Super-resolution direct stochastic optical reconstruction microscopy (dSTORM) measurements were performed for the nanoscale analysis of the lamellipodial actin network of the migrating cells. To study the intracellular Ca2+ level, Fluo-4 and Fura Red indicators were applied. Immunofluorescence cytochemistry was performed to analyze the distribution of SDC4, Tiam1, centrosomes, FAK (focal adhesion kinase) or GM130 (anti- Golgi matrix protein of 130 kDa) followed by wide-field fluorescence or confocal microscopy. Image analysis was performed with ImageJ. Rac1 was inhibited by NSC23766 treatment during the measurements (50 µM). Key results: Silencing of SDC4 disrupts the correct polarization of migrating mammalian myoblasts. SDC4 knockdown completely abolished the intracellular Ca2+ gradient, abrogated centrosome reorientation, and thus decreased cell motility, demonstrating the role of SDC4 in cell polarity. Additionally, SDC4 exhibited a polarized distribution during migration. SDC4 knockdown cells exhibited decreases in the total movement distance during migration, maximum and vectorial distances from the starting point, as well as average and maximum cell speeds. Analysis of the dSTORM images of SDC4 knockdown cells revealed nanoscale changes in the actin cytoskeletal architecture, such as decreases in the numbers of branches and individual branch lengths in the lamellipodia of the migrating cells. The Rac1 inhibitor NSC23766 did not restore the migration capacity of SDC4 silenced cells; in fact, it reduced it further. SDC4 knockdown decreased the directional persistence of migration, abrogated the polarized, asymmetric distribution of Tiam1, and reduced the total Tiam1 level of the cells. Conclusion: According to our results, SDC4 affects the migration of C2C12 myoblasts and modulates cell polarity by influencing centrosome positioning, intracellular Ca2+ and Tiam1 distribution. These findings may promote greater understanding the essential role of SDC4 in the embryonic development and postnatal regeneration of skeletal muscle. Given the ubiquitous expression and crucial role of SDC4 in cell migration, we conclude that our findings can facilitate understanding the general role of SDC4 during cell migration.

scholarly journals The Rho-mDia1 Pathway Regulates Cell Polarity and Focal Adhesion Turnover in Migrating Cells through Mobilizing Apc and c-Src

2006 ◽  
Vol 26 (18) ◽  
pp. 6844-6858 ◽  
Author(s):  
Norikazu Yamana ◽  
Yoshiki Arakawa ◽  
Tomohiro Nishino ◽  
Kazuo Kurokawa ◽  
Masahiro Tanji ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Actin Cytoskeleton ◽  
Cell Polarity ◽  
Rho Gtpases ◽  
Actin Filaments ◽  
Focal Adhesions ◽  
Cell Polarization ◽  
C6 Glioma Cells ◽  
Directed Cell Migration ◽  
Sites Of Action ◽  
Migrating Cells

ABSTRACT Directed cell migration requires cell polarization and adhesion turnover, in which the actin cytoskeleton and microtubules work critically. The Rho GTPases induce specific types of actin cytoskeleton and regulate microtubule dynamics. In migrating cells, Cdc42 regulates cell polarity and Rac works in membrane protrusion. However, the role of Rho in migration is little known. Rho acts on two major effectors, ROCK and mDia1, among which mDia1 produces straight actin filaments and aligns microtubules. Here we depleted mDia1 by RNA interference and found that mDia1 depletion impaired directed migration of rat C6 glioma cells by inhibiting both cell polarization and adhesion turnover. Apc and active Cdc42, which work together for cell polarization, localized in the front of migrating cells, while active c-Src, which regulates adhesion turnover, localized in focal adhesions. mDia1 depletion impaired localization of these molecules at their respective sites. Conversely, expression of active mDia1 facilitated microtubule-dependent accumulation of Apc and active Cdc42 in the polar ends of the cells and actin-dependent recruitment of c-Src in adhesions. Thus, the Rho-mDia1 pathway regulates polarization and adhesion turnover by aligning microtubules and actin filaments and delivering Apc/Cdc42 and c-Src to their respective sites of action.

scholarly journals Actin Retrograde Flows Stabilize Cell Polarity by Mechano-Chemical Feedback Loops in Migrating Cells

2016 ◽  
Vol 110 (3) ◽  
pp. 512a
Author(s):  
Stefan Wieser ◽  
Verena Ruprecht ◽  
Monika Ritsch-Marte ◽  
Carl-Philipp Heisenberg ◽  
Matthieu Piel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Polarity ◽  
Feedback Loops ◽  
Migrating Cells
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