Response to inoculation in Illinois bundleflower

2006 ◽  
Vol 86 (4) ◽  
pp. 919-926 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elena Beyhaut ◽  
Lee R DeHaan ◽  
Jaehyun L Byun ◽  
Craig C Sheaffer ◽  
Peter H Graham
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Grain Legume ◽  
Nodule Occupancy ◽  
Total N ◽  
Rhizobium Strains ◽  
Plant Persistence ◽  
Second Year ◽  
Illinois Bundleflower ◽  
And Control

llinois bundleflower [Desmanthus illinoensis (Michx.) MacMillan] has potential as a pasture and grain legume in the Midwestern USA, but has proven to be somewhat problematic in inoculation response. We identified inoculant-quality Rhizobium strains from among 120 isolates trapped from 12 sites within the native range of Illinois bundleflower, then determined the effect of inoculation with four selected strains on plant dry matter and plant total N in growth chamber, greenhouse, and field experiments. We also studied nodule occupancy in the field. In field experiments at Salina (Kansas) and Becker (Minnesota) inoculated plants yielded 170% greater dry matter and total N on average than did uninoculated and N fertilized controls at each site in the seeding year. There were no differences in plant response among the Rhizobium strains used, uninoculated plants were devoid of nodules, and the response to inoculation was similar for the three plant accessions considered. In the second growing season, plant regrowth was different at Salina and Becker. At Salina, all plant accessions regrew and no differences were found between inoculated and control treatments in the second year. At Becker, toward the northern extreme of the range for Illinois bundleflower, only a MN ecotype regenerated in the second year, and inoculation was a requirement for plant persistence. Regrowth was similar with each of the four inoculant strains used. While 90% of the rhizobia recovered from nodules in the seeding year at Becker had genetic fingerprints similar to the inoculant strains, in the second year this percentage had declined to 70%. Our results highlight the importance of Rhizobium strain selection if the use of native legumes is to be increased. Key words: Herbage, Illinois bundleflower, inoculant, native plants, nitrogen fixation, rhizobia

scholarly journals Effects on NPK Status, Growth, Dry Matter and Yield of Rice (Oryza sativa) by Organic Fertilizers Applied in Field Condition

Agriculture ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (5) ◽  
pp. 109 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kyi Moe ◽  
Aung Htwe ◽  
Thieu Thu ◽  
Yoshinori Kajihara ◽  
Takeo Yamakawa
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Organic Fertilizer ◽  
Organic Fertilizers ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
N Availability ◽  
Total N ◽  
Continuous Application ◽  
Rice Yields

The decline in rice yields as a result of excessive chemical fertilizer (CF) inputs is a matter of great concern in rice-growing regions of Asia. In two-year’s field experiments, the nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium (NPK) status, growth characteristics and yield of rice were examined by application of poultry manure (PM), cow manure (CM) and compost (CP). Organic fertilizers were applied as EMN (estimated mineralizable N) based on their total N content. Six treatments were assigned in a randomized complete block design: (1) no-N fertilizer (N0); (2) 50% CF (CF50), (3) 100% CF (CF100); 50% CF + 50% EMN from (4) PM or (5) CM or (6) CP. Compared with CF100, the CF50PM50 (total N ≥ 4%) accumulated higher N, P and K content in leaf, sheath, panicle and seeds, resulting in greater growth and yield. The CF50PM50 increased yield by 8.69% and 9.70%, dry matter by 4.76% and 5.27% over CF100 in both years. The continuous application of CF50CM50 (total N < 4%) and CF50CP50 (total N < 4%) treatments led to similar NPK contents but higher yields than those of CF100 treatment in 2018. In conclusion, the organic fertilizer (total N ≥ 4%) with the EMN method enhances higher N availability in each year. Continuous application of organic fertilizer (total N < 4%) over two years effectively increased N availability in the second year. The 50% organic fertilizer (total N ≥ 4%) and 50% CF led to increased NPK availability and rice yields over the 100% CF treatment, reducing CF usage and leading for sustainable agriculture.

Effects of Azospirillum inoculation on root infection and nitrogen incorporation in wheat

1983 ◽  
Vol 29 (8) ◽  
pp. 924-929 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vera L. D. Baldani ◽  
José Ivo Baldani ◽  
Johanna Döbereiner
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Nitrogen Accumulation ◽  
Root Infection ◽  
Wheat Roots ◽  
N Accumulation ◽  
Total N ◽  
Total Plant ◽  
Chloramine T ◽  
Heading Stage

In two field experiments, wheat was inoculated with various strains of Azospirillum spp. The two A. brasilense nir− strains isolated from surface-sterilized wheat roots increased the number of Azospirillum in surface-sterilized roots, plant dry matter, and percent N. The total N accumulated in plant tops at heading stage was increased by 30% in the first experiment (strain Sp 107 st) and by 51 and 89% (strains Sp 107 st and Sp 245, respectively) in the second experiment. The Azospirillum numbers (MPN) in chloramine-t treated roots were correlated with total nitrogen accumulation in plant tops (r = 0.92**). Numbers of Azospirillum in nonsterilized roots did not correlate with total plant N accumulation.

Heterotic and seed rate effects on nitrogen efficiencies in wheat

2004 ◽  
Vol 142 (6) ◽  
pp. 639-657 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. R. KINDRED ◽  
M. J. GOODING
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
N Uptake ◽  
Grain Filling ◽  
Utilization Efficiency ◽  
N Accumulation ◽  
Total N ◽  
Seed Rate ◽  
N Utilization ◽  
Wheat Hybrids

Four field experiments over 2 years investigated whether wheat hybrids had higher nitrogen-use efficiency (NUE) than their parents over a range of seed rates and different N regimes. There was little heterosis for total N in the above-ground biomass (NYt), but there was high-parent heterosis for grain N yields (NYg) in two of the hybrids, Hyno Esta and Hyno Rista, associated with greater nitrogen harvest index (NHI). Overall, the hybrids did not significantly increase the total dry matter produced per unit N in the above-ground crop (NUtEt), but did increase the grain dry matter per unit N in the above ground crop (NUtEg). The improvement in NUtEg was at the partial detriment of grain N concentration. Heterosis for grain NYg in Hyno Esta was lower at zero-N, suggesting that it did not achieve higher yields through more efficient capture or utilization of N. The greater NHI in Hyno Esta appeared to be facilitated by both greater N uptake, and remobilization of N from vegetative tissues, after anthesis.The response of N efficiency and uptake to seed rate was dependent on N supply and season. Where N fertilizer was applied, N uptake over time was slower at the lower seed rates, but where N was withheld N capture at the lowest seed rate soon approached the N capture of the higher seed rates. During grain filling, the rate of accumulation of N into the grain increased with seed rate and the duration of N accumulation decreased with seed rate. With N applied, N yields increased to an asymptote with seed rate, when N was withheld there was little response of N yields to seed rate. In 2002, N utilization efficiency (NUtEt and NUtEg) also increased asymptotically with seed rate, but in 2003 seed rate had little effect on N utilization efficiency. When nitrogen fertilizer had not been applied, NHI consistently decreased with increasing seed rate. The timing of N application made little difference to NUE, NY, or NUtE.

scholarly journals The effect of biodegradable nonwovens in butterhead lettuce cultivation for early harvest

2012 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 161-166 ◽  
Author(s):  
Piotr Siwek ◽  
Andrzej Libik ◽  
Izabela Zawiska
Keyword(s):  
Chlorophyll A ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Sugar Content ◽  
Soluble Sugar ◽  
Nitrate Content ◽  
Chlorophyll B ◽  
Second Year ◽  
Butterhead Lettuce ◽  
Early Harvest

Abstract Field experiments using ‘melt-blown’ biodegradable nonwovens were carried out on the ‘Melodion’ butterhead lettuce (Lactuca sativa var. capitata L.) cultivar for early harvest. All biodegradable nonwovens were manufactured in the Institute of Biopolymers and Chemical Fibres and POLMATEX CENARO in Łódź, Poland. Lettuce seeds were sown into boxes in a greenhouse at the beginning of March, and transplants were planted into the field at the beginning of April. Biodegradable nonwovens - aromatic polyester IBWCH 75 g m-2, polybutylene succinate Bionolle 100 g m-2 and standard polypropylene PP Agro 20 g m-2 - were stretched over the lettuce in the field. The covers were kept on until 4-5 days before harvest. Plots without covers were defined as the control. Ascorbic acid, soluble sugar, dry matter, nitrates, chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b and carotenoid contents were recorded in the leaves. All biodegradable nonwovens showed a positive effect on yielding in comparison to the control in 2009. In the second year of the experiment, there were no significant differences between covers with regard to the yield. Dry matter and soluble sugar content in both years of the experiment was diversified. Nonwovens used as covers in 2009 significantly increased the content of nitrates in comparison to the control. In the second year, the highest level of nitrates was demonstrated in the control object. It is worth underlining that the maximum allowed limit of nitrate content in lettuce (4000 mg kg f.w.) was not exceed. The kind of cover had no significant effect on the level of chlorophyll a in 2009 or chlorophyll b and carotenoids in 2009 and 2010 in the lettuce

scholarly journals Performance of single and mixed rhizobial inoculants on nodulation, dry matter and seed yield of lentil (Lens culinaris)

2014 ◽  
Vol 39 (1) ◽  
pp. 105-112
Author(s):  
MAH Bhuiyan ◽  
D Khanam ◽  
MT Rahman ◽  
MHR Sheikh ◽  
MMH Bhuiyan
Keyword(s):  
Mixed Culture ◽  
Seed Yield ◽  
Lens Culinaris ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Agricultural Research ◽  
Research Station ◽  
Rhizobium Strains ◽  
Uninoculated Control ◽  
Seed Yields ◽  
And Control

Field experiments were carried out at Regional Agricultural Research Station (RARS), Ishurdi, Pabna during the rabi season of 2005-06 and 2006-07 to find out the effectiveness of Rhizobium strains for achieving higher yield of lentil, the variety BARI Masur–4. There were six treatments that were Rhizobium strains- BARI RLc-104, BARI RLc-105, BARI RLc-106, BARI RLc–107, mixed culture of the four strains, and control (no Rhizobium). The experiment was designed in randomized complete block having 4 replications of each treatment.The rhizobial inocula were peat based and used @ 1.5 kg/ha. A basal dose of P @ 22 kg/ha, K @ 42 kg/ha, S @ 20 kg/ha, and @ 5 kg Zn/ha was used for all treatments. The highest nodule number (11.7/plant in 2006 and 10.3/plant in 2007) and dry nodule weight (10.53 mg/plant in 2006 and 9.58 mg/plant in 2007) were found with mixed culture. Mixed culture produced the highest seed yield in 2006 (1.36 t/ha, 37.4% higher over uninoculated control) and in 2007, BARI RLc-104 recorded the highest seed yield (1.23 t/ha, 60.3% higher over uninoculated control). However, all the strains including mixed culture had similar seed yields over the years. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjar.v39i1.20147 Bangladesh J. Agril. Res. 39(1): 105-112, March 2014

scholarly journals Effects of dairy shed effluent dry matter content on ammonia and nitrous oxide emissions from a pasture soil

2018 ◽  
Vol 156 (9) ◽  
pp. 1070-1078
Author(s):  
T. J. Clough ◽  
N. Balaine ◽  
K. C. Cameron ◽  
S. O. Petersen ◽  
S. G. Sommer
Keyword(s):  
Nitrous Oxide ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Emission Rate ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Land Application ◽  
Matter Content ◽  
Nitrous Oxide Emissions ◽  
Dry Matter Content ◽  
Total N ◽  
And Control

AbstractAtmospheric emissions of nitrogen (N) from New Zealand dairy farms are significant but have the potential to be affected by manure management prior to land application. The current work examined whether reducing cattle manure dry matter (DM) from 0.16 high DM (HDM) to 0.06 low DM (LDM), to enhance infiltration and reduce ammonia (NH3) emissions when applied to grassland, would affect nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions. Pasture was cut, simulating grazing, and either amended with HDM (173 kg N/ha) or LDM manure (48 kg N/ha) or left unamended. Ammonia emissions from HDM manure were higher than from LDM manure, as a flux or as a percentage of total ammoniacal nitrogen (TAN, i.e. NH3 + NH4+) applied, due to more TAN being retained near the soil surface and the higher soil surface pH under HDM manure treatment. Cumulative N2O emissions over 37 days from HDM plots were higher than from the control but not from the LDM plots. After 5 days, the daily N2O emission rate was larger from HDM plots than from LDM and control plots. The N2O fluxes from LDM and HDM treatments did not differ, either as a proportion of TAN applied or as a proportion of total-N applied. Increasing DM contributed to reductions in both oxygen (O2) availability and relative gas diffusivity, and thus potentially N2O production. Under the conditions of the current study, lower manure DM content reduced NH3 emissions but did not increase cumulative losses of N2O.

scholarly journals Rhizobium strains competitiveness on bean nodulation in Cerrado soils

2006 ◽  
Vol 41 (3) ◽  
pp. 439-447 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ruy Raposeiras ◽  
Ivanildo Evódio Marriel ◽  
Maria Rita Scotti Muzzi ◽  
Edilson Paiva ◽  
Israel Alexandre Pereira Filho ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Fertilization ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Serological Tests ◽  
Total N ◽  
Native Strain ◽  
Commercial Strain ◽  
Rhizobium Strains ◽  
Bean Yield ◽  
Axenic Conditions

The objective of this work was to identify the most competitive and effective Rhizobium strains in order to increase common bean yield by nitrogen fixation as alternative or complementation to the nitrogen fertilization. Competitiveness tests were lead in axenic conditions, in Cerrado soil pots and in three field experiments, with native Rhizobium strains that were previously identified, according to their effectiveness and genetic variability. The identification of strains in nodules was performed using serological tests (axenic conditions) - agglutination and enzyme linked immunosorbent (Elisa) assays - and random amplified polymorfic DNA (RAPD) (Cerrado soil). Plant yield was determined using the dry weight (greenhouse conditions), total N and grain yield (field experiments). Among the analyzed Rhizobium strains, native strain SLA 2.2 and commercial strain CIAT 899 were the dominant nodules in plants of the most productive plots, presenting yield productivity similar or higher to those obtained in treatments where 20 kg ha-1 of N were applied.

Rumen metabolism and nitrogen flow to the small intestine in steers offeredLolium perennecontaining different levels of water-soluble carbohydrate

2002 ◽  
Vol 74 (3) ◽  
pp. 587-596 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. R. F. Lee ◽  
L. J. Harris ◽  
J. M. Moorby ◽  
M. O. Humphreys ◽  
M. K. Theodorou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Small Intestine ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Soluble Carbohydrate ◽  
Total N ◽  
Dry Matter Digestibility ◽  
Rumen Metabolism ◽  
And Control ◽  
Water Soluble Carbohydrate

AbstractEight Hereford ✕ Friesian steers were used to investigate the effect of feeding Lolium perenne (L) forage containing elevated levels of water-soluble carbohydrate (WSC) on rumen metabolism and nitrogen (N) absorption from the small intestine. The steers were offered ad libitum access to one of two varieties with matched heading dates (Ba11353, high WSC, HS; AberElan, intermediate WSC, control) cut at different times of the day to accentuate WSC differentials, zero-grazed for 21 days. This was followed by a 14-day period where the animals were on grass silage to provide a covariate intake. Although the total N concentration was similar for the two grasses, all other measured values were significantly different. The dry matter (DM) concentration of HS was greater than that of the control (202 v. 167 g DM per kg; P 0·01). WSC and in-vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD) were 243 and 161 g/kg DM, and 0·61 and 0·56 for HS and control, respectively. In contrast, acid- and neutral-detergent fibre were 251 and 296 g/kg DM and 480 and 563 g/kg DM for HS compared with control, respectively. DM intake was increased (9·3 v. 6·7 kg/day; P 0·001) for HS animals and this contributed significantly towards higher flows of non-ammonia N to the duodenum as well as increased absorption of amino acids from the small intestine. This DM intake response was partly due to the elevation in DM concentration of HS. However fresh weight intake was increased proportionately by ca. 0·15 (P 0·05) in animals on HS compared with control. Rumen ammonia levels were lower (14·0 and 26·4 mg N per l; P 0·001) and concentrations of rumen propionate higher (P 0·01) and acetate lower (P 0·01; increasing the glucogenic: lipogenic volatile fatty acid ratio) in animals on HS compared with control. However, the efficiency of microbial protein synthesis (15·9 and 17·8 g microbial nitrogen per kg organic matter apparently digested) and flow of N to the duodenum per unit N intake (0·84 and 0·93) for HS and control, respectively, were similar across both diets.

An inevitable crisis? From first to second year in counsellor training

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 74-89
Author(s):  
Hugh Crago
Keyword(s):  
Right Hemisphere ◽  
Training Programme ◽  
First Year ◽  
Training Experience ◽  
Counsellor Training ◽  
Student Dropout ◽  
Second Year ◽  
Neurological Research ◽  
First Year Of Life ◽  
And Control

In a seminal 1973 paper, Robert Clark described the very different “cultures” of the first and second year students in a four year clinical psychology PhD programme. The author applies Clark’s template to his own experiences as trainee or trainer in five different counsellor education programmes, one in the US and four in Australia. Each of the programmes, to varying degrees, demonstrates key features of the pattern identified by Clark, where the first year is “therapeutic” and other-oriented, the second is “professional” and self-focused. The author concludes that all the surveyed programmes exhibited some level of “second year crisis”, in which a significant number of students felt abandoned, dissatisfied, or rebellious. The author extends and refines Clark’s developmental analogy (first year = childhood; second year = adolescence) to reflect recent neurological research, in particular, the shift from a right hemisphere-dominant first year of life, prioritising affiliative needs, to a left hemisphere-dominant second year, prioritising autonomy and control. This shift is paralleled later by a more gradual move from a protective, supportive childhood to necessary, but sometimes conflictual, individuation in adolescence. The first two years of a counsellor training programme broadly echo this process, a process exacerbated by the second year internship/placement, in which students must “leave home” and adjust to unfamiliar, potentially less nurturing, authority figures. Finally, the author suggests introducing more rigorous “academic holding” into the first year, and greater attention to “therapeutic holding” of dissident students in the second, hopefully decreasing student dropout, and achieving a better balanced training experience.

THE EFFECT OF RAP (READ, ASK, PARAPHRASE) STRATEGY ON STUDENTS’ READING COMPREHENSION IN READING ANALYTICAL EXPOSITION TEXT

2015 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Veronika N. And Lince Sihombing
Keyword(s):  
Reading Comprehension ◽  
Experimental Design ◽  
T Test ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Multiple Choice Tests ◽  
Choice Tests ◽  
Second Year ◽  
Level Of Significance ◽  
And Control ◽  
Experimental Group

This study focused on finding out the effect of applying RAP (Read, Ask,Paraphrase) Strategy on students’ reading comprehension in reading analyticalexposition text. This study was conducted in experimental design. The populationof this research was the second year of students in SMA Swasta Katolik BudiMurni 2 Medan. There were seventy students of the second year senior highschool students as the sample of the research. This study was conducted with tworandomized groups namely Experimental Group and Control Group. Theexperimental group was taught by applying RAP Strategy, while the control groupwas taught by applying conventional strategy. The instrument of collecting thedata was multiple choice tests which consisted of 25 items. The data wereanalyzed by using t-test formula. The calculation shown that t-observed (5.36)was higher than t-table (1.994) at the level of significance (α) 0.05 with the degreeof freedom (df) 68. It means that there was a significant effect of applying RAPStrategy on students’ reading comprehension in reading analytical exposition text.

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