scholarly journals Do migrating cells need a nucleus?

2018 ◽  
Vol 217 (3) ◽  
pp. 799-801 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rhoda J. Hawkins
Keyword(s):  
Cell Polarity ◽  
Three Dimensions ◽  
Mechanical Responses ◽  
Cell Biol ◽  
And Migration ◽  
Migrating Cells

How the nucleus affects cell polarity and migration is unclear. In this issue, Graham et al. (2018. J. Cell Biol. https://doi.org/10.1083/jcb.201706097) show that enucleated cells polarize and migrate in two but not three dimensions and propose that the nucleus is a necessary component of the molecular clutch regulating normal mechanical responses.

scholarly journals So far, yet so close: α-Catenin dimers help migrating cells get together

2017 ◽  
Vol 216 (11) ◽  
pp. 3437-3439
Author(s):  
Laura Machesky ◽  
Vania M.M. Braga
Keyword(s):  
Plasma Membrane ◽  
Epithelial Cells ◽  
Active Plasma ◽  
Cell Biol ◽  
Membrane Protrusions ◽  
Freely Moving ◽  
And Migration ◽  
Migrating Cells

Epithelial cells in tissues use their actin cytoskeletons to stick together, whereas unattached cells make active plasma membrane protrusions to migrate. In this issue, Wood et al. (2017. J. Cell Biol. https://doi.org/10.1083/jcb.201612006) show that the junction component α-catenin is critical in freely moving cells to promote adhesion and migration.

scholarly journals Modulating apical–basal polarity by building and deconstructing a Yurt

2018 ◽  
Vol 217 (11) ◽  
pp. 3772-3773 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kia Z. Perez-Vale ◽  
Mark Peifer
Keyword(s):  
Cell Polarity ◽  
Protein Networks ◽  
Cell Biol ◽  
Antagonistic Interactions

Cell polarity is regulated by protein networks in the apical and basolateral domains that repress one another by mutually antagonistic interactions. Gamblin et al. (2018. J. Cell Biol. https://doi.org/10.1083/jcb.201803099) reveal that apical Crumbs is antagonized by oligomerization of basolateral Yurt, while Yurt oligomerization is in turn negatively regulated by the apical kinase aPKC.

scholarly journals Clathrin-independent carriers form a high capacity endocytic sorting system at the leading edge of migrating cells

2010 ◽  
Vol 190 (4) ◽  
pp. 675-691 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark T. Howes ◽  
Matthew Kirkham ◽  
James Riches ◽  
Katia Cortese ◽  
Piers J. Walser ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Capacity ◽  
Leading Edge ◽  
Cellular Adhesion ◽  
Endocytic Pathway ◽  
Membrane Turnover ◽  
Major Pathway ◽  
Endocytic Sorting ◽  
And Migration ◽  
Sorting Station ◽  
Migrating Cells

Although the importance of clathrin- and caveolin-independent endocytic pathways has recently emerged, key aspects of these routes remain unknown. Using quantitative ultrastructural approaches, we show that clathrin-independent carriers (CLICs) account for approximately three times the volume internalized by the clathrin-mediated endocytic pathway, forming the major pathway involved in uptake of fluid and bulk membrane in fibroblasts. Electron tomographic analysis of the 3D morphology of the earliest carriers shows that they are multidomain organelles that form a complex sorting station as they mature. Proteomic analysis provides direct links between CLICs, cellular adhesion turnover, and migration. Consistent with this, CLIC-mediated endocytosis of key cargo proteins, CD44 and Thy-1, is polarized at the leading edge of migrating fibroblasts, while transient ablation of CLICs impairs their ability to migrate. These studies provide the first quantitative ultrastructural analysis and molecular characterization of the major endocytic pathway in fibroblasts, a pathway that provides rapid membrane turnover at the leading edge of migrating cells.

scholarly journals WDR5 modulates cell motility and morphology and controls nuclear changes induced by a 3D environment

2018 ◽  
Vol 115 (34) ◽  
pp. 8581-8586 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pengbo Wang ◽  
Marcel Dreger ◽  
Elena Madrazo ◽  
Craig J. Williams ◽  
Rafael Samaniego ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Migration ◽  
Cell Polarity ◽  
Underlying Mechanism ◽  
H3k4 Methylation ◽  
Nuclear Mechanics ◽  
3D Environment ◽  
3D Environments ◽  
And Migration

Cell migration through extracellular matrices requires nuclear deformation, which depends on nuclear stiffness. In turn, chromatin structure contributes to nuclear stiffness, but the mechanosensing pathways regulating chromatin during cell migration remain unclear. Here, we demonstrate that WD repeat domain 5 (WDR5), an essential component of H3K4 methyltransferase complexes, regulates cell polarity, nuclear deformability, and migration of lymphocytes in vitro and in vivo, independent of transcriptional activity, suggesting nongenomic functions for WDR5. Similarly, depletion of RbBP5 (another H3K4 methyltransferase subunit) promotes similar defects. We reveal that a 3D environment increases the H3K4 methylation dependent on WDR5 and results in a globally less compacted chromatin conformation. Further, using atomic force microscopy, nuclear particle tracking, and nuclear swelling experiments, we detect changes in nuclear mechanics that accompany the epigenetic changes induced in 3D conditions. Indeed, nuclei from cells in 3D environments were softer, and thereby more deformable, compared with cells in suspension or cultured in 2D conditions, again dependent on WDR5. Dissecting the underlying mechanism, we determined that actomyosin contractility, through the phosphorylation of myosin by MLCK (myosin light chain kinase), controls the interaction of WDR5 with other components of the methyltransferase complex, which in turn up-regulates H3K4 methylation activation in 3D conditions. Taken together, our findings reveal a nongenomic function for WDR5 in regulating H3K4 methylation induced by 3D environments, physical properties of the nucleus, cell polarity, and cell migratory capacity.

scholarly journals Scribble, Lgl1, and myosin II form a complex in vivo to promote directed cell migration

2020 ◽  
Vol 31 (20) ◽  
pp. 2234-2248
Author(s):  
Maha Abedrabbo ◽  
Shoshana Ravid
Keyword(s):  
Cell Migration ◽  
Cell Adhesion ◽  
Myosin Ii ◽  
Leading Edge ◽  
Directed Cell Migration ◽  
Lethal Giant Larvae ◽  
And Migration ◽  
Migrating Cells

Here we show that Scribble (Scrib), Lethal giant larvae 1 (Lgl1), and myosin II form a complex in vivo and colocalize at the cell leading edge of migrating cells, and this colocalization is interdependent. Scrib and Lgl1 are required for proper cell adhesion, polarity, and migration.

scholarly journals Fine Tuning Cell Migration by a Disintegrin and Metalloproteinases

2017 ◽  
Vol 2017 ◽  
pp. 1-22 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Dreymueller ◽  
K. Theodorou ◽  
M. Donners ◽  
A. Ludwig
Keyword(s):  
Cell Migration ◽  
Cell Polarity ◽  
Immune Cell ◽  
Tissue Homeostasis ◽  
Fine Tuning ◽  
Tissue Cell ◽  
Cancer Cell Migration ◽  
Physiological Processes ◽  
Cell Tissue ◽  
And Migration

Cell migration is an instrumental process involved in organ development, tissue homeostasis, and various physiological processes and also in numerous pathologies. Both basic cell migration and migration towards chemotactic stimulus consist of changes in cell polarity and cytoskeletal rearrangement, cell detachment from, invasion through, and reattachment to their neighboring cells, and numerous interactions with the extracellular matrix. The different steps of immune cell, tissue cell, or cancer cell migration are tightly coordinated in time and place by growth factors, cytokines/chemokines, adhesion molecules, and receptors for these ligands. This review describes how a disintegrin and metalloproteinases interfere with several steps of cell migration, either by proteolytic cleavage of such molecules or by functions independent of proteolytic activity.

scholarly journals Planar Cell Polarity Acts Through Septins to Control Collective Cell Movement and Ciliogenesis

Science ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 329 (5997) ◽  
pp. 1337-1340 ◽  
Author(s):  
Su Kyoung Kim ◽  
Asako Shindo ◽  
Tae Joo Park ◽  
Edwin C. Oh ◽  
Srimoyee Ghosh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Polarity ◽  
Planar Cell Polarity ◽  
Control Point ◽  
Cell Movement ◽  
Cytoskeletal Proteins ◽  
Pcp Signaling ◽  
Cellular Machinery ◽  
And Migration ◽  
Controlling Behaviors ◽  
Shed Light

The planar cell polarity (PCP) signaling pathway governs collective cell movements during vertebrate embryogenesis, and certain PCP proteins are also implicated in the assembly of cilia. The septins are cytoskeletal proteins controlling behaviors such as cell division and migration. Here, we identified control of septin localization by the PCP protein Fritz as a crucial control point for both collective cell movement and ciliogenesis in Xenopus embryos. We also linked mutations in human Fritz to Bardet-Biedl and Meckel-Gruber syndromes, a notable link given that other genes mutated in these syndromes also influence collective cell movement and ciliogenesis. These findings shed light on the mechanisms by which fundamental cellular machinery, such as the cytoskeleton, is regulated during embryonic development and human disease.

scholarly journals Move your microvilli

2014 ◽  
Vol 207 (1) ◽  
pp. 9-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert S. Fischer
Keyword(s):  
Wound Healing ◽  
Epithelial Cell ◽  
Epithelial Cells ◽  
Cell Polarity ◽  
Apical Membrane ◽  
Apical Surface ◽  
Epithelial Cell Polarity ◽  
Cell Biol ◽  
Polarized Epithelial Cells

Polarized epithelial cells create tightly packed arrays of microvilli in their apical membrane, but the fate of these microvilli is relatively unknown when epithelial cell polarity is lost during wound healing. In this issue, Klingner et al. (2014. J. Cell Biol. http://dx.doi.org/10.1083/jcb.201402037) show that, when epithelial cells become subconfluent, actomyosin contractions locally within the apical cortex cause their microvilli to become motile over the dorsal/apical surface. Their unexpected observations may have implications for epithelial responses in wound healing and disease.

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