Are natural products and medical diagnostic tests still eligible for patents in the USA?

2012 ◽  
Vol 1 (4) ◽  
pp. 365-370 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julian Cockbain ◽  
Sigrid Sterckx
Keyword(s):  
Natural Products ◽  
Diagnostic Tests ◽  
Medical Diagnostic ◽  
The Usa

scholarly journals Analytical detection of influenza A(H3N2)v and other A variant viruses from the USA by rapid influenza diagnostic tests

2012 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 491-496 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amanda Balish ◽  
Rebecca Garten ◽  
Alexander Klimov ◽  
Julie Villanueva
Keyword(s):  
Diagnostic Tests ◽  
Influenza A ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Analytical Detection

scholarly journals Medical Diagnostic Tests: A Review of Test Anatomy, Phases, and Statistical Treatment of Data

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 ◽  
pp. 1-22 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sorana D. Bolboacă
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Practice ◽  
Diagnostic Test ◽  
Diagnostic Tests ◽  
Statistical Treatment ◽  
High Accuracy ◽  
Phase Iii ◽  
Medical Diagnostic ◽  
Statistical Approaches ◽  
Phase I And Ii

Diagnostic tests are approaches used in clinical practice to identify with high accuracy the disease of a particular patient and thus to provide early and proper treatment. Reporting high-quality results of diagnostic tests, for both basic and advanced methods, is solely the responsibility of the authors. Despite the existence of recommendation and standards regarding the content or format of statistical aspects, the quality of what and how the statistic is reported when a diagnostic test is assessed varied from excellent to very poor. This article briefly reviews the steps in the evaluation of a diagnostic test from the anatomy, to the role in clinical practice, and to the statistical methods used to show their performances. The statistical approaches are linked with the phase, clinical question, and objective and are accompanied by examples. More details are provided for phase I and II studies while the statistical treatment of phase III and IV is just briefly presented. Several free online resources useful in the calculation of some statistics are also given.

Natural Products for Weed Management in Organic Farming in the USA

2010 ◽  
Vol 21 (4) ◽  
pp. 156-160 ◽  
Author(s):  
Franck E. Dayan ◽  
Stephen O. Duke
Keyword(s):  
Natural Products ◽  
Organic Farming ◽  
Weed Management ◽  
The Usa

scholarly journals Characterization and Immunogenicity of Mycobacterium paratuberculosis Secreted and Cellular Proteins

1996 ◽  
Author(s):  
Herve Bercovier ◽  
Raul Barletta ◽  
Shlomo Sela
Keyword(s):  
Cellular Immunity ◽  
Diagnostic Tests ◽  
Stress Factors ◽  
Protein Antigen ◽  
Cellular Proteins ◽  
Secreted Proteins ◽  
Mycobacterium Paratuberculosis ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Acellular Vaccine

Our long-term goal is to develop an efficient acellular vaccine against paratuberculosis based on protein antigen(s). A prerequisite to achieve this goal is to analyze and characterize Mycobacterium paratuberculosis (Mpt) secreted and cellular proteins eliciting a protective immune response. In the context of this general objective, we proposed to identify, clone, produce, and characterize: the Mpt 85B antigen and other Mpt immunoreactive secreted proteins, the Mpt L7/L12 ribosomal protein and other immunoreactive cellular proteins, Mpt protein determinants involved in invasion of epithelial cells, and Mpt protein antigens specifically expressed in macrophages. Paratuberculosis is still a very serious problem in Israel and in the USA. In the USA, a recent survey evaluated that 21.6% of the dairy herd were infected with Mpt resulting in 200-250 million dollars in annual losses. Very little is known on the virulence factors and on protective antigens of Mpt. At present, the only means of controlling this disease are culling or vaccination. The current vaccines do not allow a clear differentiation between infected and vaccinated animals. Our long-term goal is to develop an efficient acellular paratuberculosis vaccine based on Mpt protein antigen(s) compatible with diagnostic tests. To achieve this goal it is necessary to analyze and characterize secreted and cellular proteins candidate for such a vaccine. Representative Mpt libraries (shuttle plasmid and phage) were constructed and used to study Mpt genes and gene products described below and will be made available to other research groups. In addition, two approaches were performed which did not yield the expected results. Mav or Mpt DNA genes that confer upon Msg or E. coli the ability to invade and/or survive within HEp-2 cells were not identified. Likewise, we were unable to characterize the 34-39 kDa induced secreted proteins induced by stress factors due to technical difficulties inherent to the complexity of the media needed to support substantial M. pt growth. We identified, isolated, sequenced five Mpt proteins and expressed four of them as recombinant proteins that allowed the study of their immunological properties in sensitized mice. The AphC protein, found to be up regulated by low iron environment, and the SOD protein are both involved in protecting mycobacteria against damage and killing by reactive oxygen (Sod) and nitrogen (AhpC) intermediates, the main bactericidal mechanisms of phagocytic cells. SOD and L7/L12 ribosomal proteins are structural proteins constitutively expressed. 85B and CFP20 are both secreted proteins. SOD, L7/L12, 85B and CFP20 were shown to induce a Th1 response in immunized mice whereas AphC was shown by others to have a similar activity. These proteins did not interfere with the DTH reaction of naturally infected cows. Cellular immunity provides protection in mycobacterial infections, therefore molecules inducing cellular immunity and preferentially a Th1 pathway will be the best candidate for the development of an acellular vaccine. The proteins characterized in this grant that induce a cell-mediated immunity and seem compatible with diagnostic tests, are good candidates for the construction of a future acellular vaccine.

The assessment of quality in medical diagnostic tests: a comparison of ROC/Youden and Taguchi methods

2000 ◽  
Vol 13 (7) ◽  
pp. 300-307 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tolga Taner ◽  
Jiju Antony
Keyword(s):  
Diagnostic Tests ◽  
Manufacturing Industry ◽  
Operating Characteristic ◽  
Assessment Method ◽  
Taguchi Methods ◽  
Signal To Noise ◽  
Receiver Operating Characteristic Curves ◽  
Medical Diagnostic ◽  
False Diagnosis

Diagnostic tests are widely used in many areas of modern technological society, but they are of particular importance in medicine, where early and accurate diagnosis can decrease morbidity and mortality rates of disease. How the quality of diagnostic information and decisions should be measured in a meaningful way has become increasingly important in recent years as an abundance of new diagnostic tests have been introduced. A number of seemingly independent indices are studied for evaluating diagnostic performance such as the receiver operating characteristic curves and signal‐to‐noise ratios. Designing robustness into diagnostic tests can only be achieved by minimizing the variation in the total number of false diagnosis. This article has undertaken a comparison of signal‐to‐noise ratios developed by Taguchi in quality engineering and system performance in manufacturing industry. A hybrid is also computed and its relevance to physicians as an efficient assessment method is proposed and strongly encouraged.

scholarly journals Folic Acid and Birth Defects: A Case Study (Iran)

2011 ◽  
Vol 2011 ◽  
pp. 1-3 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohammad Bager Hosseini ◽  
Zhila Khamnian ◽  
Saeed Dastgiri ◽  
Bahram Samadi Raad ◽  
Yalda Ravanshad
Keyword(s):  
Folic Acid ◽  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Diagnostic Tests ◽  
Odds Ratio ◽  
Prenatal Screening ◽  
Termination Of Pregnancy ◽  
Medical Diagnostic ◽  
Northwest Region ◽  
The Impact

The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of folic acid use in pregnancy for the reduction of neural tube defects (NTDs) in the northwest region of Iran. We studied 243 women with pregnancies complicated by some forms of birth defect(s). These patients were identified by medical diagnostic tests as having a fetus with some types of congenital anomalies. The prevalence of NTDs among pregnant women who were referred for therapeutic termination of pregnancy was 24.7 percent. Consumption of folic acid prevented NTDs by 79 percent (Odds Ratio = 0.21, CI 95%: 0.12–0.40) and 94 percent (Odds Ratio = 0.06, CI 95%: 0.03–0.15) compared to pregnancies complicated by other anomalies and normal pregnancies, respectively. Hydrops fetalis, hydrocephaly, Down syndrome, and limb anomalies did not have any significant association with the folic acid use. Along with the advice for the consumption of folic acid for pregnant women, they should be offered prenatal screening or diagnostic tests to identify fetal abnormalities for possible termination of pregnancy.

scholarly journals A Review of the Importance of Stool Test in the Diagnosis of Intestinal Parasites

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 25-28
Author(s):  
Yagoob Garedaghi
Keyword(s):  
Diagnostic Tests ◽  
Intestinal Parasites ◽  
Parasitic Infection ◽  
Food Poisoning ◽  
Gastrointestinal Infection ◽  
Intestinal Parasitic Infection ◽  
Gastrointestinal Infections ◽  
Microscopic Method ◽  
Time Saving ◽  
Medical Diagnostic

Objectives: Stool test is a test used to diagnose an infection or intestinal parasitic infection. Gastrointestinal infections occur for a variety of reasons, so this test is valuable along with other complementary tests. Common gastrointestinal infections are commonly reported as food poisoning or stomach infections. However, diagnostic tests are useful for treating and removing the source of the disease. Methods: This study was reviewed by using a search of keywords including, "stool test" , "Diagnosis ", "Intestinal Parasites", in Google Scholar, PubMed, and Elsevier databases. Approximately 15 articles were selected that were examined thoroughly. Results: The results of our study revealed that the direct microscopic method is more widely used in medical diagnostic laboratories due to its time saving and simplicity of testing. Conclusion: Stool tests are recommended for people with symptoms of a gastrointestinal infection. These symptoms include: Prolonged diarrhea, abdominal pain (cramping), nausea and vomiting, Stools with blood and mucus. However, diagnostic tests are useful for treating and removing the source of the disease.

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