Nitrogen release during decomposition of crop residues under conventional and zero tillage

2006 ◽  
Vol 86 (1) ◽  
pp. 11-19 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. Z. Lupwayi ◽  
G. W. Clayton ◽  
J. T. O’Donovan ◽  
K. N. Harker ◽  
T. K. Turkington ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiments ◽  
Crop Residues ◽  
Trifolium Pratense ◽  
Red Clover ◽  
Organic Soil ◽  
Conventional Tillage ◽  
First Year ◽  
Zero Tillage ◽  
N Loss ◽  
Litter Bag

The litter-bag method was used in field experiments to determine nitrogen (N) loss patterns from decomposing red clover (Trifolium pratense) green manure (GM), field pea (Pisum sativum), canola (Brassica rapa) and monoculture wheat (Triticum aestivum) residues under conventional and zero tillage. Nitrogen contained in crop residues ranged from 10 kg ha-1 in wheat under both tillage systems to 115 kg ha-1 in clover GM under zero tillage. The patterns of N loss (i.e., release), particularly from GM residues, over 52-wk periods varied with tillage, i.e., residues lost N more rapidly under conventional tillage than under zero tillage in the first 5 to 10 wk after residue placement. Net N immobilization was sometimes observed, particularly under zero tillage. Where net N release occurred, it ranged from 22% of wheat N under conventional tillage to 71% for clover N under conventional tillage; it was positively correlated with residue N concentration and microbial activity, and negatively correlated with C:N and lignin:N ratios in one study period. The amounts of N released were 2 kg ha-1 from wheat, 10 to 25 kg ha-1 from canola, 4 to 18 kg ha-1 from pea, and 46 to 69 kg ha-1 from GM residues. Therefore, when grain is harvested, the remaining crop residues do not release much N to the soil in the first year of decomposition, but the N stored in soil is presumably released in subsequent years. Key words: Crop residues, crop rotation, N mineralization, organic soil amendments

Decomposition of crop residues under conventional and zero tillage

2004 ◽  
Vol 84 (4) ◽  
pp. 403-410 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. Z. Lupwayi ◽  
G. W. Clayton ◽  
J. T. O’Donovan ◽  
K. N. Harker ◽  
T. K. Turkington ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Crop Residue ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Crop Residues ◽  
Trifolium Pratense ◽  
Soil Cover ◽  
Nutrient Release ◽  
Red Clover ◽  
Conventional Tillage ◽  
Zero Tillage ◽  
Rapid Decomposition

Field experiments were conducted to determine decomposition patterns of red clover (Trifolium pratense), field pea (Pisum sativum), canola (Brassica rapa) and wheat (Triticum aestivum) residues under zero and conventional tillage. Crop residue amounts produced in 2 trial years ranged from 1.6 t ha-1 for monoculture wheat to 6.05 t ha-1 for peas, and tillage had no effect. The extent of dry matter (DM) decomposition was usually less under zero than under conventional tillage, e.g., 31 to 41% of canola DM decomposed under zero tillage while 41 to 50% decomposed under conventional tillage in 12 mo. Corresponding percentages for other residues under zero and conventional tillage, respectively, were: 65 and 75% for clover, 43 and 45 to 55% for pea, and 27 and 40% for wheat. The rate and extent of DM decomposition were positively correlated with N and P concentrations, and negatively correlated with C/N, C/P, lignin/P and lignin/K ratios. These decomposition patterns have implications for nutrient release and soil cover. Rapid decomposition is not necessarily desirable because the nutrients released are subject to losses in soil. Key words: Biological soil quality, crop residue quality, crop rotation

Potassium release during decomposition of crop residues under conventional and zero tillage

2006 ◽  
Vol 86 (3) ◽  
pp. 473-481 ◽  
Author(s):  
N Z Lupwayi ◽  
G W Clayton ◽  
J T O’Donovan ◽  
K N Harker ◽  
T K Turkington ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiments ◽  
Crop Residues ◽  
Nutrient Management ◽  
Trifolium Pratense ◽  
Conservation Tillage ◽  
Conventional Tillage ◽  
Zero Tillage ◽  
Residue Quality ◽  
Residue Decomposition ◽  
K Release

Nutrient cycling is an important part of integrated nutrient management. The litterbag method was used in field experiments to determine potassium (K) release patterns from red clover (Trifolium pratense) green manure (GM), field pea (Pisum sativum), canola (Brassica rapa) and monoculture wheat (Triticum aestivum) residues under conventional and zero tillage from 1998 to 1999 and from 1999 to 2000. Potassium contained in crop residues ranged from 25 kg ha-1 in wheat to 121 kg ha-1 in pea residues, both under zero tillage. The percentage of K released over a 52-wk period ranged from 65% of pea K under zero tillage to 99% of clover K under conventional tillage, and the amounts released were 20–32 kg ha-1 from wheat, 31–52 kg ha-1 from canola, 28–79 kg ha-1 from pea, and 31–118 kg ha-1 from legume GM residues. In both trial periods, K from wheat residues was released at a faster rate under conventional tillage than under zero tillage during the first 10 wk of residue decomposition. In contrast, K from pea and canola residues was released more quickly under zero tillage than under conventional tillage. The effect of tillage on K release from GM residues was similar to that on pea and canola residues in 1998–1999, but similar to that on wheat residues in 1999–2000. Correlations between K release and residue quality were inconsistent, presumably because K is not a structural component of plant tissue, and therefore its release is probably related more to leaching than to residue decomposition. These results show that crop residues recycle substantial amounts of K for use by subsequent crops in rotation. Key words: Conservation tillage, crop residue quality, crop rotation, organic soil amendments

INFLUENCE OF THE DIFFERENT SOIL PREPARATION METHODS ON THE PEA YIELD

2018 ◽  
pp. 16-20
Author(s):  
А. М. Grebennikov ◽  
А. S. Frid ◽  
V. P. Belobrov ◽  
V. А. Isaev ◽  
V. М. Garmashоv ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiments ◽  
Morphological Properties ◽  
Mineral Fertilizers ◽  
First Year ◽  
Zero Tillage ◽  
Preparation Methods ◽  
Soil Preparation ◽  
Multifactor Analysis ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Central Chernozem

The article assesses the relationships between the morphological properties of agrochernozems and yield of peas on the plots, experience with different methods of basic treatment (moldboard plowing at the depth of 20 - 22, 25 - 27 and 14 - 16 cm, moldboard plowing to a depth of 14 - 16 cm, combined midwater moldboard, mid-water subsurface, surface to a depth of 6 - 8 cm and zero tillage) is inherent in V.V. Dokuchaev Research Institute of Agriculture of the Central Black Earth strip, in the fall of 2014. The research was conducted in 2015 - 2016, with the application of mineral fertilizers (N60Р60К60) and unfertilized background. The highest pea yields in the fertilized as the background, and without the use of fertilizers was observed in dumping plowing and especially in the variant with deep moldboard plowing, which creates in comparison with other ways of handling the best conditions for the growth and development of peas. The lowest yield of pea was obtained with zero processing. Apparently legalistic migrational-mizelial agrochernozems the Central Chernozem zone of minimum tillage in the cultivation of peas are not effective, what is evident already in the first year after the laying of experience with different basic treatments. As shown by the results of applying multifactor analysis of variance studied the mapping properties of the soil can have the same significant impact on the yield of agricultural crops, as options for the field experiments aimed at assessing the impact of various treatments on yield.

AN ASSESSMENT OF THE SOIL ACIDITY PROBLEM IN ALBERTA AND NORTHEASTERN BRITISH COLUMBIA

1977 ◽  
Vol 57 (2) ◽  
pp. 157-164 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. C. PENNEY ◽  
M. NYBORG ◽  
P. B. HOYT ◽  
W. A. RICE ◽  
B. SIEMENS ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
Soil Ph ◽  
Soil Acidity ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Trifolium Pratense ◽  
Acid Soil ◽  
Acid Soils ◽  
Red Clover ◽  
Hordeum Vulgare L ◽  
Crop Species

The amount of cultivated acid soil in Alberta and northeastern British Columbia was estimated from pH values of farm samples analyzed by the Alberta Soil Testing Laboratory, and the effect of soil acidity on crops was assessed from field experiments on 28 typical acid soils. The field experiments consisted of two cultivars of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) and one cultivar each of rapeseed (Brassica campestris L.), red clover (Trifolium pratense L.) and alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) grown with and without lime for 2 yr. There are about 30,000 ha of soils with a pH of 5.0 or less where soil acidity seriously restricts yields of all four crop species. There are approximately 300,000 ha with a soil pH of 5.1–5.5 where liming will on the average increase yields of alfalfa by 100%, yields of barley by 10–15%, and yields of rapeseed and red clover by 5–10%. There are a further 1,600,000 ha where soil pH ranges from 5.6 to 6.0 and liming will increase yields of alfalfa by approximately 50% and yields of barley, rapeseed and red clover by at least 4–5%.

Legume cover crops with winter cereals in southern Manitoba: Fertilizer replacement values for oat

2005 ◽  
Vol 85 (3) ◽  
pp. 645-648 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. R. Thiessen Martens ◽  
M. H. Entz ◽  
J. W. Hoeppner
Keyword(s):  
Cover Crops ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Trifolium Pratense ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Red Clover ◽  
Canadian Prairies ◽  
Winter Cereals ◽  
Crop Field ◽  
Legume Cover Crops ◽  
Trifolium Pratense L

Yield benefits of legume cover crops in winter/spring cereal systems have not been well documented in the Canadian prairies. The objective of this study was to evaluate the fertilizer replacement values (FRV) of relay-cropped alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) and red clover (Trifolium pratense L.) and double-cropped chickling vetch (Lathryus sativus L.) and black lentil (Lens culinaris Medik. subsp. culinaris) to a subsequent oat (Avena sativa L.) crop. Field experiments were conducted in Manitoba on a clay soil at Winnipeg and a sandy loam at Carman. Alfalfa provided the highest FRV at Winnipeg (51–62 kg N ha-1), followed by chickling vetch (29–43 kg N ha-1), lentil (23–39 kg N ha-1), and red clover (24–26 kg N ha-1). FRV could not be established at Carman, where course-textured soil and low rainfall limited legume growth. Key words: Relay cropping, double cropping, cover crops

scholarly journals Effect of intercropping wheat with forage legumes on wheat production and ground cover

2001 ◽  
Vol 36 (3) ◽  
pp. 465-471 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gilberto Omar Tomm ◽  
Robert Kerry Foster
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Trifolium Pratense ◽  
Wheat Yield ◽  
Red Clover ◽  
Ground Cover ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
First Year ◽  
Forage Legumes ◽  
Trifolium Pratense L

The use of winter legumes in southern Brazil is hindered by the slow growth of these species during establishment exposing soil surface to erosion. Introduction of these species along with spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) was studied as a means of increasing ground cover during their initial establishment period, without reducing wheat grain yield. Two experiments were conducted in nearby areas, one in each year. Birdsfoot trefoil (Lotus corniculatus L.), red clover (Trifolium pratense L.) cultivar Quiñequelli, white clover (T. repens L.), and arrowleaf clover (T. vesiculosum Savi) did not reduce cereal yield in either year. Wheat yield was reduced by intercropped red clover cultivar Kenland and by subclover (T. subterraneum L.) in the first year. No grain yield differences due to intercropping with any legume were detected in the second year, when rainfall was below normal. Intercropping with wheat showed to be a practical alternative to enhance ground cover at establishing forage legumes.

Tillage and Nitrogen Influence Weed Population Dynamics in Barley (Hordeum vulgare)

1997 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 502-509 ◽  
Author(s):  
John T. O'Donovan ◽  
David W. McAndrew ◽  
A. Gordon Thomas
Keyword(s):  
Population Dynamics ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Conventional Tillage ◽  
Zero Tillage ◽  
Tillage Systems ◽  
Green Foxtail ◽  
Field Pennycress ◽  
Soil Seedbank ◽  
Four Levels

Field experiments were initiated at Alliance and Hairy Hill, Alberta, in 1989 to investigate the effects of conventional tillage, zero tillage, and four levels of nitrogen fertilizer on continuous barley production. In both tillage systems, the nitrogen was banded 6 to 8 cm deep between alternate barley rows. Herbicides were used for weed control each year. The influence of tillage and nitrogen on weed seed population dynamics was determined in 1991 and 1992. In the zero-tillage system, a large proportion of the weed seeds were present either at the soil surface or at the 5- to 10-cm depth. Green foxtail, the dominant species at Alliance, was also present at Hairy Hill where field pennycress was dominant. Green foxtail was consistently associated with low (residual) nitrogen and, in most cases, with conventional tillage. At both locations, green foxtail populations tended to decrease to very low levels as nitrogen rate increased, especially in zero tillage. At Hairy Hill, field pennycress populations in the soil seedbank were higher in zero tillage compared with conventional tillage, but plants that emerged from the soil seedbank in the field in spring were lower in zero tillage. Field pennycress populations were highest under low nitrogen. The results indicate that banding nitrogen has the potential to be an effective tool for green foxtail and field pennycress management in conventional- and zero-tillage systems, resulting in less dependence on herbicides for their control.

scholarly journals Incidence of nodal rooting and plantlet survival in spreading red clovers

1996 ◽  
pp. 243-246
Author(s):  
M.G. Hyslop ◽  
P.D. Kemp ◽  
D.J. Barker ◽  
J. Hodgson
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiments ◽  
Trifolium Pratense ◽  
Plant Density ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Red Clover ◽  
Hill Country ◽  
Life And Death ◽  
Grazing Systems ◽  
Second Year ◽  
Survival Experiment

Red clover (Trifoolium pratense L.) can provide high quality summer feed but has declined in popularity owing to its poor persistency in temperate grazing systems. From 1991 to 1996 the incidence of nodal rooting of prostrate selections of red clover was quantified and the survival of the resulting plantlets was tracked over time, under grazing conditions. Three field experiments were conducted using Astred, Grasslands Pawera, F2419 and Grasslands Turoa selections of red clover. The main experiment comprised 3 harvests (plants and plantlets dug up) of 3 red clover selections, in a randomised complete block design with no grazing. The subsidiary plantlet survival experiment followed the life and death of 160 plantlets from the three selections under rotational grazing to 5 cm, over a period of 48 weeks. The numbers of plantlets produced per parent plant of each selection were 37, 16 and 5 for Astred, F2419 and Turoa, respectively (P~O.001). Astred produced significantly larger plantlets (PcO.001, mean = 130.6 g/ DM/plantlet) over 7 months than F2419 and Turoa -(means-=.31.5.and.lO~g/DM/plantlet,.r.espec~y)~ At week 48 plantlet survival ranged from 84% (Astred) to 27% (Turoa) (P~O.001). The experiment at Ballantrae consisted of oversowing 20 kg/ha of 2 clover selections (Pawera, creeping selection) into sprayed pasture in 1991. Plant density, pasture composition and herbage accumulation were measured until 1995, with all treatments continuously stocked at 16 ewes/ha. Pawera contributed only 1.1% to herbage accumulation during the second year when oversown on hill country and ~-disappeared from the sward-soon-after.XIn-averagei the creeping selection made up 3.2% of the total sward herbage accumulation from years 2 to 5. It was concluded that the spreading red clovers represented by Astred and F2419 selections have the potential to be more persistent than crown red clovers under grazing. Keywords: nodal rooting, plantlet, spreading red clover, Trifolium pratense

AGRONOMIC PERFORMANCE OF FLAX GROWN ON CANOLA, BARLEY AND FLAX STUBBLE WITH AND WITHOUT TILLAGE PRIOR TO SEEDING

1989 ◽  
Vol 69 (1) ◽  
pp. 31-38 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. H. GUBBELS ◽  
E. O. KENASCHUK
Keyword(s):  
Linum Usitatissimum ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Crop Residues ◽  
Conventional Tillage ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
No Tillage ◽  
Hordeum Vulgare L ◽  
Brassica Napus L ◽  
Tillage Practices ◽  
Linum Usitatissimum L

Field experiments were conducted to determine the effect of mature crop residues and volunteer seedling residues of canola (Brassica napus L.), barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) and flax (Linum usitatissimum L.) on the growth and yield of subsequent flax crops seeded after conventional tillage. A second set of field experiments was also conducted which included both flax and barley as test crops on canola and barley stubble and included an additional comparison between conventional tillage and no tillage. Flax yields were generally lower on canola and flax stubble than on barley stubble with conventional tillage before seeding. Averaged over 6 yr the reduction was 9% on canola stubble. With no tillage prior to seeding, flax yielded as well on canola as on barley stubble. Spring volunteer seedlings of canola and flax often reduced flax yields but fall volunteer growth had no marked effect. Barley yielded better on canola than on its own stubble, and tended to yield better with tillage prior to seeding than without.Key words: Flax, Linum usitatissimum L., crop residues, phytotoxins, tillage practices

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