Potassium release during decomposition of crop residues under conventional and zero tillage

2006 ◽  
Vol 86 (3) ◽  
pp. 473-481 ◽  
Author(s):  
N Z Lupwayi ◽  
G W Clayton ◽  
J T O’Donovan ◽  
K N Harker ◽  
T K Turkington ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiments ◽  
Crop Residues ◽  
Nutrient Management ◽  
Trifolium Pratense ◽  
Conservation Tillage ◽  
Conventional Tillage ◽  
Zero Tillage ◽  
Residue Quality ◽  
Residue Decomposition ◽  
K Release

Nutrient cycling is an important part of integrated nutrient management. The litterbag method was used in field experiments to determine potassium (K) release patterns from red clover (Trifolium pratense) green manure (GM), field pea (Pisum sativum), canola (Brassica rapa) and monoculture wheat (Triticum aestivum) residues under conventional and zero tillage from 1998 to 1999 and from 1999 to 2000. Potassium contained in crop residues ranged from 25 kg ha-1 in wheat to 121 kg ha-1 in pea residues, both under zero tillage. The percentage of K released over a 52-wk period ranged from 65% of pea K under zero tillage to 99% of clover K under conventional tillage, and the amounts released were 20–32 kg ha-1 from wheat, 31–52 kg ha-1 from canola, 28–79 kg ha-1 from pea, and 31–118 kg ha-1 from legume GM residues. In both trial periods, K from wheat residues was released at a faster rate under conventional tillage than under zero tillage during the first 10 wk of residue decomposition. In contrast, K from pea and canola residues was released more quickly under zero tillage than under conventional tillage. The effect of tillage on K release from GM residues was similar to that on pea and canola residues in 1998–1999, but similar to that on wheat residues in 1999–2000. Correlations between K release and residue quality were inconsistent, presumably because K is not a structural component of plant tissue, and therefore its release is probably related more to leaching than to residue decomposition. These results show that crop residues recycle substantial amounts of K for use by subsequent crops in rotation. Key words: Conservation tillage, crop residue quality, crop rotation, organic soil amendments

Decomposition of crop residues under conventional and zero tillage

2004 ◽  
Vol 84 (4) ◽  
pp. 403-410 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. Z. Lupwayi ◽  
G. W. Clayton ◽  
J. T. O’Donovan ◽  
K. N. Harker ◽  
T. K. Turkington ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Crop Residue ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Crop Residues ◽  
Trifolium Pratense ◽  
Soil Cover ◽  
Nutrient Release ◽  
Red Clover ◽  
Conventional Tillage ◽  
Zero Tillage ◽  
Rapid Decomposition

Field experiments were conducted to determine decomposition patterns of red clover (Trifolium pratense), field pea (Pisum sativum), canola (Brassica rapa) and wheat (Triticum aestivum) residues under zero and conventional tillage. Crop residue amounts produced in 2 trial years ranged from 1.6 t ha-1 for monoculture wheat to 6.05 t ha-1 for peas, and tillage had no effect. The extent of dry matter (DM) decomposition was usually less under zero than under conventional tillage, e.g., 31 to 41% of canola DM decomposed under zero tillage while 41 to 50% decomposed under conventional tillage in 12 mo. Corresponding percentages for other residues under zero and conventional tillage, respectively, were: 65 and 75% for clover, 43 and 45 to 55% for pea, and 27 and 40% for wheat. The rate and extent of DM decomposition were positively correlated with N and P concentrations, and negatively correlated with C/N, C/P, lignin/P and lignin/K ratios. These decomposition patterns have implications for nutrient release and soil cover. Rapid decomposition is not necessarily desirable because the nutrients released are subject to losses in soil. Key words: Biological soil quality, crop residue quality, crop rotation

Nitrogen release during decomposition of crop residues under conventional and zero tillage

2006 ◽  
Vol 86 (1) ◽  
pp. 11-19 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. Z. Lupwayi ◽  
G. W. Clayton ◽  
J. T. O’Donovan ◽  
K. N. Harker ◽  
T. K. Turkington ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiments ◽  
Crop Residues ◽  
Trifolium Pratense ◽  
Red Clover ◽  
Organic Soil ◽  
Conventional Tillage ◽  
First Year ◽  
Zero Tillage ◽  
N Loss ◽  
Litter Bag

The litter-bag method was used in field experiments to determine nitrogen (N) loss patterns from decomposing red clover (Trifolium pratense) green manure (GM), field pea (Pisum sativum), canola (Brassica rapa) and monoculture wheat (Triticum aestivum) residues under conventional and zero tillage. Nitrogen contained in crop residues ranged from 10 kg ha-1 in wheat under both tillage systems to 115 kg ha-1 in clover GM under zero tillage. The patterns of N loss (i.e., release), particularly from GM residues, over 52-wk periods varied with tillage, i.e., residues lost N more rapidly under conventional tillage than under zero tillage in the first 5 to 10 wk after residue placement. Net N immobilization was sometimes observed, particularly under zero tillage. Where net N release occurred, it ranged from 22% of wheat N under conventional tillage to 71% for clover N under conventional tillage; it was positively correlated with residue N concentration and microbial activity, and negatively correlated with C:N and lignin:N ratios in one study period. The amounts of N released were 2 kg ha-1 from wheat, 10 to 25 kg ha-1 from canola, 4 to 18 kg ha-1 from pea, and 46 to 69 kg ha-1 from GM residues. Therefore, when grain is harvested, the remaining crop residues do not release much N to the soil in the first year of decomposition, but the N stored in soil is presumably released in subsequent years. Key words: Crop residues, crop rotation, N mineralization, organic soil amendments

scholarly journals Relationships between winter wheat yields and soil carbon under various tillage systems

2012 ◽  
Vol 58 (No. 12) ◽  
pp. 540-544 ◽  
Author(s):  
O. Mikanová ◽  
T. Šimon ◽  
M. Javůrek ◽  
M. Vach
Keyword(s):  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Conservation Tillage ◽  
Conventional Tillage ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
No Tillage ◽  
Organic C ◽  
Grain Yields ◽  
Soil Microbial ◽  
Set Up

 Soil quality and fertility are associated with its productivity, and this in turn is connected to the soil biological activity. To study these effects, well designed long-term field experiments that provide comprehensive data sets are the most applicable. Four treatments (tillage methods) were set up: (1) conventional tillage (CT); (2) no tillage (NT); (3) minimum tillage + straw (MTS), and (4) no tillage + mulch (NTM). Our objective was to assess the relationships between soil microbial characteristics and winter wheat yields under these different techniques of conservation tillage within a field experiment, originally established in 1995. The differences in average grain yields over time period 2002–2009 between the variants were not statistically significant. Organic carbon in the topsoil was higher in plots with conservation tillage (NT, MTS, and NTM), than in the conventional tillage plots. There was a statistically significant correlation (P ≤ 0.01) between the grain yields and organic C content in topsoil.  

Carbon availability limits the denitrification potential of sandy loam soil from corn agroecosystems with long-term tillage and residue management

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-5 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leanne Ejack ◽  
Joann K. Whalen ◽  
Chandra A. Madramootoo
Keyword(s):  
Crop Residues ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Conservation Tillage ◽  
Conventional Tillage ◽  
Sandy Loam Soil ◽  
Residue Management ◽  
Carbon Availability ◽  
Denitrification Potential ◽  
Soluble Organic Carbon ◽  
Loam Soil

Conservation tillage and crop residues should increase the soluble organic carbon and nitrate concentration in agricultural soil, which increases the denitrification potential. Basal denitrification (72 h laboratory incubation) was 2.1–2.7 times higher in a sandy loam soil under 15 yr of conservation tillage than conventional tillage and 1.8–2.0 times higher with high-residue (additional input 8.6–9.4 Mg dry matter·ha−1·yr−1) than low-residue inputs. Adding glucose and nitrate increased the soil denitrification potential 3- to 14-fold. Denitrification was limited by carbon availability, even in soil with 15 yr of conservation tillage and high-residue inputs.

scholarly journals Effect of Conservation Tillage on Yield and Economics of Fodder Crops

2020 ◽  
pp. 529-539
Author(s):  
Rajesh Khan ◽  
Saikat Biswas ◽  
Champak Kumar Kundu ◽  
Kalyan Jana
Keyword(s):  
West Bengal ◽  
Conservation Tillage ◽  
Conventional Tillage ◽  
Forage Yield ◽  
Central Research ◽  
Zero Tillage ◽  
Tillage Practices ◽  
Fodder Crops ◽  
Main Plot ◽  
Soil Status

In order to find out the efficacy of conservation tillage on yield and economics of fodder crops over conventional tillage in new alluvial zone of West Bengal, a field experiment was conducted at Central Research Farm, Gayeshpur, West Bengal, India during summer season of 2016 and 2017 comprising 3 tillage practices (T1: zero tillage, T2: minimum tillage, T3: conventional tillage) in main plot and 4 fodder crops (C1: maize, C2: sorghum, C3: rice bean, C4: cowpea) in subplot and replicated thrice in a split plot design. Mean data confirmed the superiority of conservation tillage over conventional tillage in improving soil status and thereby, crop performance. Cereal crop maize when grown under zero tillage produced highest green forage yield (42.33 t/ha), dry matter yield (7.84 t/ha). However, regarding crude protein yield, cowpea showed superiority over others specially when grown under zero tillage condition (1.071 t/ha). Mean data also stated that legume crops under conservation tillage remained economically more viable than cereal crops. Specifically, cultivation of cowpea under zero tillage condition was economically most profitable (B:C of 2.21) and therefore can be recommended in this region.

Impact of Agronomic Practices on Weed Communities: Fallow Within Tillage Systems

Weed Science ◽  
1994 ◽  
Vol 42 (2) ◽  
pp. 184-194 ◽  
Author(s):  
Douglas A. Derksen ◽  
A. Gordon Thomas ◽  
Guy P. Lafond ◽  
Heather A. Loeppky ◽  
Clarence J. Swanton
Keyword(s):  
Community Composition ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Conservation Tillage ◽  
Conventional Tillage ◽  
Continuous Cropping ◽  
Tillage Systems ◽  
Agronomic Practices ◽  
Perennial Weeds ◽  
Weed Communities ◽  
Tillage System

Continuous-cropping conservation tillage systems may provide a viable alternative to the practice of summer fallow; however, concerns have been raised regarding potentially negative changes in weed communities in continuous cropping. Field experiments were established in Saskatchewan at three locations to determine the nature of weed community differences between a crop sequence with and without fallow in zero-, minimum-, and conventional-tillage systems from 1986 to 1990. Weed communities in continuous-cropping treatments tended to have greater total densities and were more similar in composition than crop-fallow treatments. Inclusion or exclusion of fallow within the rotation had a greater impact on weed community composition than did tillage system at Ituna and Waldron, but the reverse was true at Tadmore due to poor crop growth in all tillage systems. Differences in weed community composition were generally characterized by fluctuational changes in species associations. Volunteers of summer-annual crops, such as canola, flax, and barley, were associated with continuous cropping, but other species including perennial weeds, such as Canada thistle, perennial sowthistle, and quackgrass, were not strongly associated with the presence or absence of fallow. The practice of fallowing land to manage weeds may not be necessary.

Tillage and Nitrogen Influence Weed Population Dynamics in Barley (Hordeum vulgare)

1997 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 502-509 ◽  
Author(s):  
John T. O'Donovan ◽  
David W. McAndrew ◽  
A. Gordon Thomas
Keyword(s):  
Population Dynamics ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Conventional Tillage ◽  
Zero Tillage ◽  
Tillage Systems ◽  
Green Foxtail ◽  
Field Pennycress ◽  
Soil Seedbank ◽  
Four Levels

Field experiments were initiated at Alliance and Hairy Hill, Alberta, in 1989 to investigate the effects of conventional tillage, zero tillage, and four levels of nitrogen fertilizer on continuous barley production. In both tillage systems, the nitrogen was banded 6 to 8 cm deep between alternate barley rows. Herbicides were used for weed control each year. The influence of tillage and nitrogen on weed seed population dynamics was determined in 1991 and 1992. In the zero-tillage system, a large proportion of the weed seeds were present either at the soil surface or at the 5- to 10-cm depth. Green foxtail, the dominant species at Alliance, was also present at Hairy Hill where field pennycress was dominant. Green foxtail was consistently associated with low (residual) nitrogen and, in most cases, with conventional tillage. At both locations, green foxtail populations tended to decrease to very low levels as nitrogen rate increased, especially in zero tillage. At Hairy Hill, field pennycress populations in the soil seedbank were higher in zero tillage compared with conventional tillage, but plants that emerged from the soil seedbank in the field in spring were lower in zero tillage. Field pennycress populations were highest under low nitrogen. The results indicate that banding nitrogen has the potential to be an effective tool for green foxtail and field pennycress management in conventional- and zero-tillage systems, resulting in less dependence on herbicides for their control.

Fungal associations on field-weathered plants and their role in residue decomposition

1986 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 89-94 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marion E. Simpson ◽  
Paul B. Marsh ◽  
Lawrence J. Sikora
Keyword(s):  
Crop Residues ◽  
Free Water ◽  
Conventional Tillage ◽  
Microbial Populations ◽  
Tillage Practices ◽  
Residue Decomposition ◽  
Temperature And Precipitation ◽  
Fungal Associations ◽  
Crop Residue Decomposition ◽  
Plant Waxes

AbstractBasic microbiological information is presented which is relevant to an understanding of the decomposition of crop residues in conservation and conventional tillage practices. Little has been known about the role in crop residue decomposition of microbial populations that grow on dead leaves and stems of crop plants standing in the field after maturation. Even the identity of such organisms has not been thoroughly defined. Dead leaves and stems were collected from corn and from other field crop, garden, and native plants standing during weathering after maturation in fields at Beltsville, Md., and at seven other U.S. locations in the fall of 1984 and the spring of 1985. Certain “field fungi” from the genera Alternaria, Cladosporium, Fusarium, and Helminthosporium (Bipolaris) occurred as a common population growing on samples from most locations in spite of major differences in temperature and precipitation during the weathering. All fungi observed are known from the literature to be able to decompose native cellulose in pure culture. Some can grow on plant waxes. They grow poorly, if at all, in the absence of oxygen. All grow best in the presence of free water; none are true xerophytes, although some can resist wetting-drying cycles. They are mesophiles and exhibit most rapid growth at about 25–28 C. Some can survive over winter in plant tissues in cold climates. Probable relevance of these characteristics to residue decomposition in field situations is discussed.

Impact of Agronomic Practices on Weed Communities: Tillage Systems

Weed Science ◽  
1993 ◽  
Vol 41 (3) ◽  
pp. 409-417 ◽  
Author(s):  
Douglas A. Derksen ◽  
Guy P. Lafond ◽  
A. Gordon Thomas ◽  
Heather A. Loeppky ◽  
Clarence J. Swanton
Keyword(s):  
Community Composition ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Conservation Tillage ◽  
Time Frame ◽  
Conventional Tillage ◽  
Perennial Grasses ◽  
Reduced Tillage ◽  
Limiting Factor ◽  
Tillage Systems ◽  
Weed Communities

Adverse changes in weed communities are a limiting factor for the adoption of conservation tillage practices. Predictions of an increased association of annual and perennial grasses, perennial dicot weeds, wind-disseminated species, and volunteer crops as weeds, and decreased association of annual dicot weeds in reduced-tillage systems were tested. Field experiments involving zero-, minimum-, and conventional-tillage systems were conducted in Saskatchewan from 1986 to 1990 at Ituna and Waldron, and from 1986 to 1988 at Tadmore. Weed community composition was analyzed for years 1988 to 1990 by canonical discriminant analysis. An increased association of perennial and annual grasses with zero tillage did not generally occur. Wind-dispersed species and volunteer crops were associated with reduced tillage and summer annual dicots with conventional tillage, but exceptions occurred. Species responded differently among sites or within a site over time. Within the time frame of this research, changes in weed communities were influenced more by location and year than by tillage systems, indicating fluctuational rather than directional or consistent changes in community composition.

scholarly journals Agronomic Management Strategies for Yield-Scaled Global Warming Potential under Rice-Wheat Cropping System

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-14
Author(s):  
Suborna Roy Choudhury ◽  
Anupam Das ◽  
S. K. Gupta ◽  
Seema . ◽  
R. P. Sharma ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Global Warming ◽  
Green Manure ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Nutrient Management ◽  
Management Practice ◽  
Conventional Tillage ◽  
Soil Disturbance ◽  
Zero Tillage ◽  
Crop Establishment ◽  
Residue Retention

Greenhouse gas emissions have an indirect impact on crop production and are primary sources of the global warming. A field experiment was carried out to examine the effect of management practice (i.e. culmination of tillage and nutrient management) on GHGs emission and its subsequent effect on agronomic productivity and subsequent impact on global warming. There were three different crop establishment methods as main plot treatments: M1 (Rice: SRI, Wheat: Conventional tillage), M2 (Rice: Transplanted Puddle rice, Wheat: Conventional tillage + 30% residue incorporation), M3 (Rice: DSR, Wheat: Zero tillage + 30% residue retention) and four nutrient management as sub plot treatments viz. S1(100% of Recommended dose of fertilizer (RDF) through inorganic sources), S2 (75% of RDF through inorganic sources + 25% N of RDF through organic sources), S3 (50% of RDF through inorganic sources + 50% N of RDF through organic sources), S4 (S1 + mung bean as green-manure). After conducting three year of experiment (2013-2016), it has been found that the DSR emitted lower CH4 (1.39 mg m-2 hr-1), CO2 (0.57 mg m-2 hr-1) and N2O (0.36 mg m-2 hr-1) at the maximum tillering stage of rice. The same trend was followed under zero tillage with30% residue retention in wheat with lower emission range of all three gases i.e. 0.95, 1.29 and 0.58 mg m-2 hr-1 respectively. Lowest emission of CH4 and CO2 with the values of 1.87 and 1.24 mg m-2 hr-1 respectively from rice and 1.57 and 3.23 mg m-2 hr-1 from wheat was observed under 100% RDF through inorganic fertilization, whereas, N2O emission was just reverse to emission pattern of CH4 and CO2. Crop establishment through minimum soil disturbance with residue retention under rice- wheat cropping sequence along with 100% RDF through mineral fertiliser along with green manure could be one of the stable agronomic strategies under lower GHGs emission scenarios.

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