Nitrogen management systems to optimize spring wheat under no-till: Effects on plant development

2006 ◽  
Vol 86 (2) ◽  
pp. 443-451 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. P. Lafond ◽  
G. W. Clayton ◽  
A. M. Johnston ◽  
W. E. May ◽  
D. A. Derksen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Spring Wheat ◽  
Plant Development ◽  
Plant Density ◽  
Cropping System ◽  
Nitrogen Management ◽  
N Fertilizer ◽  
Row Spacing ◽  
Spike Density ◽  
No Till ◽  
N Management

Surface residues and standing stubble protect soil against erosion and mitigate against crop water deficits by conserving additional moisture. However, residues and stubble can also present a dilemma for producers practising no-till in terms of nitrogen (N) fertilizer management and row spacing. The objective of this research was to determine how row spacing, N management using urea and two rates of post-emergent herbicide (66 and 100% of recommended) affect spring wheat establishment and plant development. The study was conducted using a no-till system and a canola-springwheat cropping system at three locations over a 3-yr period. The N management and row spacing treatments were (1) 23-cm row spacing with fall banded N on 30 cm; (2) 23-cm row spacing with spring banded N on 30 cm; (3) 30-cm row spacing with the N side-banded; (4) 23-cm row spacing with the N side-banded; and (5) sweep on 23-cm spacing with seed and fertilizer scattered over a 20-cm width. Herbicide rates did not affect wheat development. Planting depth was greater for the sweep treatment, but only by 6 mm. Plant densities were at the low end of the optimal range of 200–250 plants m-2 for all treatments and were least for the 30 cm row spacing. Average frequencies for tillers T0, T1, T2 and T3 were 20, 81 61 and 10%, respectively. Fall and spring band treatments resulted in lower tiller frequencies than the sweep treatment, with intermediate levels for the side-band treatments. Tiller frequencies were identical between the 23-cm and 30-cm row spacings with N side-banded. Greater tiller frequencies for the sweep treatment likely resulted from the greater spread of seed, reducing inter-plant competition and closer proximity of the seed to fertilizer N. Spike density was not affected by N management. Expected spike density, calculated from tiller frequency and plant density data, was within 1% of the actual spikes recorded, when averaged over treatments. This means that tiller frequencies at the 5 to 5.5 leaf stage are a good predictor of expected spike density. Wider row spacings did not affect plant and tiller development but applying N fertilizer at time of seeding provided better spring wheat tiller development. Key words: Triticum aestivum L., nitrogen management, tiller development

scholarly journals Soybean Relative Maturity, Not Row Spacing, Affected Interseeded Cover Crops Biomass

Agriculture ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 441
Author(s):  
Hans J. Kandel ◽  
Dulan P. Samarappuli ◽  
Kory L. Johnson ◽  
Marisol T. Berti
Keyword(s):  
Spring Wheat ◽  
Cover Crops ◽  
Cover Crop ◽  
Soil Cover ◽  
Plant Density ◽  
Row Spacing ◽  
Winter Rye ◽  
Soybean Yield ◽  
Early Maturing ◽  
Crop Biomass

Adoption of cover crop interseeding in the northwestern Corn Belt in the USA is limited due to inadequate fall moisture for establishment, short growing season, additional costs, and need for adapted winter-hardy species. This study evaluated three cover crop treatments—no cover crop, winter rye (Secale cereale L.), and winter camelina (Camelina sativa (L.) Crantz)—which were interseeded at the R6 soybean growth stage, using two different soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) maturity groups (0.5 vs. 0.9) and two row spacings (30.5 vs. 61 cm). The objective was to evaluate these treatments on cover crop biomass, soil cover, plant density, and soybean yield. Spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) grain yield was also measured the following year. The early-maturing soybean cultivar (0.5 maturity) resulted in increased cover crop biomass and soil cover, with winter rye outperforming winter camelina. However, the early-maturing soybean yielded 2308 kg·ha−1, significantly less compared with the later maturing cultivar (2445 kg·ha−1). Narrow row spacing had higher soybean yield, but row spacing did not affect cover crop growth. Spring wheat should not follow winter rye if rye is terminated right before seeding the wheat. However, wheat planted after winter camelina was no different than when no cover crop was interseeded in soybean. Interseeding cover crops into established soybean is possible, however, cover crop biomass accumulation and soil cover are limited.

Response of sunflowers (Helianthus annuus L.) to varying seeding rates and nitrogen fertilizer rates in a no-till cropping system in Saskatchewan

2018 ◽  
Vol 98 (6) ◽  
pp. 1331-1341 ◽  
Author(s):  
W.E. May ◽  
M.P. Dawson ◽  
C.L. Lyons
Keyword(s):  
Plant Density ◽  
Cropping Systems ◽  
Cropping System ◽  
Seeding Rate ◽  
Yield Increase ◽  
No Till ◽  
Rate Study ◽  
Optimum N Rate ◽  
Precision Planting ◽  
N Rates

In the past, most sunflower research was conducted in tilled cropping systems and was based on wide row configurations established using precision planters. Little agronomic information is available for the no-till systems predominant in Saskatchewan, where crops are typically seeded in narrow rows using an air drill. Two studies were conducted in Saskatchewan to determine the optimum seeding and nitrogen (N) rates for short-season sunflowers in a no-till cropping system. The N rate study used 5 N rates (10, 30, 50, 70, and 90 kg N ha−1) with the hybrid 63A21. The seeding rate study used 7 seeding rates (37 000, 49 000, 61 000, 74 000, 86 000, 98 000, and 111 000 seeds ha−1) with two cultivars, AC Sierra (open pollinated) and 63A21 (hybrid). There was a linear yield increase as the N rate increased from 10 to 90 kg N ha−1. Based on the N rates tested in this study and current N fertilizer costs below $1 kg−1, sunflower yields and gross returns were most favorable at 90 kg N ha−1. Future N response research with a wider range of N rates is warranted to best determine the optimum N rate. The optimum seeding rate was between 98 000 and 111 000 seeds ha−1 for AC Sierra and between 74 000 and 86 000 seeds ha−1 for 63A21. The optimum plant density, approximately 70 000 to 75 000 plants ha−1, was similar for both cultivars. These results are higher than the current recommended seeding rates for wide-row precision planting systems in areas with a longer growing season.

qPCR Assay Targeting Bradyrhizobium japonicum Shows that Row Spacing and Soybean Density Affects Bradyrhizobium Population

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Harry Yudistira ◽  
Barney A. Geddes ◽  
Charles M. Geddes ◽  
Rob H Gulden ◽  
Ivan John Oresnik
Keyword(s):  
Plant Development ◽  
Bradyrhizobium Japonicum ◽  
Plant Density ◽  
Qpcr Assay ◽  
Row Spacing ◽  
Soybean Plant ◽  
Field Soil ◽  
Soybean Field ◽  
Close Proximity ◽  
Field Season

The ability for a soybean plant to be efficiently nodulated when grown as a crop is dependent on the number of effective <i>Bradyrhizobium japonicum</i> that can be found in close proximity to the developing seedling shortly after planting. In Manitoba, the growing of soybean as a crop has increased from less than 500,000 acres in 2008 to over 2.3 million acres in 2017. Since the large increase in soybean production is relatively recent, populations of B. japonicum have not yet developed. In response to this we developed a primer pair that can identify <i>B. japonicum</i>, and be utilized to determine the titre found in field soil. Their utility was demonstrated by being used to determine if row spacing of soybean affects <i>B. japonicum</i> populations, as well as to follow <i>B. japonicum </i>populations in a soybean field over the course of a field season. The data show that plant density can affect B. japonicum populations. Moreover, evidence is presented that suggests plant development affects overall <i>B. japonicum</i> populations.

Spring Wheat Yields Following Perennial Forages in a Semiarid No-Till Cropping System

2018 ◽  
Vol 110 (6) ◽  
pp. 2408-2416 ◽  
Author(s):  
J.G. Franco ◽  
S.E. Duke ◽  
J.R. Hendrickson ◽  
M.A. Liebig ◽  
D.W. Archer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Spring Wheat ◽  
Cropping System ◽  
No Till

Response of herbicide-tolerant canola (Brassica napus L.) cultivars to four row spacings and three seeding rates in a no-till production system

2013 ◽  
Vol 93 (6) ◽  
pp. 1229-1236 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. R. Kutcher ◽  
T. K. Turkington ◽  
G. W. Clayton ◽  
K. N. Harker
Keyword(s):  
Brassica Napus ◽  
Production System ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Plant Density ◽  
Flea Beetle ◽  
Row Spacing ◽  
Seeding Rate ◽  
Brassica Napus L ◽  
No Till ◽  
Herbicide Tolerant

Kutcher, H. R., Turkington, T. K., Clayton, G. W. and Harker, K. N. 2013. Response of herbicide-tolerant canola ( Brassica napus L.) cultivars to four row spacings and three seeding rates in a no-till production system. Can. J. Plant Sci. 93: 1229–1236. Appropriate management practices are important to reduce input costs and to optimize yield and crop quality. The objective of this study was to determine the optimum row spacing (23, 31, 46 and 61 cm) and seeding rate (3.2, 6.4 and 9.6 kg ha−1, or 87, 173 and 260 seeds planted m−2) for two herbicide-tolerant canola (Brassica napus L.) cultivars (an open-pollinated and a hybrid) under a no-till production system. Plant density and yield varied with row spacing, with the effect being linear in both cases. Plant density decreased with wider row spacing, from 112 plants m−2 at the 23-cm row spacing to 83 plants m−2 at the 61-cm row spacing. Yield decreased with wider row spacing, from 2397 kg ha−1 at the 23-cm row spacing to 2138 kg ha−1 at the 61-cm row spacing. Results from this study indicate that herbicide-tolerant cultivars of canola grown in no-till production systems under conditions of adequate soil fertility, effective weed management, minimal disease pressure, and good flea beetle control, produced the highest plant densities and yields at row spacing of 24–31 cm, that seeding rates in the range of 3.2–9.6 kg ha−1 had no effects on yield, and that a hybrid cultivar performed better than open-pollinated cultivars in terms of plant density, earliness and duration of flowering, and seed size. The study helps to better define the response of plant density and seed yield in herbicide-tolerant canola cultivars to changes in row spacing and seeding rate. In particular, the results of this study suggest that plant density may not be a reliable predictor of canola yield, although row spacing is an important consideration.

scholarly journals Phytosociology and Behavior of Weeds in Maize as Influenced by Spatial Arrangements

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (9) ◽  
pp. 199
Author(s):  
Wanderson de Sousa Mendes ◽  
Leandro Otávio Vieira Filho ◽  
Nayana Alves Pereira ◽  
Cácio Luiz Boechat ◽  
Fabio Mielezrski
Keyword(s):  
Weed Control ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Plant Density ◽  
Cropping System ◽  
Spatial Arrangement ◽  
Row Spacing ◽  
Maize Crop ◽  
Density Factor ◽  
Plant Densities ◽  
The Right

Using the right spatial arrangement is a sustainable way to prevent or at least delay the emergence of weeds in the crop production. This study evaluated the influence of row spacing and plant density of maize on weed control based on the phytosociological survey. It was conducted on an Oxisol textured medium in a 400 m2 area under semiarid conditions. The hybrid maize 30F53YH was managed under a no-till cropping system with three types of row spacing (0.35 m, 0.50 m, and 0.70 m) and three plant densities (5.0 plants m-2, 6.5 plants m-2, and 8.0 plants m-2). The experimental design was randomized complete blocks with four replications in a factorial arrangement 3 × 3. The phytosociological survey of the weeds was randomly performed four times in each subplot, using the inventory square (0.5 m × 0.5 m). The collected data were analyzed using the R statistical program. Among the specimen’s families identified on the field, three of them need to be highlighted due to its high values of density, frequency, and dominance. These families were Fabaceae, Poaceae, and Amaranthaceae. Also, it was identified that the Leucaena leucocephala species may be classified as a weed, as it acted as an invasive species on maize. The weed control was greatly influenced by the interaction of both parameters rather than only row spacing or the plant density factor. The results showed that the reduced spacing and high crop population decreased the presence of weeds in the maize crop.

Yield response to plant density, row spacing and raised beds in low latitude spring wheat with ample soil resources: An update

2019 ◽  
Vol 232 ◽  
pp. 95-105 ◽  
Author(s):  
R.A. Fischer ◽  
O.H. Moreno Ramos ◽  
I. Ortiz Monasterio ◽  
K.D. Sayre
Keyword(s):  
Spring Wheat ◽  
Plant Density ◽  
Yield Response ◽  
Row Spacing ◽  
Low Latitude ◽  
Soil Resources

scholarly journals Optimum Seeding Density of Spring Wheat Varieties in Karakalpakstan Conditions

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (9) ◽  
pp. 96-102
Author(s):  
B. Bekbanov ◽  
O. Nagymetov
Keyword(s):  
Spring Wheat ◽  
Plant Nutrition ◽  
Plant Density ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Grain Weight ◽  
Seeding Density ◽  
Row Spacing ◽  
Extreme Conditions ◽  
Wheat Varieties

The issue of optimal seeding rates of spring wheat varieties in extreme conditions of Karakalpakstan is considered. The studies were carried out in 2019–2020 with 3 varieties of spring wheat with different agroecotypes: Saratovskaya-29, Semurg and Zhanub gavhari. Sowing was carried out with 10 row plots with a row spacing of 15 cm. The plot length was 10 m, width — 1.5 m. The plant nutrition area was changed by thickening them in the plot. As a result of the work, it was revealed that in the soil and climatic conditions of Karakalpakstan, the most optimal ratios between biomass and grain weight in plants are manifested in crops with a plant density of 450–500 plants per 1 m2, which corresponds to seeding rates of 180–200 kg/ha.

In-soil banded versus post-seeding liquid nitrogen applications in no-till spring wheat and canola

2007 ◽  
Vol 87 (2) ◽  
pp. 223-232 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. B. Holzapfel ◽  
G. P. Lafond ◽  
S. A. Brandt ◽  
W. E. May ◽  
A. M. Johnston
Keyword(s):  
Triticum Aestivum ◽  
Spring Wheat ◽  
Plant Density ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
N Fertilization ◽  
Brassica Napus L ◽  
Surface Band ◽  
No Till ◽  
Urea Ammonium Nitrate

Delaying nitrogen (N) applications into the growing season as a risk management tool is a concept that has received considerable attention in recent years. A 3-yr field study with spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and canola (Brassica napus L.) was conducted at two Saskatchewan locations, Indian Head and Scott. The effects of postponing N applications for up to 30 d after seeding and several application methods were evaluated against mid-row banded urea at seeding. Liquid urea ammonium-nitrate (UAN) was applied at four separate times relative to seeding, either as an in-soil coulter band or a surface band. The surface band applications were applied either with or without the addition of 5% ammonium thiosulphate (ATS), a potential urease inhibitor. The dependent variables considered included plant density and grain yield for both crops, and grain protein in wheat. The only effect on plant density occurred in canola, where the post-seeding coulter applications slightly reduced stands compared with the other treatments. Postponing N fertilization for up to 30 d after seeding compared with N fertilization at seeding did not affect the yield of canola or protein in spring wheat, but reduced the yield of spring wheat at Indian Head in 2003, which was a very dry growing season. The coulter applications only showed a slight advantage over the surface band applications. For the surface band applications, the addition of 5% ATS did not provide a noticeable advantage over UAN alone. Canola appeared to be less sensitive to post-seeding applications than spring wheat. Deferring the entire amount of fertilizer N into the growing season appears to be a viable option but it is not without risk, especially when dry conditions are encountered. Key words: Triticum aestivum L., Brassica napus L., nitrogen management, no-till, surface dribble, urea-ammonium nitrate

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