Watershed responses to clear-cutting: Effects on soil solutions and stream water discharge in central New Brunswick

1995 ◽  
Vol 75 (4) ◽  
pp. 475-490 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kevin Jewett ◽  
David Daugharty ◽  
Helmut H. Krause ◽  
Paul A. Arp
Keyword(s):  
New Brunswick ◽  
Soil Solution ◽  
Soil Depth ◽  
N Uptake ◽  
Concentration Data ◽  
Post Harvest ◽  
Stream Discharge ◽  
Clear Cutting ◽  
Elemental Concentrations ◽  
Soil Solutions

Elemental concentrations (H, Ca, Mg, K, Na, NH4-N, NO3-N, P) and water flux data for precipitation and stream discharge as well as ion concentration data for soil solutions were collected and summarized for the Hayden Brook (HB) and Narrows Mountain Brook (NMB) watersheds of the Nashwaak Experimental Watershed Project (NEWP) in Central New Brunswick. Elemental concentrations, fluxes and stream discharge from both watersheds were compared for pre- and post-harvest periods (1972–1978 and 1978–1984, respectively). For soil and streamwater solutions, elemental concentrations were typically highest in late summer to fall, and continued to be high throughout the dormant season. For the soil solution, concentrations of NO3-N, NH4-N, Ca and K peaked in midsummer. Highest NO3-N concentrations were found in post-harvest soil solutions taken from hardwood sites. Nitrate levels were low in soil solutions taken from conifer sites, with post-harvest levels slightly higher than pre-harvest levels. Soil solution concentrations were found to vary with soil depth: pH values were lowest at the surface, and increased uniformly with depth; bases (Ca, Mg, K, Na) and NO3-N tended to be lowest at intermediate soil depth. Seasonally divergent trends were observed for post-harvest NO3-N in soil solutions and in streamwater: midsummer levels were high in the former, but low for the latter. Several aspects likely contributed to this divergence: (1) enhanced rates of N mineralization and nitrification in upland soils during post-harvest midsummers, (2) reduced post-harvest vegetational N uptake, (3) possibly accelerated N absorption by microbes and vegetation in the wet areas of the cut watershed. Altogether, post-harvest effects on stream discharge and streamwater chemistry were short-term: differences for elemental concentrations and stream discharge became insignificant after about 5 and 10–12 yr, respectively. Vegetation, especially tolerant hardwoods, recovered rapidly from stump and root sprouts. Key words: Clearcutting, stream discharge, soil solution, pH, Ca, Mg, K, Na, P, NO3-N, NH4-N, seasonal trends

scholarly journals Soil chemical legacies trigger species-specific and context-dependent root responses in later arriving plants

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Benjamin M. Delory ◽  
Hannes Schempp ◽  
Sina Maria Spachmann ◽  
Laura Störzer ◽  
Nicole M. van Dam ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soil Solution ◽  
N Uptake ◽  
Chemical Diversity ◽  
Priority Effects ◽  
Grass Species ◽  
Total N ◽  
Root Foraging ◽  
Soil Solutions ◽  
Grass Communities ◽  
Dependent Pathway

AbstractSoil legacies play an important role for the creation of priority effects. However, we still poorly understand to what extent the metabolome found in the soil solution of a plant community is conditioned by its species composition and whether soil chemical legacies affect subsequent species during assembly. To test these hypotheses, we collected soil solutions from forb or grass communities and evaluated how the metabolome of these soil solutions affected the growth, biomass allocation, and functional traits of a forb (Dianthus deltoides) and a grass species (Festuca rubra). Results showed that the metabolomes found in the soil solutions of forb and grass communities differed in composition and chemical diversity. While soil chemical legacies did not have any effect on F. rubra, root foraging by D. deltoides decreased when plants received the soil solution from a grass or a forb community. Structural equation modelling showed that reduced soil exploration by D. deltoides arose via either a root growth-dependent pathway (forb metabolome) or a root trait-dependent pathway (grass metabolome). Reduced root foraging was not connected to a decrease in total N uptake. Our findings reveal that soil chemical legacies can create belowground priority effects by affecting root foraging in later arriving plants.

Nitrate formation and movement before and after clear-cutting of a monitored watershed in central New Brunswick, Canada

1982 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 922-930 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. H. Krause
Keyword(s):  
Soil Solution ◽  
Nitrate Nitrogen ◽  
Nitrogen Loss ◽  
Water Discharge ◽  
Main Stream ◽  
Continuous Sampling ◽  
Clear Cut ◽  
Clear Cutting ◽  
Soil Solutions ◽  
Before And After

A watershed of 391 ha, supporting tolerant hardwoods on elevated sloping portions and softwoods on low lying areas, was clear-cut in 1978. Nitrate nitrogen was monitored over 5 years before and 3 years after clear-cutting by periodic extraction of soil solution samples and continuous sampling of the brooks draining the cut and a similar control watershed. The brooks were gauged to determine water discharge. Before clear-cutting, nitrate nitrogen was not detectable for most of the time in soil solutions under softwood cover, but occurred commonly under hardwood cover with concentrations ranging upward to 4.7 mg/L. Nitrate nitrogen in the brooks varied from undetectable to 0.3 mg/L. After clear-cutting, nitrate nitrogen increased to maximum concentrations of 13.4 mg/L, in the soil solution under hardwood cover, and 1.6 mg/L, in the main channel of the brook. Soil solution nitrogen was not changed significantly by clear-cutting of softwood stands. The 3-year cumulative nitrogen loss attributable to clear-cutting was 19.1 kg/ha. Nitrate nitrogen in soil solutions, branch, and main stream indicated that disproportionately larger amounts of nitrogen were lost from the elevated and sloping portions of the watershed than from the lower lying areas.

Effects of Different Nitrogen Fertilizers and Humic Acid On Wheat Crop Irrigated With Different Water Regime Using 15N

2021 ◽  
Vol 50 (2) ◽  
pp. 261-267
Author(s):  
Ahmed A Moursy ◽  
MM Ismail
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Water Regime ◽  
Soil Depth ◽  
N Uptake ◽  
Nitrogen Fertilizers ◽  
Wheat Crop ◽  
Water Requirements ◽  
Applied Water ◽  
Yield Production ◽  
Uptake Data

A field experiment was conducted to observe effects of water requirements and different fertilizers on wheat crop’s yield, production and N uptake. Data showed that dry matter yield of wheat grain was higher with Hu + AS (5.82 mt/ha) compared with applied water 100% ETC. Concerning the rate of water regime, the best significant grain yield of wheat was obtained with 100% ETc (4.23 mt/ha). Nitrogen derived from fertilizer Ndff% with 50% ETC of water was 28.41 and 27.28% for grain and straw, respectively. At 100% ETC of water the Ndff% was 30.16 and 27.75% for grain and straw, respectively. Nitrogen utilized by grains and straw was more efficient under treatment Hu + AS combined with 50% Etc, 100% Etc recording 15.6 and 32.23%, respectively. At 50% ETC of water requirements for wheat crop, higher N remained in 0 - 15, 15 - 30 and 30 - 45 cm soil depth were nearly closed to each other compared with the treatment made at 100% ETC of water requirements. Bangladesh J. Bot. 50(2): 261-267, 2021 (June)

Relationship of upstream migrating adult Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) and stream discharge within Catamaran Brook, New Brunswick

2007 ◽  
Vol 64 (3) ◽  
pp. 563-573 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sean C Mitchell ◽  
Richard A Cunjak
Keyword(s):  
Body Size ◽  
Atlantic Salmon ◽  
New Brunswick ◽  
Salmo Salar ◽  
Predictive Ability ◽  
River System ◽  
Low Flow ◽  
Stream Discharge ◽  
Atlantic Salmon Salmo Salar ◽  
Adult Abundance

Stream discharge has long been associated with abundance of returning adult spawning salmonids to streams and may also affect body size distribution of adult salmon as low flows interfere with returns of larger-bodied fish. We examined these relationships of abundance and body size within Catamaran Brook, a third-order tributary to the Miramichi River system of New Brunswick, Canada, to investigate the causes of a declining trend in annual returns of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) to this stream. Regression models of adult abundance, proportion of the run as grilse, and body size of returning adults as functions of maximum daily stream discharge during the period of upstream spawner migration were constructed. Adult abundance shows a logarithmic relationship with stream discharge and provides good predictive ability, while appearing to not be significantly related to adult abundance in the larger Miramichi system. The proportion as grilse in the run and female body size are also logarithmically related to stream discharge, with low flow years being very influential in the regressions. These relationships of Atlantic salmon population abundance and body size characteristics have implications with respect to stock integrity and production of the following generation.

scholarly journals Effect of post-harvest forestry residue management practices on the diversity of epigeal coleopterans

2017 ◽  
Vol 70 (1) ◽  
pp. 8069-8075 ◽  
Author(s):  
Priscila Ramírez Aliaga ◽  
Amanda Huerta Fuentes ◽  
Jaime Eduardo Araya Clericus
Keyword(s):  
Species Richness ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Diversity Index ◽  
Residue Management ◽  
Pitfall Traps ◽  
Central Chile ◽  
Post Harvest ◽  
Clear Cutting ◽  
Randomized Design ◽  
Harvest Residue

The aim of this work was to study the effect of post-harvest forestry residue management practices on the epigeal coleopterans diversity and abundance in a 1-yr old Pinus radiata plantation. Approximately 25-yr old P. radiata plantation was available, which was harvested by clear-cutting at the beginning of 2010 in Constitución, central Chile. Three post harvest residue management treatments were installed in a fully randomized design in blocks: 1) a control, where residues were intact left; 2) residue removed (> 2.5 cm diameter); and 3) burned. The coleopterans were sampled in spring and summer, using linear transects with pitfall traps. The abundance and richness, and diversity index of coleopterans were determined. A total of 23 species of 13 families were obtained. Both in the springand summer, the treatment with residues left registered significantly greater abundance and species richness. In the residue management, the practices of intact leaving residue should be considered as the least impacting on diversity and abundance of epigeal coleopterans and is recommended for creating refugee areas to promote diversity of beetles in this area of study.

The Role of Dissolved CH4 in Soil Solution in the CH4 Emission from Water-Saving Irrigated Rice Fields

2011 ◽  
Vol 148-149 ◽  
pp. 977-982
Author(s):  
Dao Xi Li
Keyword(s):  
Soil Solution ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Dominant Role ◽  
Water Layer ◽  
Water Saving ◽  
Rice Fields ◽  
Chromatography Method ◽  
Soil Layers ◽  
Soil Solutions

To examine how the dissolved CH4 in soil solution would affect the CH4 emission from rice field, fluxes of CH4 emission were measured by using a manually closed static chamber-gas chromatography method, and the dissolved CH4 in soil solution was obtained through shaking soil solutions, which were extracted from different paddy soil layers by a soil solution sampler with suction and pressure. The results show that the CH4 fluxes from rice fields and the concentration of dissolved CH4 in soil solution are both reduced significantly under the water-saving irrigation as compared to the traditional flooded irrigation. Under the water-saving irrigation, naturally receding water-layer during the early stage leads to an earlier peak of CH4 flux, but dramatically reduces the concentration of dissolved CH4 in soil solution. The maximum concentration is shifted to about 20-cm depth soil layers, and the relationship between CH4 emissions and dissolved CH4 in soil solution can be estimated using an exponential function of dissolved CH4 in soil solution at the depth of about 20 cm (R2＝0.89, p4 in soil solution plays a more dominant role in CH4 emission under the water-saving irrigation than that under continuously flooded irrigation.

THE EFFECT OF FENITROTHION FROM LARGE-SCALE FOREST SPRAYING ON BENTHOS IN NEW BRUNSWICK HEADWATERS STREAMS

1975 ◽  
Vol 107 (7) ◽  
pp. 743-760 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. C. Eidt
Keyword(s):  
New Brunswick ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Stream Discharge

AbstractKills of arthropods in three streams containing fenitrothion up to 6.38 ppb were measured using drift nets. Stoneflies and some species of mayflies were most affected. The drift responses of various taxa to the insecticide and to stream discharge are documented. The benthos was not seriously depleted.

Speciation of cadmium in soil solutions of saline/sodic soils and relationship with cadmium concentrations in potato tubers (Solanum tuberosum L.)

Soil Research ◽  
1997 ◽  
Vol 35 (1) ◽  
pp. 183 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. J. McLaughlin ◽  
K. G. Tiller ◽  
M. K. Smart
Keyword(s):  
Soil Solution ◽  
Soil Ph ◽  
Solanum Tuberosum L ◽  
Alkaline Soil ◽  
Sodic Soils ◽  
Chloro Complexes ◽  
Soil Solutions ◽  
High Concentrations ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Saline Solutions

Fifty commercial potato crops and associated soils were sampled. Soil solutions were extracted from rewetted soils by centrifugation, and solution composition was related to Cd concentrations in tubers. Soils were also extracted with 0·01 M Ca(NO3)2 and 0·01 M CaCl2 solutions, and Cd2+ activities in the extracts were calculated by difference using the stability constants for formation of CdCl2-nn species. The soils had saline solutions (>4 dS/m), and Cl- and SO2-4 in solution markedly affected the speciation of Cd in soil solution, with chloro-complexes, in particular, dominating. While low soil pH was associated with high (>25 nM) concentrations of Cd in soil solution, chloro-complexation also led to high concentrations of Cd in solution, even at neutral to alkaline soil pH values. Tuber Cd concentrations were not related to activities of Cd2+ in soil solution or to activities in dilute salt extracts of soil. Tuber Cd concentrations were related to the degree of chloro-complexation of Cd in solution. The relationship of tuber Cd concentrations to chloro-complexation in soil solution suggests that Cd species other than the free Cd2+ ion are involved in the transport through soil and uptake of Cd by plants.

Effects of grassland afforestation on exchangeable soil and soil solution aluminium

Soil Research ◽  
2001 ◽  
Vol 39 (5) ◽  
pp. 1003 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. L. Adams ◽  
M. R. Davis ◽  
K. J. Powell
Keyword(s):  
Forest Soil ◽  
Soil Solution ◽  
Base Cation ◽  
Pinus Nigra ◽  
Base Saturation ◽  
Conifer Forest ◽  
Forest Sites ◽  
Hill Slope ◽  
Soil Solutions ◽  
The Impact

The impact of land use change from grassland to conifer forest on the aluminium (Al) concentrations in soils and soil solutions was examined. Soils from grassland were compared with those from adjoining 15–19-year old forest stands at 3 contrasting pairs of sites in South Island, New Zealand. The site pairs were on a terrace [Pinus nigra/P. ponderosa, and grassland (CP)], and a hill slope [Pseudotsuga menziesii and grassland (CF)] in the Craigieburn range, Canterbury, and a hill slope in the Lammerlaw Range, Otago [P. radiata and grassland (LP)]. The sites had never been cultivated or fertilised, and for each pair the forest and grassland were similar in terms of soil and topography. The 1 M KCl exchangeable and 0.02 M CaCl 2 extractable Al levels at 0–10 cm were higher in forest than in grassland topsoil at CP and LP (P < 0.01). In soil solutions there was a trend for both ‘reactive Al’ and Al bound in labile organic complexes to be higher in forest soil at all sites, but site-pair differences were only significant at LP, and only for ‘reactive Al’. The increase in ‘reactive Al’ at this site was linked to the low pH and low base saturation. The ratios of exchangeable and soil solution Ca 2+ and Mg 2+ to ‘reactive Al’ were substantially lower in forest than grassland soils at all sites. Aluminium complexation capacity (Al-CC) values at all sites were higher in forest soil solutions than in grassland soil solutions. For the grassland and forest sites at LP, the Al-CC correlated strongly with the amount of soluble fulvic and humic matter present, as estimated from soil solution UV absorbance at 250 nm. In soils with the lowest percentage base saturation and buffering capacity (LP), afforestation of pastoral grassland with Pinus radiata significantly reduced soil pH and base cation levels, while increasing both soil and soil solution Al concentrations. Under such conditions (base saturation <20%), the increase in ‘reactive Al’ concentrations in soil solutions under fast growing conifer tree species may be sufficient to affect Mg uptake.

scholarly journals Effect of Different Levels of Urea Super Granule and Prilled Urea on the Crop Quality, Nutrient Uptake and Soil Nutrient Status of Broccoli

2018 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 24-39 ◽  
Author(s):  
M J Hussain ◽  
A J M S Karim ◽  
A R M Solaiman ◽  
M S Islam ◽  
M Rahman
Keyword(s):  
Nutrient Uptake ◽  
N Uptake ◽  
Nutrient Status ◽  
Comparative Performance ◽  
Chlorophyll Contents ◽  
Post Harvest ◽  
Uptake Efficiency ◽  
Prilled Urea ◽  
N Uptake Efficiency ◽  
Β Carotene

A field experiment was conducted at Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Agricultural University, Gazipur during the period 2010-2011 to assess the effect of urea super granule (USG) and prilled urea (PU) on the quality attributes (Compactness coefficient, Vitamin C, β-carotene and chlorophyll contents) of broccoli, to assess the comparative performance of USG and PU on nutrient uptake and uptake efficiency of broccoli plant, to assess the effect of different forms and levels of urea N on the post harvest soil nutrient status of broccoli field and to select the better doses of USG and PU for quality broccoli production in Shallow Red-Brown Terrace Soil under Madhupur Tract (AEZ-28). The experiment was laid out in a randomized complete block design with three replications having 17 treatments constituted with different levels of urea super granule (USG) and prilled urea (PU) as- T1: N-control,  T2: PU-N80, T3: PU-N100, T4: PU-N120, T5: PU-N140, T6: PU-N160, T7: PU-N180, T8: PU-N200, T9: PU-N220, T10: USG-N80, T11: USG-N100,  T12: USG-N120, T13: USG-N140, T14: USG-N160, T15: USG-N180, T16: USG-N200, T17 and USG-N220 kg ha-1. Results revealed that the comparative performance of USG in relation to head quality (compactness coefficient, ascorbic acid, β-carotene and chlorophyll content), nutrient (NPKS) uptake and N uptake efficiency was found better as compared to PU. The compactness coefficient, β-carotene and chlorophyll contents were increased with increasing rate of N as well as USG and PU, but ascorbic acid content was slightly decreased with increasing rate of USG and PU. The maximum compactness coefficient (18.61) was found from the treatment USG-N180 that was followed by USG-N160 (18.24) and the highest β-carotene content (0.401 mg/100gFW) was found from USG-N160 followed by PU-N180 (0.40 mg/100gFW). Similarly the highest chlorophyll-a content (0.818 mg/100gFW) was found from USG-N180 followed by USG-N160 (0.814 mg/100gFW) and the highest chlorophyll-b content (1.141mg/100g FW) was recorded from USG-N180. The higher nutrient uptake and N uptake efficiency (108.531%) was obtained from USG treated plots over that of the PU. But N uptake efficiency was decreased with increasing rates of N fertilizer. But post harvest soil nitrogen status did not show any systematic trend although it was found higher in USG over PU. Similarly no remarkable changes were observed in post harvest soil P, K, S and B status for the crop. However, USG @ 160 kg N ha-1 (USG-N160) followed by USG-N140 and PU @ 180 kg N ha-1 (PU-N180) with other recommended doses of fertilizer could be suggested as USG and PU based fertilizer recommendation for a good quality broccoli production in terms of yield and quality in Silty Clay Loam Soil of Madhupur Tract.The Agriculturists 2017; 15(2) 24-39 

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