Corn heat unit variability and potential of corn (Zea mays L.) production in a cool climate ecosystem

2003 ◽  
Vol 83 (4) ◽  
pp. 689-698 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. B. Kwabiah ◽  
M. MacPherson ◽  
D. B. McKenzie
Keyword(s):  
Zea Mays ◽  
Zea Mays L ◽  
Warming Trend ◽  
Daily Maximum ◽  
Heat Accumulation ◽  
Heat Unit ◽  
Corn Production ◽  
Air Temperatures ◽  
Harvesting Stage ◽  
Cool Climate

Recent interest in corn (Zea mays L.) production among forage producers in Newfoundland, Canada, raises questions of risk, scale and impact of seasonal heat accumulation for attaining maturity. The objectives of this paper were to present the results of corn performance in a short-term trial at three selected sites (St. John’s, Deer Lake and Stephenville), calculate corn heat unit (CHU) probability levels of these sites to assess the long-term risks, and determine CHU values of locations across Newfoundland to describe their suitability for corn production. Daily values of CHU were accumulated from the conversion of daily maximum (Tmax) and minimum (Tmin) air temperature for each location using the last day of 3 consecutive days in the spring with mean daily air temperatures (Tmean) ≥ 12.8°C as the starting date and the first date of a killing frost in the autumn (Tmin ≤ -2°C) or 30 September, whichever was earlier, as the ending date. Corn grown for silage at the three selected sites was within the desired level of 250–350 g kg-1 DM at 50% kernel milk line (R5.5) stage. Corn reached harvesting stage (R5.5) before the occurrence of a killing frost at Deer Lake and Stephenville. To protect seedlings against killing frost, mulching with transparent polyethylene film is recommended at St. John ’s. There was considerable year-to-year variability in CHU at each of the three sites. Differences in seasonal CHU for St. John’s were identified over two periods: from 1945–1989 and 1990–2001. The most recent period (1990–2001) has generally been warmer than the earlier period. A warming trend, as indicated by the CHU trends at the three sites, holds the prospect of some significant longer-term benefits for Newfoundland agriculture. Across Newfoundland, average (1956–1990) seasonal CHU accumulations (CHUave) based on STARTave and ENDend) ranged from 1686 at St. Lawrence to 2695 at Gander. Using the 80% probability (START80% and END80%) dates, the CHU80% ranged from 1486 at Port aux Basques to 2382 at Gander. The CHU values would help producers select what corn hybrid(s) to grow in their area. Overall, these analyses underline the potential for successful corn production in Newfoundland. Key words: Corn (Zea mays L.) maturity, corn heat units, cool climate region, 50% kernel milk line (R5.5), temperature

Performance of silage corn (Zea mays L.) in a cool climate ecosystem: effects of photodegradable plastic mulch

2003 ◽  
Vol 83 (2) ◽  
pp. 305-312 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. B. Kwabiah
Keyword(s):  
Zea Mays ◽  
Soil Temperature ◽  
Zea Mays L ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Plastic Film ◽  
Plastic Mulch ◽  
Heat Units ◽  
Air Temperatures ◽  
Cool Climate ◽  
Degradable Plastic

Yield of silage corn (Zea mays L.) in Newfoundland (NL), Canada, is limited by low corn heat units (CHU). This is a reflection of generally moderate temperature throughout the growing season in addition to having a late spring and early fall. Clear photo-degradable plastic film, applied to the soil after sowing, may boost soil and air temperatures and hence advance growth and development. Research was conducted at three on -farm sites near St. John’s in 2000 and 2001 to determine the effects of plastic mulch on time from planting to emergence (VE), 50% silking (R1), 50% kernel milk line (R5.5) and dry matter (DM) yield. Three early hybrids with CHU ratings of 2100, 2200 and 2300 were planted in late May of each year when the soil temperature was above 10°C. At planting, half of each plot was covered (PC) with a clear photo-degradable plastic film (X-Tend Plastic System®), 1.32 m in width and 6 m thick, and the other half was not covered (NC). During the first 30–35 d after planting, the crops grew under the thin plastic mulch before breaking through as it started to degrade. During this time, air (10 cm above soil surface) and soil (5 cm depth) temperatures underneath the plastic film were recorded. These were compared to the soil (5 cm depth) and air (100 cm high) temperatures of the NC plots. Soil and air temperatures for PC plots were consistently higher than for NC plots in both years. The plastic continued to degrade during the rest of the season and was completely degraded by the time of harvest in late `September. In 2000, the plastic advanced VE by 9 to 13 d, R1 by 10 to 15 d and R5.5 by 9 to 15 d relative to the NC treatment. In 2001, advancement of VE due to the plastic mulch ranged from 8 and 12 d, 6 to 9 d for R1 and 6 to 11 d for R5.5. Relative to the NC treatment, the plastic improved CHU by 9% and total DM yield by 22% in 2000 and improved CHU by 7% and total DM yield by 14% in 2001. A small increase in CHU due to plastic mulch resulted in a proportionately larger increase in total DM yield. Plastic mulches have the potential to accelerate maturity thereby insuring silage corn crops achieve acceptable DM yields in cool climate regions such as Newfoundland. Key words: Air temperature, corn heat units, soil temperature, total DM yield

Effects of hybrids, population densities, fertilization and irrigation on grain corn (Zea mays L.) in Quebec

1992 ◽  
Vol 72 (4) ◽  
pp. 1163-1170 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. C. Liang ◽  
A. F. MacKenzie ◽  
M. Remillard
Keyword(s):  
Zea Mays ◽  
Population Density ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Zea Mays L ◽  
Plant Population ◽  
Population Densities ◽  
Clay Loam Soil ◽  
Eastern Canada ◽  
Corn Production ◽  
Loam Soil

The increase in area for corn production in eastern Canada has stimulated the search for improvements in corn management practices to obtain higher yields. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of maize (Zea mays L.) hybrids, plant population density, rates of fertilization and irrigation on grain yield. A field experiment was conducted on a Chicot sandy clay loam soil in Quebec from 1984 to 1986. Corn attained grain yields of 10.9–15.2 Mg ha−1. These yields were attained only when all management inputs were at optimum levels. No single hybrid was superior over the 3-yr-period. High plant population densities, if not accompanied by other inputs, decreased yields. In moist, cooler years, effects of management factors were reduced, and only high plant population densities seemed to increase production. High rates of fertilization increased yields only when other management levels were high.Key words: Population density, irrigation, fertilization, hybrid, Zea mays, grain

scholarly journals Pengaruh Faktor Iklim Terhadap Pertumbuhan dan Produksi Tanaman Jagung (Zea mays L.)

2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 17
Author(s):  
Sumarlin Sumarlin ◽  
La Karimuna ◽  
Hasbullah Syaf
Keyword(s):  
Zea Mays ◽  
Zea Mays L ◽  
Heat Unit

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mempelajari pengaruh factor iklim terhadap pertumbuhan dan produksi tanaman, dan  mempelajari fenologi masing-masing fase pertumbuhan tanaman. Penelitian telah dilaksanakan di Pos Klimatologi Kendari BMKG Kecamatan Ranomeeto Kabupaten Konawe Selatan Lokasi penelitian berada pada pada posisi 040 03’ 20.6” LS dan 1220 26’ 56.8” BT pada ketinggian tempat 33 mdpl, berlangsung pada Bulan April sampai dengan Agustus 2015. Percobaan lapangan disusun berdasarkan rancangan acak kelompok (RAK). Faktor tunggal dengan perbedaan waktu tanam yang terdiri atas : J1=Waktu tanam pertama jagung; J2 = Waktu tanam kedua jagung yaitu 1 minggu setelah J1; J3 = Waktu tanam ketiga jagung yaitu 2 minggu setelah J1. Tiap perlakuan di ulang 4 kali (kelompok), sehingga didapatkan 12 unit percobaan. Data hasil pengamatan dianalisis ragam, uji lanjut menggunakan uji Beda Nyata Terkecil (BNT) pada taraf kepercayaan 95%. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa faktor iklim berpengaruh pada pertumbuhan dan produksi tanaman jagung. Kondisi iklim waktu tanam II merupakan yang terbaik bagi tanaman jagung. Fenologi tanaman jagung dan kedelai dipengaruhi oleh akumulasi satuan panas (heat unit), dengan fase pertumbuhan jagung dari tanam hingga panen membutuhkan besaran nilai akumulai satuan panas berkisar 1.195,9  sampai 1.290,9  oC d.Keywords: Iklim, satuan panas, waktu tanam

scholarly journals REAPLICAÇÃO DE NITROGÊNIO NA MITIGAÇÃO DO EFEITO DA DESFOLHA EM DIFERENTES FASES FENOLÓGICAS DO MILHO

2019 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 30-46
Author(s):  
ANDRÉ PRECHLAK BARBOSA ◽  
CLAUDEMIR ZUCARELI ◽  
RODRIGO YOITI TSUKAHARA ◽  
EDSON GIOVANNI KOCHINSKI ◽  
JOSE HENRIQUE BIZZARRI BAZZO
Keyword(s):  
Zea Mays ◽  
Grain Yield ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Nitrogen Fertilization ◽  
Zea Mays L ◽  
Total Yield ◽  
Grain Filling ◽  
Production Performance ◽  
Phenological Stages ◽  
Corn Production

RESUMO - O manejo adequado da adubação nitrogenada para atenuar efeitos da perda de área foliar é uma soluçãopouco explorada. Portanto, objetivou-se avaliar, em campo, o efeito da reaplicação de nitrogênio e intensidade dedesfolha em diferentes fases fenológicas sobre a incidência de grãos ardidos e o desempenho produtivo do milho. Odelineamento experimental foi em blocos casualizados, com quatro repetições, em esquema fatorial 2x7x4+2, sendo,a reaplicação de N em cobertura (0 e 40 kg ha-1), os estádios fenológicos de desfolha (V2, V4, V6, V10, R1, R3 e R5),as intensidades de desfolha (25, 50, 75 e 100%) e dois controles adicionais (0% de desfolha com e sem a reaplicaçãode N). As avaliações realizadas foram percentagem de grãos ardidos, massa de 100 grãos e produtividade de grãos. Osdados foram submetidos à análise de variância, testes de Tukey, Dunnett e regressão até 2º grau (p0,05). A reaplicaçãode nitrogênio após a desfolha atenua os efeitos desse estresse na massa e no rendimento total de grãos, com maiorefetividade quando ocorre nos estádios vegetativos. O prejuízo ao desempenho produtivo em razão da desfolha éacentuado quando ocorre no florescimento e enchimento de grãos, pois desequilibra a relação fonte-dreno. A desfolhaem estádios iniciais proporciona maior intensidade de grãos ardidos nas plantas de milho.Palavras-chave: Adubação nitrogenada, Área foliar, Estádios fenológicos, Zea mays L.REAPPLICATION OF NITROGEN AS MITIGATIONTO THE DEFOLIATION EFFECT AT STAGES OF MAIZEABSTRACT - The proper management of nitrogen fertilization to mitigate the effects of the loss of leaf area ispoorly explored. Therefore, the present study evaluated the effect of nitrogen reapplication and defoliation intensity atdifferent phenological stages on the incidence of rot grains and corn production performance. The experimental designwas a randomized complete block with four replications, in a 2x7x4 + 2 factorial scheme, with the reapplication of Ntopdressed (0 and 40 kg ha-1), the defoliation stages (V2, V4, V6, V10, R1, R3 and R5), defoliation intensities (25, 50, 75and 100%) and two additional controls (0% defoliation with and without reapplication of N). Percentage of rot grains,mass of 100 grains and grain yield were evaluated. Data were subjected to analysis of variance, Tukey’s, Dunnett’s testsand regression up to grade 2 (p 0.05). Reapplication of nitrogen after defoliation attenuates the effects of this stress onthe mass and the total yield of grains, with greater effectiveness in the vegetative stages. The damage to the productiveperformance due to defoliation was accentuated when occurred at the flowering and grain filling as it unbalancesthe source-drain relation. Depletion in the early stages caused higher occurrence of grain burned in maize plants.Keywords: Nitrogen fertilization, Leaf area, Phenological stages, Zea mays L.

scholarly journals The potentiality of bioethanol production from corn (Zea mays L.) as a renewable source

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-4
Author(s):  
M. N. Yesmin ◽  
M. A. K. Azad ◽  
M. Kamuruzzaman ◽  
S. Ali
Keyword(s):  
Zea Mays ◽  
Alcoholic Fermentation ◽  
Zea Mays L ◽  
Bioethanol Production ◽  
Distillation Process ◽  
Recent Past ◽  
Corn Flour ◽  
Yeast Saccharomyces Cerevisiae ◽  
Corn Production ◽  
Renewable Source

Corn (Zea mays L.)  is one of the versatile crop which is used as food, feed, fodder and in recent past as a source of bio-fuel. The sub-tropical climate is very favorable for corn cultivation. Traditionally, corn was grown in South and Southeast Asia primarily as a subsistence food crop. Worldwide it is being cultivated in over 170 countries representing an area of 185 million ha with a productivity of 5.62 t ha-1 (FAO, 2017). Out of world corn production of 1037 million MT, SAARC countries comprising of Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan and Sri Lanka represent 3.2 % with a productivity of 3.8 t ha-1. Among SAARC countries, the highest productivity of 6.9 t ha-1 is reported in Bangladesh. Corn can be an important renewable source for bioethanol production. This research was carried out to evaluate Bangladeshi Corn for optimum bioethanol production. A 100 g of corn flour was mixed with 300 ml distilled water was blended and sterilized. The experiment was conducted with a temperature of 30 oC, pH 6.0 and 20 % sugar concentration. For alcoholic fermentation, 200 ml yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae CCD) was added to make the total volume 500 ml. Addition of small amount of 1750 unit α-amylase enzyme to the substrate solution was found to enhance the fermentation process quicker. After 6-days of incubation time corn produces 63.57 ml of ethanol with 13.33 % (v/v) purity. The non-filtered solution produces comparatively more ethanol (63.57 ml with 13.33 % purity) than the filtered solution (53.66 ml with 10 % purity). The purity can be increased by re-distillation process.   

scholarly journals Suitability of Rubber Plantation Land Intercropped with Corn (Zea mays L) Plants in Betung Village of Banyuasin District

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 73-79
Author(s):  
Yuana Juwita ◽  
Joni Karman ◽  
Yanter Hutapea ◽  
Suparwoto Suparwoto
Keyword(s):  
Zea Mays ◽  
Sampling Method ◽  
Zea Mays L ◽  
Nutrient Retention ◽  
Limiting Factors ◽  
Survey Method ◽  
Rubber Plantation ◽  
Corn Production ◽  
Corn Plants ◽  
Soil Fertility Status

Juwita Y, Karman J, Hutapea Y, Suparwoto S. 2020. Suitability of rubber plantation land intercropped with corn (Zea mays L) plants in Kelurahan Betung. Jurnal Lahan Suboptimal: Journal of Suboptimal Lands 9(1): 73-79.Rubber is one of the leading commodities of plantations in South Sumatra, especially in Banyuasin District. The opportunity for unused footpath land is a big potential in increasing farmers' income. In Betung Village, besides rubber, the community also raises livestock such as cows. This study aimed to provide information on the actual soil fertility status and see the suitability of the land in the study area when planted with corn plants, as well as the recommendations for the needed technology. The study used a survey method and the soil samples were taken using purposive random sampling method by determining the point diagonally and analyzed in the laboratory. The results of the study showed that the land suitability class at the location was according to the marginal with the limiting factors of water availability (rainfall) and nutrient retention (KB and pH). To obtain optimal corn production results, it is recommended to prepare a rainwater collection area and the addition of lime and organic matter.

scholarly journals Effects of time and rate of nitrogen application on phenology and some agronomical traits of maize (Zea mays L.)

Biologija ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 62 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Raouf Seyed Sharifi ◽  
Ali Namvar
Keyword(s):  
Zea Mays ◽  
Zea Mays L ◽  
Nitrogen Application ◽  
Key Factors ◽  
Corn Production ◽  
Use Efficiency ◽  
Four Levels ◽  
The University ◽  
Agronomical Traits ◽  
N Fertilizer Rate

Maintaining soil fertility and the  use of plant nutrient in sufficient and balanced amounts is one of the key factors in increasing crop yield and decreasing adverse environmental effects and pollutions arising from nonpoint fertilizer usage. The  effects of time and rate of nitrogen application on phenology and some agronomical traits of corn (Zea mays L.) were investigated at the research farm of the University of Mohaghegh Ardabili. The trial was laid out in a split plot design based on a randomized complete block scheme with three replications. Experimental factors were nitrogen fertilizer at four levels (0, 75, 150, and 225 kg ha–1) in the  main plots and three levels of nitrogen application time [(1/3 at sowing +  1/3 at V8–10 +  1/3 at tasseling), (1/2 at sowing +  1/2 at tasseling), and (1/2 at sowing +  1/4 at V8–10 +  1/4 at tasseling) as T1, T2, and T3, respectively] as subplots. The results showed that the maximum values of grain yield and its components, days to 50% tasseling (63.85 days), days to 50% silking (68.2 days), days to physiological maturity (128.9 days) were observed in the plots treated with 225 kg N ha–1 as T1. The maximum nitrogen use efficiency (38.16 kg kg–1) was obtained at application of 75 kg N ha–1 as T1, and the minimum values of this index (19.41 kg kg–1) were obtained in the plots that received 225 kg N ha–1 as T2. Based on the results, it was concluded that application of the highest N fertilizer rate (225 kg ha–1) in three equal splits can be recommended for profitable corn production.

scholarly journals KEANEKARAGAMAN JENIS GULMA BERDAUN LEBAR PADA PERTANAMAN JAGUNG (Zea mays L.) DI DESA SANGATTA SELATAN KABUPATEN KUTAI TIMUR

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Rusdi Rusdi ◽  
Zainuddin Saleh ◽  
Ramlah Ramlah
Keyword(s):  
Zea Mays ◽  
Zea Mays L ◽  
Weed Species ◽  
Ageratum Conyzoides ◽  
Corn Production ◽  
Weed Diversity ◽  
Grass Weed

Behind this study is diversity of Broadleaf Weed Species in corn  plantation. The aims of this research to determine the Diversity of Broadleaf Weed Species at corn (Zea mays L.) plantation, at Desa Sangatta Selatan, Kabupaten Kutai Timur.This research used a square method, which is manufacture of plots with a zise 2 x 2 m as much as 9 plots. Weeds found in the plot were identified and subsequently performed the calculation of aech species in each plot. The results showed that founded 11 species in 10 families. The highest dominance value in sequence, that is: Hedyotis corymbosa L. (28,03%), Phyllantus niruri Klein ex Willd. (16.97%), Ageratum conyzoides L. (12.40%). and the lowest are: Hyptis capitata Jacq. (1,59%). Weed diversity is heterogeneous, which means there is no one Broadleaf Weed Species was the dominance value of more than 80%. Further research required regarding diversity grass weed classes and nut grass was founded on corn plantation in a wider scale and the effect on corn production.

scholarly journals Production analysis of corn farming (Zea mays L) in the Bumi Beringin Village, North Luwuk District, Banggai Regency

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 59-64
Author(s):  
Femiyanti Djamaludin ◽  
Yuni Rustiawati ◽  
Ruslan Zaenuddin
Keyword(s):  
Zea Mays ◽  
Zea Mays L ◽  
Strong Relationship ◽  
Multiple Correlation Coefficient ◽  
Land Area ◽  
Corn Production ◽  
Maize Production ◽  
Production Factors ◽  
Food Commodity ◽  
Number Of Seeds

Corn is a food commodity that is widely cultivated in Bumi Beringin Village. To get high corn production, it is necessary to utilize optimal production factors. This study aims to determine the effect of land area, the number of seeds, amount of fertilizer, and number of workers on maize production (Zea mays L), and the correlation between maize farming in Bumi Beringin Village, North Luwuk District. This research was carried out from March to May 2021. The respondents' determination was carried out using a saturated sampling method or census where 22 farmers did corn farming. The analysis used is the Cobb-Douglas production function with variables of land area (X1), the number of seeds (X2), amount of fertilizer (X3), and number of workers (X4), and corn production (Y). The analysis results obtained multiple correlation coefficient values of 0.99%, indicating that corn production with production factors (land area, seeds, fertilizers and workers) has a very strong relationship with a relationship level of 99%.

scholarly journals Bees Occurring in Corn Production Fields Treated with Atoxigenic Aspergillus flavus (Texas, USA)

Agronomy ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 571
Author(s):  
Krishna B. Bhandari ◽  
Scott D. Longing ◽  
Charles P. West
Keyword(s):  
Zea Mays ◽  
Apis Mellifera ◽  
Aspergillus Flavus ◽  
Honey Bees ◽  
Zea Mays L ◽  
Soil Fungus ◽  
Basic Information ◽  
Sweat Bee ◽  
Corn Production ◽  
Toxigenic Strains

A saprophytic soil fungus, Aspergillus flavus, produces aflatoxin (toxigenic strains) in the kernels of corn (Zea mays L.) and seeds of many other crops. Many strains of A. flavus do not produce toxigenic aflatoxin, and soil application of these atoxigenic strains is a suppressive control tactic to assist in controlling toxigenic conspecifics. Effects of atoxigenic A. flavus applications on honey bees (Apis mellifera L.) and other bees are unknown, and basic information on bee occurrences in cornfields treated with and without this biological agent is needed to inform integrated pest management in corn. Fields receiving atoxigenic A. flavus applications of FourSureTM were compared to nearby control fields in three counties in corn production regions in eastern Texas. In each cornfield, 20 bee bowl traps were deployed along four equal transects located between corn rows, with contents of the bowls (i.e., bees) retrieved after 24 h. Eleven bee genera from four families were collected from cornfields, with only two honey bees collected and zero honey bees observed in transects. The sweat bee genus Agapostemon (primarily composed of the Texas striped sweat bee A. texanus) was most abundant in cornfields (44% of the total number of bees collected), followed by long-horned bees (Melissodes spp., 24%). The southernmost county (i.e., San Patricio) produced over 80% of the total number of bees collected. Bee numbers occurring in cornfields with applications of atoxigenic A. flavus applications were not significantly different from those of nearby control fields. Although not statistically significant, total numbers of bees tended to be lower in FourSure-treated fields than in control fields. More extensive research on bee abundances in relation to the effect of atoxigenic A. flavus is warranted.

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