Soil phosphorus enhancement below stormwater outlets in urban bushland: spatial and temporal changes and the relationship with invasive plants

Soil Research ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 42 (2) ◽  
pp. 197 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michelle R. Leishman ◽  
Miah T. Hughes ◽  
Damian B. Gore
Keyword(s):  
Nutrient Enrichment ◽  
Plant Cover ◽  
Flow Path ◽  
Significant Decline ◽  
Exotic Plant ◽  
Soil P ◽  
P Concentration ◽  
Urban Catchments ◽  
Total P ◽  
Over Time

Invasion by exotic plant species is a significant problem in urban bushland remnants and is often associated with nutrient enrichment of soils. A major source of nutrient enrichment in urban areas is stormwater runoff, which is transferred from impervious surfaces in urban catchments and discharged at outlets on the residential/bushland interface. We measured the spatial extent of soil total phosphorus (P) enhancement below stormwater outlets on Hawkesbury Sandstone-derived soils in northern Sydney and examined whether total P concentration has increased with time since urban development and extended laterally beyond the stormwater flow path. The average area of soil P enhancement below outlets was 0.24 ± 0.05 ha and was widest 30–50 m downslope from the outlet, where it extended an average 40 m across slope. Catchment area was not significantly related to average soil total P concentration. There was a significant decline in total P across slope from the centre of the flow path and a significant positive relationship between soil total P and proportion of exotic plant cover, with soil P accounting for 77.5% of variation. We found evidence for a build-up in soil total P concentration over time within the run-on zone below outlets, with the rate of enhancement being ~68 mg/kg per decade over a 40-year period. Evidence for lateral transfer of soil P out of the run-on area was more equivocal. There was a significant decline in soil total P across slope from the boundary of the run-on zone, with higher concentrations at distances 0.5 m and 1 m from the boundary compared with >1.5 m. However, this could be due to error in locating the boundary between run-on and non run-on areas. There was no significant relationship between soil P in the non run-on zone and age of development, which would be expected if P was being transferred by biological activity beyond the run-on zone over time. It is clear that the primary areas of concern for management must be the run-on areas below outlets.

Prediction of phosphorus concentration in tile-drainage water from the Montreal Lowlands soils

2003 ◽  
Vol 83 (1) ◽  
pp. 73-87 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Beauchemin ◽  
R. R. Simard ◽  
M. A. Bolinder ◽  
M. C. Nolin ◽  
D. Cluis
Keyword(s):  
Management Practices ◽  
Drainage Water ◽  
Tile Drainage ◽  
Phosphorus Concentration ◽  
Surface Soils ◽  
Drainage Systems ◽  
Soil P ◽  
P Concentration ◽  
Soil Units ◽  
Total P

Subsurface drainage systems can be a significant pathway for P transfer from some soils to surface waters. The objective of the study was to determine P concentration in tile-drainage water and its relationship to P status in surface soils (A horizons) from an intensively cultivated area in the Montreal Lowlands. The profiles of 43 soil units were characterized for their P contents and pedogenic properties. Tile-drainage water P concentrations were monitored over a 3-y r period on a weekly basis on 10 soil units, and four times during each growing season for the other 33 units. The soil units were grouped into lower and higher P sorbing soils using multiple discriminant equations developed in an earlier related study. The A horizons of the lower P sorbing soils had an elevated P saturation degree [mean Mehlich(III) P/Al = 17%] associated with total P concentrations in tile-drainage water consistently greater than the surface water quality standard of 0.03 mg total P L-1. Conversely, low P concentrations in tile-drainage waters (< 0.03 mg L-1) and a moderate mean Mehlich(III) P/Al ratio of 8% were observed in the higher P sorbing soil group. Total P concentrations in drainage systems were significantly related to soil P status in surface soils. Grouping soils according to their P sorption capacities increased the power of prediction based on only one soil variable. However, accurate predictions in terms of drain P concentration can hardly be obtained unless large dataset and other factors related to field management practices and hydrology of the sites are also considered. Therefore, a better alternative to predict the risk of P leaching is to work in terms of risk classes and rely on a multiple factor index. Key words: Tile-drainage water, phosphorus, P transfer, P loss, degree of soil P saturation, phosphorus index

scholarly journals Global patterns and drivers of soil total phosphorus concentration

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (12) ◽  
pp. 5831-5846
Author(s):  
Xianjin He ◽  
Laurent Augusto ◽  
Daniel S. Goll ◽  
Bruno Ringeval ◽  
Yingping Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Parent Material ◽  
Phosphorus Concentration ◽  
Mean Annual Temperature ◽  
P Availability ◽  
Soil P ◽  
Soil P Availability ◽  
P Concentration ◽  
Organic Carbon Concentration ◽  
Global Patterns ◽  
Total P

Abstract. Soil represents the largest phosphorus (P) stock in terrestrial ecosystems. Determining the amount of soil P is a critical first step in identifying sites where ecosystem functioning is potentially limited by soil P availability. However, global patterns and predictors of soil total P concentration remain poorly understood. To address this knowledge gap, we constructed a database of total P concentration of 5275 globally distributed (semi-)natural soils from 761 published studies. We quantified the relative importance of 13 soil-forming variables in predicting soil total P concentration and then made further predictions at the global scale using a random forest approach. Soil total P concentration varied significantly among parent material types, soil orders, biomes, and continents and ranged widely from 1.4 to 9630.0 (median 430.0 and mean 570.0) mg kg−1 across the globe. About two-thirds (65 %) of the global variation was accounted for by the 13 variables that we selected, among which soil organic carbon concentration, parent material, mean annual temperature, and soil sand content were the most important ones. While predicted soil total P concentrations increased significantly with latitude, they varied largely among regions with similar latitudes due to regional differences in parent material, topography, and/or climate conditions. Soil P stocks (excluding Antarctica) were estimated to be 26.8 ± 3.1 (mean ± standard deviation) Pg and 62.2 ± 8.9 Pg (1 Pg = 1 × 1015 g) in the topsoil (0–30 cm) and subsoil (30–100 cm), respectively. Our global map of soil total P concentration as well as the underlying drivers of soil total P concentration can be used to constraint Earth system models that represent the P cycle and to inform quantification of global soil P availability. Raw datasets and global maps generated in this study are available at https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.14583375 (He et al., 2021).

scholarly journals Global patterns and drivers of soil total phosphorus concentration

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xianjin He ◽  
Laurent Augusto ◽  
Daniel S. Goll ◽  
Bruno Ringeval ◽  
Yingping Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Parent Material ◽  
Phosphorus Concentration ◽  
Mean Annual Temperature ◽  
P Availability ◽  
Soil P ◽  
P Concentration ◽  
Organic Carbon Concentration ◽  
Global Soil ◽  
Global Patterns ◽  
Total P

Abstract. Soils represent the largest phosphorus (P) reserves on land and determining the amount is a critical first step for identifying sites where ecosystem functioning is potentially limited by P availability. However, global patterns and predictors of soil total P concentration remain poorly understood. To address this knowledge gap, we constructed a database of the total P concentration of 5,275 distributed globally natural soils. We quantified the relative importance of 13 soil-forming variables in predicting soil total P concentration and then made further predictions at the global scale using a random forest approach. Soil total P concentration varied significantly among parent material types, soil orders, biomes, and continents, and ranged widely from 1.4 to 9,630.0 (median 430.0 and mean 570.0) mg kg−1 across the globe. About two-thirds (65 %) of the global variation was accounted for by the 13 variables that we selected, among which soil organic carbon concentration, parent material, mean annual temperature, and soil sand content were the most important. While global predictions of soil total P concentration increased significantly with latitude, they varied largely among regions with similar latitudes due to regional differences in parent material, topography, and/or climate conditions. Global soil P stocks (excluding Antarctica) were estimated to be 26.8 ± 3.1 (mean ± standard deviation) Pg and 62.2 ± 8.9 Pg (1 Pg = 1 × 1015 g) in the topsoil (0–30 cm) and subsoil (30–100 cm), respectively. Our global map of soil total P concentration as well as the underlying drivers of soil total P concentration can be used to constraint Earth system models that represent the P cycle and to inform quantification of global soil P availability. Raw datasets and global maps generated in this study are available at https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.14583375 (He et al., 2021).

scholarly journals Genetic variation of seed phosphorus concentration in winter oilseed rape and development of a NIRS calibration

Euphytica ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 217 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jakob Eifler ◽  
Jürgen Enno Wick ◽  
Bernd Steingrobe ◽  
Christian Möllers
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Variation ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Seed Quality ◽  
Rapeseed Meal ◽  
Quality Analysis ◽  
Phosphorus Concentration ◽  
Genotypic Differences ◽  
Organic P ◽  
P Concentration ◽  
Total P

AbstractPhytic acid is the major organic phosphorus storage compound in rapeseed. Following oil extraction, the defatted meal is used in feed mixtures for livestock. However, monogastric pigs and chickens can only poorly metabolize phytate. Hence, their excrements are rich in phosphorus (P), which when applied as manure may lead to eutrophication of surface waters. The aim of the present study was to analyze the genetic variation for total and organic P concentration (i.e. mainly phytate) in rapeseed and to compare the results with soybean. Two sets of rapeseed material were tested in field experiments in different environments with varying soil P levels and harvested seeds were used for seed quality analysis. Results revealed significant genotypic differences in total seed P concentration, which ranged from 0.47 to 0.94%. Depending on the experiment, the heritability for total P concentration ranged from 52 to 93%. The organic P portion of total P concentration was above 90% for current rapeseed hybrids. In both sets, there was a significant positive correlation between seed protein and P concentration. A NIRS calibration for total P concentration in intact seeds showed in cross validation a standard error of 0.05% and a coefficient of determination of R2 = 0.83. Total P concentration of soybean seeds and meal was between 0.55 and 0.65%, and around 1.1% for rapeseed meal. Rapeseed meal had a twofold higher ratio of total P to nitrogen concentration as compared to soybean which could be considered adverse when the meal is used for feeding livestock.

scholarly journals Spatial distribution patterns of soil total phosphorus influenced by climatic factors in China’s forest ecosystems

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jie Zhu ◽  
Anchi Wu ◽  
Guoyi Zhou
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Distribution ◽  
Forest Ecosystems ◽  
Climatic Factors ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Effect Of Temperature ◽  
P Concentration ◽  
Single Effect ◽  
The Impact ◽  
P Distribution ◽  
Total P

AbstractPhosphorus (P) is an important element in terrestrial ecosystems and plays a critical role in soil quality and ecosystem productivity. Soil total P distributions have undergone large spatial changes as a result of centuries of climate change. It is necessary to study the characteristics of the horizontal and vertical distributions of soil total P and its influencing factors. In particular, the influence of climatic factors on the spatial distribution of soil total P in China’s forest ecosystems remain relatively unknown. Here, we conducted an intensive field investigation in different forest ecosystems in China to assess the effect of climatic factors on soil total P concentration and distribution. The results showed that soil total P concentration significantly decreased with increasing soil depth. The spatial distribution of soil total P increased with increasing latitude and elevation gradient but decreased with increasing longitude gradient. Random forest models and linear regression analyses showed that the explanation rate of bioclimatic factors and their relationship with soil total P concentration gradually decreased with increasing soil depths. Variance partitioning analysis demonstrated that the most important factor affecting soil total P distribution was the combined effect of temperature and precipitation factor, and the single effect of temperature factors had a higher explanation rate compare with the single effect of precipitation factors. This work provides a new farmework for the geographic distribution pattern of soil total P and the impact of climate variability on P distribution in forest ecosystems.

scholarly journals Food Phosphorus Flows in a Low-Income, Food- and Phosphorus-Deficient Country

Agronomy ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (5) ◽  
pp. 212 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thabiti Soudjay Kamal ◽  
Yunfeng Huang ◽  
Chulong Huang ◽  
Su Xu ◽  
Gao Bing ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Flow Analysis ◽  
Animal Manure ◽  
Small Island ◽  
Human Consumption ◽  
P Deficiency ◽  
Soil P ◽  
Island State ◽  
Total P

We present a quantitative analysis of phosphorus (P) flows that characterize the food production-consumption system metabolism in a low-income, food, and phosphorus deficient country, using Comoros, a small African island state, as an example from the year 2000 to 2011. The data were interpreted in terms of the connections between crop production, livestock breeding, human consumption, and soil stock, using the substance flow analysis (SFA) model. We found that the total P input into Comoros totaled 132.37 t in 2000 and 270.60 t in 2011, whereas the total P output totaled 567.40 t in 2000 and 702.29 t in 2011. Farmers in Comoros are cropping with little or no P input, resulting in a soil P deficiency; it varied from 435.03 t in 2000 to 431.69 t in 2011. In addition, the Phosphorus Use Efficiencies (PUEs) of plant and animal production in Comoros were 131.80% and 14%, respectively, in 2011. This is the first SFA of a small island state, and the lack of a closed P loop is a major issue for the country in terms of P security and this has not changed between 2000 and 2011. This study proposes crucial solutions for improving the PUE through recycling and reusing animal manure, human excreta, and household solid organic waste.

scholarly journals Inconsistencies in repeated refugee status decisions

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Philip Pärnamets ◽  
Alexander Tagesson ◽  
Annika Wallin
Keyword(s):  
Asylum Seekers ◽  
Civil Servant ◽  
Affective Responses ◽  
Significant Decline ◽  
Refugee Status ◽  
Seeking Safety ◽  
Active Regulation ◽  
Governmental Intervention ◽  
Emotional Demands ◽  
Over Time

Consistency in civil servant decisions is paramount to upholding judicial equality for citizens and individuals seeking safety through governmental intervention. We investigated refugee status decisions made by a sample of civil servants at the Swedish Migration Agency. We hypothesized, based on the emotional demands such decisions bring with them, that participants would exhibit a compassion fade effect such that refugee status was less likely to be granted over time. To test this, we administered a questionnaire containing brief presentations of asylum seekers and asked participants to judge how likely they would be to give refugee status to the person. Crucially the first, middle and final case presented were matched on decision relevant characteristics. Consistent with our hypothesis we saw a significant decline in ratings. These effects were accentuated by the amount of time a participant had worked at the agency, consistent with depletion of affective resources, and attenuated in workers with greater responsibility and additional training. We conclude that active regulation of empathic and affective responses to asylum seekers may play a role in determining the outcome in refugee status decisions.

scholarly journals AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS IN MEDIEVAL MOSCOW (BASED ON THE MATERIALS OF ARCHAEOLOGICAL EXCAVATIONS IN THE MOSCOW KREMLIN IN 2016-2018)

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Е.Ю. Лебедева ◽  
А.Ю. Сергеев
Keyword(s):  
Bread Wheat ◽  
Crop Plants ◽  
Agricultural Products ◽  
Exotic Plant ◽  
European Cities ◽  
Changes Over Time ◽  
The City ◽  
Insight Into ◽  
Archaeological Excavations ◽  
Over Time

В статье представлены результаты археоботанических исследований в Московском Кремле и обсуждается проблема использования растений жителями города с особым акцентом на потреблении зерновой продукции. Материалы рассматриваются по двум хронологическим выборкам (XII - перв. пол. XIII в. и втор. пол. XIII - XV в.), что позволяет проследить динамику изменения археоботанических спектров. Выделяются три специфические черты, характеризующие коллекцию зерновых в Москве. Во-первых, высокая насыщенность зерном культурного слоя во-вторых, стабильно высокий показатель доли ржи на протяжении столетий (ок. 70 ) и, в-третьих, остающийся непонятным факт сокращения на 10 доли овса в поздней выборке. Последнее, по мнению авторов, противоречит логике развития города, требующей увеличения фуражных запасов для лошадей - основного транспортного средства средневековья. Авторы приходят к выводу, что при отсутствии или скудости находок экзотических растений, выступающих маркерами элитного питания в европейских городах, в средневековой Руси в этом качестве могут интерпретироваться обычные зерновые культуры, в частности - мягкая пшеница. The paper presents the results of archaeobotanical studies in the Moscow Kremlin and discusses the use of plants by the city residents with a focus on consumption of crops. The analysis is based on two chronological selections (the 12th - first half of the 13th centuries and the first half of the 13th - 15th centuries) it gives an insight into the changes over time of archaeobotanical spectra. Three specific features characterizing the crop grains in Moscow are singled out. Firstly, abundance of crop plants in the occupation layers secondly, consistently high values of the rye share in total crops throughout centuries (around 70 ) and, thirdly, the reduction in the share of oats by 10 in the later sample for some inexplicable reasons. In the view of the authors, the latter fact contradicts the logical development of the city that required increase in forage reserves for horses which was the main animal for transportation in the medieval times. The authors come to the conclusion that in the absence or scarcity of exotic plant finds used as markers of luxury food in European cities, common grain crops such as bread wheat can be used as elite food indicator in Medieval Russia.

scholarly journals Growth Response, Nutrient Leaching, and Mass Balance for Potted Poinsettia. II. Phosphorus

1997 ◽  
Vol 122 (3) ◽  
pp. 459-464 ◽  
Author(s):  
Catherine S.M. Ku ◽  
David R. Hershey
Keyword(s):  
Growth Response ◽  
N Uptake ◽  
Euphorbia Pulcherrima ◽  
Normal Range ◽  
Hoagland Solution ◽  
P Concentration ◽  
N Treatment ◽  
P Leaching ◽  
Substrate Ph ◽  
Total P

Poinsettias (Euphorbia pulcherrima Willd. ex Klotzsch `V-14 Glory') grown as single-pinched plants and received constant fertigation of Hoagland solution with N at 210 mg·L-1 of 100% NO3-N or 60% NO3-N : 40% NH4-N; P at 7.8 and 23 mg·L-1; and leaching fractions (LFs) of 0, 0.2, or 0.4. The P at 23 mg·L-1 used in this study was about half the P concentration typically provided from a 20N-4.4P-16.6K fertilizer at 200 mg·L-1 N fertigation. The total P applied via fertigation ranged from 51 mg at the 0 LF to 360 mg at the 0.4 LF. The leachate P concentration ranged from 0.2 to 46 mg·L-1. With P at 7.8 mg·L-1, the percentage of total P recovered in the leachate was 6% to 7%. At 23 mg·L-1 P fertigation, however, the total P recovered in the leachate with 60% NO3-N treatment was 2-times greater than with 100% NO3-N treatment. This result is attributed to a lower substrate pH, which resulted from NH4-N uptake and nitrification processes with 60% NO3-N fertigation. The P concentration in the recently matured leaves with 7.8 mg·L-1 P fertigation was in the normal range of 0.3% to 0.6%. Fertigation P can be reduced by up to 80% and still be sufficient for producing quality poinsettias. Reducing the fertigation P concentration is beneficial because it reduces P leaching, reduces fertilizer costs, and reduces luxury consumption.

scholarly journals Using high-resolution phosphorus data to investigate mitigation measures in headwater river catchments

2015 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 453-464 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. M. Campbell ◽  
P. Jordan ◽  
J. Arnscheidt
Keyword(s):  
High Resolution ◽  
Water Quality Monitoring ◽  
Low Flow ◽  
Mitigation Measures ◽  
Septic Tank ◽  
Catchment Management ◽  
Soil P ◽  
P Concentration ◽  
Insufficient Time ◽  
Management Advice

Abstract. This study reports the use of high-resolution water quality monitoring to assess the influence of changes in land use management on total phosphorus (TP) transfers in two 5 km2 agricultural sub-catchments. Specifically, the work investigates the issue of agricultural soil P management and subsequent diffuse transfers at high river flows over a 5-year timescale. The work also investigates the phenomenon of low flow P pollution from septic tank systems (STSs) and mitigation efforts – a key concern for catchment management. Results showed an inconsistent response to soil P management over 5 years with one catchment showing a convergence to optimum P concentrations and the other an overall increase. Both catchments indicated an overall increase in P concentration in defined high flow ranges. Low flow P concentration showed little change or higher P concentrations in defined low flow ranges despite replacement of defective systems and this is possibly due to a number of confounding reasons including increased housing densities due to new-builds. The work indicates fractured responses to catchment management advice and mitigation and that the short to medium term may be an insufficient time to expect the full implementation of policies (here defined as convergence to optimum soil P concentration and mitigation of STSs) and also to gauge their effectiveness.

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