Prediction of phosphorus concentration in tile-drainage water from the Montreal Lowlands soils

2003 ◽  
Vol 83 (1) ◽  
pp. 73-87 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Beauchemin ◽  
R. R. Simard ◽  
M. A. Bolinder ◽  
M. C. Nolin ◽  
D. Cluis
Keyword(s):  
Management Practices ◽  
Drainage Water ◽  
Tile Drainage ◽  
Phosphorus Concentration ◽  
Surface Soils ◽  
Drainage Systems ◽  
Soil P ◽  
P Concentration ◽  
Soil Units ◽  
Total P

Subsurface drainage systems can be a significant pathway for P transfer from some soils to surface waters. The objective of the study was to determine P concentration in tile-drainage water and its relationship to P status in surface soils (A horizons) from an intensively cultivated area in the Montreal Lowlands. The profiles of 43 soil units were characterized for their P contents and pedogenic properties. Tile-drainage water P concentrations were monitored over a 3-y r period on a weekly basis on 10 soil units, and four times during each growing season for the other 33 units. The soil units were grouped into lower and higher P sorbing soils using multiple discriminant equations developed in an earlier related study. The A horizons of the lower P sorbing soils had an elevated P saturation degree [mean Mehlich(III) P/Al = 17%] associated with total P concentrations in tile-drainage water consistently greater than the surface water quality standard of 0.03 mg total P L-1. Conversely, low P concentrations in tile-drainage waters (< 0.03 mg L-1) and a moderate mean Mehlich(III) P/Al ratio of 8% were observed in the higher P sorbing soil group. Total P concentrations in drainage systems were significantly related to soil P status in surface soils. Grouping soils according to their P sorption capacities increased the power of prediction based on only one soil variable. However, accurate predictions in terms of drain P concentration can hardly be obtained unless large dataset and other factors related to field management practices and hydrology of the sites are also considered. Therefore, a better alternative to predict the risk of P leaching is to work in terms of risk classes and rely on a multiple factor index. Key words: Tile-drainage water, phosphorus, P transfer, P loss, degree of soil P saturation, phosphorus index

scholarly journals Global patterns and drivers of soil total phosphorus concentration

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (12) ◽  
pp. 5831-5846
Author(s):  
Xianjin He ◽  
Laurent Augusto ◽  
Daniel S. Goll ◽  
Bruno Ringeval ◽  
Yingping Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Parent Material ◽  
Phosphorus Concentration ◽  
Mean Annual Temperature ◽  
P Availability ◽  
Soil P ◽  
Soil P Availability ◽  
P Concentration ◽  
Organic Carbon Concentration ◽  
Global Patterns ◽  
Total P

Abstract. Soil represents the largest phosphorus (P) stock in terrestrial ecosystems. Determining the amount of soil P is a critical first step in identifying sites where ecosystem functioning is potentially limited by soil P availability. However, global patterns and predictors of soil total P concentration remain poorly understood. To address this knowledge gap, we constructed a database of total P concentration of 5275 globally distributed (semi-)natural soils from 761 published studies. We quantified the relative importance of 13 soil-forming variables in predicting soil total P concentration and then made further predictions at the global scale using a random forest approach. Soil total P concentration varied significantly among parent material types, soil orders, biomes, and continents and ranged widely from 1.4 to 9630.0 (median 430.0 and mean 570.0) mg kg−1 across the globe. About two-thirds (65 %) of the global variation was accounted for by the 13 variables that we selected, among which soil organic carbon concentration, parent material, mean annual temperature, and soil sand content were the most important ones. While predicted soil total P concentrations increased significantly with latitude, they varied largely among regions with similar latitudes due to regional differences in parent material, topography, and/or climate conditions. Soil P stocks (excluding Antarctica) were estimated to be 26.8 ± 3.1 (mean ± standard deviation) Pg and 62.2 ± 8.9 Pg (1 Pg = 1 × 1015 g) in the topsoil (0–30 cm) and subsoil (30–100 cm), respectively. Our global map of soil total P concentration as well as the underlying drivers of soil total P concentration can be used to constraint Earth system models that represent the P cycle and to inform quantification of global soil P availability. Raw datasets and global maps generated in this study are available at https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.14583375 (He et al., 2021).

scholarly journals Global patterns and drivers of soil total phosphorus concentration

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xianjin He ◽  
Laurent Augusto ◽  
Daniel S. Goll ◽  
Bruno Ringeval ◽  
Yingping Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Parent Material ◽  
Phosphorus Concentration ◽  
Mean Annual Temperature ◽  
P Availability ◽  
Soil P ◽  
P Concentration ◽  
Organic Carbon Concentration ◽  
Global Soil ◽  
Global Patterns ◽  
Total P

Abstract. Soils represent the largest phosphorus (P) reserves on land and determining the amount is a critical first step for identifying sites where ecosystem functioning is potentially limited by P availability. However, global patterns and predictors of soil total P concentration remain poorly understood. To address this knowledge gap, we constructed a database of the total P concentration of 5,275 distributed globally natural soils. We quantified the relative importance of 13 soil-forming variables in predicting soil total P concentration and then made further predictions at the global scale using a random forest approach. Soil total P concentration varied significantly among parent material types, soil orders, biomes, and continents, and ranged widely from 1.4 to 9,630.0 (median 430.0 and mean 570.0) mg kg−1 across the globe. About two-thirds (65 %) of the global variation was accounted for by the 13 variables that we selected, among which soil organic carbon concentration, parent material, mean annual temperature, and soil sand content were the most important. While global predictions of soil total P concentration increased significantly with latitude, they varied largely among regions with similar latitudes due to regional differences in parent material, topography, and/or climate conditions. Global soil P stocks (excluding Antarctica) were estimated to be 26.8 ± 3.1 (mean ± standard deviation) Pg and 62.2 ± 8.9 Pg (1 Pg = 1 × 1015 g) in the topsoil (0–30 cm) and subsoil (30–100 cm), respectively. Our global map of soil total P concentration as well as the underlying drivers of soil total P concentration can be used to constraint Earth system models that represent the P cycle and to inform quantification of global soil P availability. Raw datasets and global maps generated in this study are available at https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.14583375 (He et al., 2021).

scholarly journals Genetic variation of seed phosphorus concentration in winter oilseed rape and development of a NIRS calibration

Euphytica ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 217 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jakob Eifler ◽  
Jürgen Enno Wick ◽  
Bernd Steingrobe ◽  
Christian Möllers
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Variation ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Seed Quality ◽  
Rapeseed Meal ◽  
Quality Analysis ◽  
Phosphorus Concentration ◽  
Genotypic Differences ◽  
Organic P ◽  
P Concentration ◽  
Total P

AbstractPhytic acid is the major organic phosphorus storage compound in rapeseed. Following oil extraction, the defatted meal is used in feed mixtures for livestock. However, monogastric pigs and chickens can only poorly metabolize phytate. Hence, their excrements are rich in phosphorus (P), which when applied as manure may lead to eutrophication of surface waters. The aim of the present study was to analyze the genetic variation for total and organic P concentration (i.e. mainly phytate) in rapeseed and to compare the results with soybean. Two sets of rapeseed material were tested in field experiments in different environments with varying soil P levels and harvested seeds were used for seed quality analysis. Results revealed significant genotypic differences in total seed P concentration, which ranged from 0.47 to 0.94%. Depending on the experiment, the heritability for total P concentration ranged from 52 to 93%. The organic P portion of total P concentration was above 90% for current rapeseed hybrids. In both sets, there was a significant positive correlation between seed protein and P concentration. A NIRS calibration for total P concentration in intact seeds showed in cross validation a standard error of 0.05% and a coefficient of determination of R2 = 0.83. Total P concentration of soybean seeds and meal was between 0.55 and 0.65%, and around 1.1% for rapeseed meal. Rapeseed meal had a twofold higher ratio of total P to nitrogen concentration as compared to soybean which could be considered adverse when the meal is used for feeding livestock.

scholarly journals The impact of agricultural management practices on nutrient losses to water: data on the effects of soil drainage characteristics

2005 ◽  
Vol 51 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 73-81 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. Kurz ◽  
H. Tunney ◽  
C.E. Coxon
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Rainfall ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Overland Flow ◽  
Grassland Management ◽  
Drainage Water ◽  
Nutrient Concentrations ◽  
Soil P ◽  
Total Ammonia ◽  
Reactive Phosphorus ◽  
The Impact

Against the background of increasing nutrient concentrations in Irish water bodies, this study set out to gain information on the potential of agricultural grassland to lose nutrients to water. Overland flow, flow from artificial subsurface drains and stream flow were gauged and sampled during heavy rainfall events. Dissolved reactive phosphorus (DRP), potassium (K), total ammonia (TA), and total oxidised nitrogen (TON) were measured in water samples. When the nutrient concentrations in water were examined in relation to the grassland management practices of the study catchments it emerged that soil P levels, the application of organic and inorganic fertilisers before heavy rainfall and the presence of grazing animals could all influence nutrient concentrations in surface and subsurface drainage water. Overall, the drainage characteristics of soil were found to have a considerable influence on the potential of land to lose nutrients to water.

scholarly journals Optimizing the Phosphorus Concentration and Duration of Seedling Dipping in Soil Slurry for Accelerating the Initial Growth of Transplanted Rice

Agronomy ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 240 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aung Zaw Oo ◽  
Yasuhiro TSUJIMOTO ◽  
Njato Mickaël RAKOTOARISOA
Keyword(s):  
Management Practices ◽  
P Uptake ◽  
Rice Production ◽  
Shoot Biomass ◽  
Phosphorus Concentration ◽  
Initial Growth ◽  
Soil Slurry ◽  
Transplanted Rice ◽  
P Concentration ◽  
P Application

Given the finite nature of P fertilizer resources, it is imperative to investigate effective P management practices in order to achieve sustainable rice production. This study was conducted (1) to assess the effect of dipping rice seedlings in P-enriched slurry before transplanting (P-dipping, hereafter) on initial plant growth and (2) to determine the optimum P concentration and dipping duration. In the P-dipping treatments, four P2O5 concentrations in the slurry (4.3%, 5.0%, 6.0%, and 7.5%) and four dipping durations (0.5 h, 2 h, 4 h, and 8 h) were investigated. After the treatments, the seedlings were transplanted into 1/5000 Wagner pots and grown under flooded conditions for 42 days and they were compared with plants under conventional P incorporation at the rate of 300 mg P2O5 pot−1 and with plants under no P application. The amount of P2O5 attached to P-dipped seedlings, or locally applied in the rhizosphere at transplanting, increased with higher P concentrations in the slurry, ranging from 87.5 to 112.2 mg pot−1. Shoot biomass at 42 days after transplanting (DAT) was greatly increased in plants under the P-dipping treatments, compared to that in plants with no P application and was comparable to or greater than that in plants under conventional P incorporation, even when P levels were 2.5 to 3 times lower. Among the P-dipping treatments, we observed some significant effects of P concentrations and dipping durations on seedling P uptake and shoot biomass, without any interaction between these variables. Seedling P uptake and biomass tended to be higher with higher P concentrations in slurry and longer dipping durations. Conversely, the shoot biomass at 42 DAT was significantly lower in plants under the highest P concentration treatment (7.5% P2O5) compared to that in other plants and tended to be lower with longer dipping durations (4 h and 8 h). These negative effects can be attributed to the slow recovery from transplanting shock because of the chemical damage of seedlings exposed to higher salt concentrations for longer durations. The present study highlights that (1) P-dipping could be an effective approach to increase transplanted rice production with minimal P inputs, and (2) this effect could be higher with a low P-concentration in the slurry (4.3% P2O5) and a short dipping duration (0.5 h). Based on the obtained results, further on-farm trials are expected to assess farmers’ appreciation and the potential constraints of adopting this technique.

Soil P in a forested seabird colony: inventories, parent material contributions, and N : P stoichiometry

Soil Research ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 43 (8) ◽  
pp. 957 ◽  
Author(s):  
David J. Hawke
Keyword(s):  
Peat Soil ◽  
Drainage Water ◽  
Parent Material ◽  
Reference Element ◽  
Soil System ◽  
Soil C ◽  
Soil P ◽  
Seabird Colony ◽  
Fisheries Waste ◽  
Total P

Guano from breeding seabirds provides a large external source of nutrients to the soils of breeding colonies. However, little is known of guano P retention relative to N or the relative importance of guano and soil parent material as P sources. Soil profile N and P inventories (0–0.60 m, n = 4; 0–0.36 m, n = 1) and guano N and P concentrations were measured at a Westland petrel colony, and the parent material contributions of P were calculated using Ca, Al, Fe, Ti, and Zr as reference elements. Median inventories (0–0.60 m) were 1.49 kg N/m2 and 332 × 10–3 kg P/m2, the N result being similar to that from a seabird colony on peat soil where N retention was very low. Calculated parent material contributions were smallest (32–66% of soil P) when based on Ca and largest (47–102% of soil P) when based on Zr. Contributions were similar for Al, Fe, and Ti; Al (41–87% soil P) was selected for subsequent calculations. Regardless of the reference element, parent material therefore contributed a large part of soil P. Phosphorus in excess of parent material supply (Pexcess) was significantly correlated with soil C, implying that guano P is held primarily in organic form. The median soil N : P molar ratios were 9.6 : 1 based on total P and 11.2 : 1 based on Pexcess, compared with ratios for Westland petrel guano of 4.1 : 1 (when birds were consuming fisheries waste) and 16.4 : 1 (when fisheries waste was replaced by fish). The similarity between soil and guano N : P ratios implies that both N and P are lost from soil at similar rates, although volatilisation of N would enrich soil drainage water in P. Calculations using guano deposition rates from the literature yielded P residence times of 4–15 years (Pexcess) and 11–41 years (total P), consistent with a highly dynamic soil system.

scholarly journals Predicting tile drainage discharge using machine learning algorithms

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Saghar Khodadad Motarjemi ◽  
Anders Bjørn Møller ◽  
Finn Plauborg ◽  
Bo Vangsø Iversen
Keyword(s):  
Machine Learning ◽  
Random Forest ◽  
Predictive Models ◽  
Clay Content ◽  
Drainage Water ◽  
Tile Drainage ◽  
Machine Learning Algorithms ◽  
Machine Learning Techniques ◽  
Agricultural Fields ◽  
Drainage Systems

Abstract. Drainage systems can significantly improve the water management in agricultural fields. However, they may transport contaminants originating from fertilizers and pesticides and threaten ecosystems. Determining the quantity of drainage water is an important factor for constructed wetlands and other drainage mitigation techniques. This study was carried out in Denmark where tile drainage systems are implemented in more than half of the agricultural fields. The first aim of the study was to predict the annual discharge of tile drainage systems using machine-learning methods, which have been highly popular in recent years. The second objective was to assess the importance of the parameters and their impact on the predictions. Data from 53 drainage stations distributed in different regions of Denmark were collected and used for the analysis. The covariates contained 35 parameters including the calculated percolation and geographic variables such as drainage probability, clay content in different depth intervals, and elevation, all extracted from existing national maps. Random Forest and Cubist were selected as predictive models. Both models were trained on the dataset and used to predict yearly drainage discharge. Results highlighted the importance of the cross-validation methods and indicated that both Random Forest and Cubist can perform as predictive models with a low complexity and good correlation between predicted and observed discharge. Covariate importance analysis showed that among all of the used predictors, the percolation and elevation have the largest effect on the prediction of tile drainage discharge. This work opens up for a better understanding of the dynamics of tile drainage discharge and proves that machine-learning techniques can perform as predictive models in this specific concept. The developed models can be used in regard to a national mapping of expected tile drain discharge.

scholarly journals Landscape Integrated Soil and Water Conservation (LISWC) System for Sloping Landscapes in Atlantic Canada

Agriculture ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 427
Author(s):  
Sheng Li
Keyword(s):  
Water Conservation ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Drainage Water ◽  
Soil And Water Conservation ◽  
Tile Drainage ◽  
Atlantic Canada ◽  
Landscape Restoration ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
Soil Landscape ◽  
Soil And Water

Soil and water are fundamental and precious resources for agriculture. In Atlantic Canada (AC), intensive agricultural production systems have led to detrimental environmental effects such as soil erosion and the contamination of receiving waters, posing significant threats to the resilience and sustainability of the agro-ecosystem. Although many beneficial management practices (BMPs) have been developed, they all have their shortcomings and there are often trade-offs for each individual BMP. In this paper, a new paradigm is proposed for soil and water conservation—landscape integrated soil and water conservation (LISWC), a system designed to conserve and reuse soil and water within the landscape by integrating multiple BMPs based on an understanding of the landscape processes and knowledge about the BMPs. On a typical sloping field in AC, an LISWC system can be established by integrating BMPs such as diversion terraces and grassed waterways, tile drainage, water retention structures, supplemental irrigation, conservative tillage practices and soil–landscape restoration. Each individual BMP is designed to enhance one aspect of soil and water conservation but working on their own, they are all insufficient for the landscape as a whole and sometimes even have negative impacts. However, once integrated in the landscape, they complement each other: water erosion is reduced by diversion terraces and grassed waterway and conservative tillage, field drainage condition is enhanced by tile drainage, runoff and tile drained water is stored in the retention structure and reused for irrigation, and most eroded soil is returned to the soil loss area with soil–landscape restoration. This holistic landscape perspective can be used to develop LISWC systems for other landform types or applied at watershed or regional scales. Future studies are needed for the connections and interactions between individual BMPs, and analysis on the overall economic benefit of an LISWC system.

Integrated Soil, Crop and Water Management System to Abate Herbicide and Nitrate Contamination of the Great Lakes

1993 ◽  
Vol 28 (3-5) ◽  
pp. 497-507 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. S. Tan ◽  
C. F. Drury ◽  
J. D. Gaynor ◽  
T. W. Welacky
Keyword(s):  
Water Table ◽  
Surface Runoff ◽  
Management System ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Drainage Water ◽  
Tile Drainage ◽  
Nitrate Contamination ◽  
Runoff Water ◽  
Runoff Events ◽  
Water Table Control

Corn management practices, incorporating annual ryegrass intercrop, conservation tillage and water table management, were evaluated to reduce herbicide and N0−3 losses through surface runoff and tile drainage. The integrated management system being developed at Harrow in S.W. Ontario reduced herbicide input 50% by banding the chemical over the seed row. Runoff events close to herbicide application contained high concentrations of atrazine, metribuzin and metolachlor. However, the volume of runoff was low during the 1991 growing season, therefore herbicide loss was low (&lt;2% of applied). The three herbicides rapidly dissipated in the soil so that subsequent runoff events transported little herbicide in the runoff water. The total quantity of de-ethyl atrazine loss was lower from soil saver than moldboard plow. No water table control or intercrop effects were found in 1991 for herbicide loss because of the drought Tile drainage resulted in a greater volume of water and loss of N0−3 than with surface runoff. Consequently, over 97% of the total N0−3 loss occurred through tile drainage. The flow weighted N0−3 concentration in tile drainage water was 22.5 mg N L−1 for the drainage treatments and 15.1 mg N L−1 for the water table control treatments from Nov. 1, 1991 till April 30, 1992. During this time period, N0−3 loss through tile drainage was 57.8 kg N ha−1 from the drainage treatments and 36.3 kg N ha−1 from the water table control treatments. Therefore, the water table control treatment reduced the flow weighted N0−3 concentration in tile drainage water by 33% and total N0−3 loss by 37%. The water table control treatments combined with soil saver tillage resulted in lower concentrations and losses of N0−3 than with any other treatments.

Soil phosphorus enhancement below stormwater outlets in urban bushland: spatial and temporal changes and the relationship with invasive plants

Soil Research ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 42 (2) ◽  
pp. 197 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michelle R. Leishman ◽  
Miah T. Hughes ◽  
Damian B. Gore
Keyword(s):  
Nutrient Enrichment ◽  
Plant Cover ◽  
Flow Path ◽  
Significant Decline ◽  
Exotic Plant ◽  
Soil P ◽  
P Concentration ◽  
Urban Catchments ◽  
Total P ◽  
Over Time

Invasion by exotic plant species is a significant problem in urban bushland remnants and is often associated with nutrient enrichment of soils. A major source of nutrient enrichment in urban areas is stormwater runoff, which is transferred from impervious surfaces in urban catchments and discharged at outlets on the residential/bushland interface. We measured the spatial extent of soil total phosphorus (P) enhancement below stormwater outlets on Hawkesbury Sandstone-derived soils in northern Sydney and examined whether total P concentration has increased with time since urban development and extended laterally beyond the stormwater flow path. The average area of soil P enhancement below outlets was 0.24 ± 0.05 ha and was widest 30–50 m downslope from the outlet, where it extended an average 40 m across slope. Catchment area was not significantly related to average soil total P concentration. There was a significant decline in total P across slope from the centre of the flow path and a significant positive relationship between soil total P and proportion of exotic plant cover, with soil P accounting for 77.5% of variation. We found evidence for a build-up in soil total P concentration over time within the run-on zone below outlets, with the rate of enhancement being ~68 mg/kg per decade over a 40-year period. Evidence for lateral transfer of soil P out of the run-on area was more equivocal. There was a significant decline in soil total P across slope from the boundary of the run-on zone, with higher concentrations at distances 0.5 m and 1 m from the boundary compared with >1.5 m. However, this could be due to error in locating the boundary between run-on and non run-on areas. There was no significant relationship between soil P in the non run-on zone and age of development, which would be expected if P was being transferred by biological activity beyond the run-on zone over time. It is clear that the primary areas of concern for management must be the run-on areas below outlets.

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