EFFECTS OF INTENSIVE VEGETABLE PRODUCTION ON THE HYDROLYZABLE CARBON, NITROGEN AND SULPHUR OF A BRITISH COLUMBIA HUMISOL

1990 ◽  
Vol 70 (4) ◽  
pp. 621-628 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. M. OLSON ◽  
L. E. LOWE
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Key Words ◽  
Organic Soil ◽  
Hydriodic Acid ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
Weight Basis ◽  
Vegetable Production ◽  
Total N ◽  
Hydrolysis Of ◽  
Soil Weight

Acid hydrolysis was used to examine organic matter (OM), C, N and S in adjacent uncultivated and cultivated (40 yr) sections of a humisol. Paired soil samples were collected along two transects, both of which included deep organic soil and an exposed mineral ridge. About one-third of the OM was hydrolyzed. Cultivation had no effect on hydrolysis of the deep organic soil, whereas the amount hydrolyzed was significantly reduced by 4.1% in the ridge samples. Total C hydrolyzed ranged from 22.8 to 26.9% with no effect caused by cultivation or transect position relative to the ridge. In contrast, 71.1–80.4% of total N and 39.1 to 49.3% of total S were hydrolyzed. Cultivation significantly reduced the proportion of total N hydrolyzed in the deep organic soil and the proportion of total S hydrolyzed in both the deep organic soil and the ridge sections. On a total soil weight basis, cultivation reduced the amount of OM, C, N and S hydrolyzed in the ridge samples by 43, 38, 44 and 39%, respectively, but had much less effect on the deep organic soil samples. For the most part the distribution of N forms was similar for the four transect sections. Most of the S hydrolyzed was in the hydriodic acid-reducible sulphur (HI-S) form. The hydrolyzates from the cultivated soil samples had higher C-S:HI-S ratios. The amount of S hydrolyzed in the OM was not affected by cultivation, whereas residue-S was increased by 35.1 to 64.7%. The problems encountered with S hydrolysis analysis were discussed. Key words: Cultivation, humisol, hydrolysis, organic matter, carbon, nitrogen, sulphur

EFFECTS OF CATECHOL AND P-BENZOQUINONE ON THE HYDROLYSIS OF UREA AND ENERGY BARRIERS OF UREASE ACTIVITY IN SOILS

1984 ◽  
Vol 64 (1) ◽  
pp. 51-60 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. S. TOMAR ◽  
A. F. MacKENZIE
Keyword(s):  
Activation Energy ◽  
Organic Matter ◽  
Soil Organic Matter ◽  
Key Words ◽  
Urease Activity ◽  
Urea Hydrolysis ◽  
Urease Inhibitors ◽  
Soil Urease ◽  
Hydrolysis Of ◽  
Hydrolysis Of Urea

The effects of the urease inhibitors, catechol and p-benzoquinone, and temperature on the hydrolysis of urea in five soils were investigated in a laboratory study. Urea hydrolysis decreased significantly with the amount of inhibitors applied and increased significantly with each 5 °C increase in temperature from 5 to 25 °C. The effectiveness of inhibitors generally decreased with increases in temperature from 5 to 25 °C. The correlation of hydrolysis of urea with organic matter contents of the soils was highly significant (r = 0.67** to 0.86**). Both catechol and p-benzoquinone tended to increase the energies and entropies of activation of soil urease and the effect was enhanced with a decrease in soil organic matter. It is suggested that an increase in the activation energy of the soil urease as a result of inhibitor use was related to an increase in the effectiveness of the inhibitor. Key words: Urease inhibitors, urea hydrolysis, energy of activation

Assessment of the effect of abattoir effluent on soil properties cultivated with flint maize

2021 ◽  
pp. 48-56
Author(s):  
Abhanzioya M.I ◽  
James T .V
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
Total N ◽  
Randomized Complete Block Design ◽  
Maize Variety ◽  
Bacteria And Fungi ◽  
Microbiological Properties

The assessment of abattoir effluent on the physicochemical and microbiological properties of the soil cultivated with flint maize was conducted in the Teaching and Research Farm of Ambrose Alli University, Ekpoma. The experiment was a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with five levels of abattoir effluent (0, 32 x 103, 64 x 10 3, 96 x 103, 128 x 103L/ha) and each was replicated three times. The effluent was collected and analyzed for its chemical properties, the number and types of bacteria and fungi before and at the end of the experiment. Soil samples were collected before planting and at the end of the experiment and analyzed for physicochemical properties as well as the number and types of bacteria and fungi. Maize variety; Samma – 38 was used as a test crop. Results showed that more bacteria and fungi counts were found in the abattoir effluent than in the soil. At 15 weeks after application, the plot treated with 64 x 103 L/ha of abattoir effluent had more bacteria isolated and the least bacteria count. The plot that received the 32 x 103L/ha had the least fungi count. The soil was slightly acidic except for the strongly acidic control. The soil after the applications of abattoir effluent was high in organic matter. Abattoir effluent increased the total N, K, Mg, and Ca with the highest recorded at the applications of 96 x 103L/ha and 128 x 103L/ha. Organisms such as Penicillium and Aspergillus spp were isolated, and these enhanced nitrogen and phosphorous fixation, thereby increasing soil fertility for suitable crop production.

EFFECTS OF INTENSIVE VEGETABLE PRODUCTION ON CHEMICAL PROPERTIES AND NUTRIENT MINERALIZATION OF A BRITISH COLUMBIA HUMISOL

1990 ◽  
Vol 70 (3) ◽  
pp. 445-460
Author(s):  
B. M. OLSON ◽  
L. E. LOWE
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
Organic Matter ◽  
Surface Layer ◽  
Subsurface Layer ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Organic Soil ◽  
Yield Reduction ◽  
Main Concern ◽  
Vegetable Production ◽  
Nutrient Mineralization

A study was conducted to determine the effects of long-term vegetable production on some organic matter (OM) chemical properties in an organic soil located near Cloverdale, British Columbia. Producers in this area are concerned about yield reduction and some feel this is due to changes in the soil quality. Paired soil samples were collected from two transects: one in a 40-yr-old vegetable field, and the other in an adjacent fence row. The transects were positioned in order to collect samples from a relatively deep organic deposit and from a shallow deposit where a ridge of mineral subsoil had been exposed. Initial analysis showed that cultivation had changed some chemical properties only in the plow layer. The exception was pH which was higher throughout the sample depth of the cultivated transect. Organic matter loss from the cultivated field was estimated 28% by weight, based on ash accumulation. In the cultivated deep organic section (west of the ridge) OM and C contents were reduced by 7.1 and 5.6% respectively, whereas on the cultivated ridge OM, C, N and S contents and the amount of C, N and S mineralized were reduced by 43.3, 41.6, 43.4, 25.9, 42.8, 60.8 and 52.5%, respectively. On an ash-free basis there were no changes in the deep organic section. In the ridge, the OM sulphur content had increased and the amount of N and S mineralized were decreased compared with the uncultivated transect. In the cultivated surface layer, increased S content in the OM was caused by incorporation of a S-rich subsurface layer during tillage operations. Increases in P content in the cultivated transect were attributed to P fertilization. Within the cultivated transect, C, N and S contents in the exposed mineral ridge were 48, 48, and 44%, respectively, lower than in the deep organic surface layer on the west side of the ridge. The C:N ratios were unchanged at about 16. The chemical stability of the OM was attributed to its well-decomposed nature. At this particular site, the degradation due to excessive cultivation was manifested mainly in OM loss, rather than in changes in OM quality. The main concern of producers is to reduce or prevent further loss of soil OM. Key words: Humisol, organic soil, cultivation, mineralizable C, N and S, incubation

scholarly journals Changes in the stocks of C and N in organic matter fractions in soil cropped with coffee and fertilized with sunn hemp and ammonium sulfate

2018 ◽  
Vol 39 (3) ◽  
pp. 999
Author(s):  
Wander Douglas Pereira ◽  
Fábio Lúcio Martins Neto ◽  
Ricardo Henrique Silva Santos ◽  
Teógenes Senna de Oliveira ◽  
Segundo Sacramento Urquiaga Caballero
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Ammonium Sulfate ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
Total N ◽  
Organic C ◽  
Green Manuring ◽  
Time Zero ◽  
Sunn Hemp ◽  
C And N ◽  
Over Time

Despite the potential to provide N to crops, the rapid incorporation of green manure nutrients into stable fractions of organic matter in the soil (SOM) may reduce the efficiency of green manuring. Thus, the objective of this work was to characterize the changes of C and N stocks in fractions of SOM cultivated with coffee (Coffea arabica L.) and fertilized with sunn hemp (Crotalaria juncea) and ammonium sulfate. To study the changes in organic C (OC) and total N (TN) in soil and fractions of SOM over time, soil samples were collected in the 0–5 and 5–10 cm layers, with the initial sampling done prior to the application of sunn hemp residues and ammonium sulfate. Five samples were collected every 2 months after the application of the legume and ammonium sulfate. The soil samples were submitted to densimetric and granulometric fractionation, obtaining the free light organic matter (F-LOM), particulate organic matter (POM), and organic matter associated with minerals (MAM). OC and TN stocks were then determined in soil and the SOM fractions. The changes in the stocks of OC (?StcC) in the soil in relation to time zero were positive in the evaluations carried out in the two layers. The fractions of SOM showed positive ?StcC at almost all of the evaluated times. The N supplied to the soil in the form of mineral and organic fertilizer promoted an increase of 0.24 Mg ha-1 of N in the 0–5 cm layer until after 60 days. Of this total, 0.03 Mg ha-1 was associated with F-LOM, 0.07 Mg ha-1 with POM, and the remainder was associated with MAM. Nearly 60% of the N that was supplied to the soil was drawn to the stable fractions of the SOM, indicating a rapid stabilization of this nutrient in the most recalcitrant organic compartments. Despite that, the variations in N stocks of MAM became smaller over time, and eventually became negative, in relation to time zero. This indicates the mineralization of N of this compartment. In the 5–10 cm layer, no effect of time was observed in the soil TN, N-POM, or N-MAM stocks. Additionally, under the conditions of this experiment, the majority of the N supplied to the soil was rapidly incorporated into the most stable fraction of SOM, and this might can reduced the efficiency of the green manuring.

Nitrogen in the excreta of dairy cattle: changes during short-term storage

1993 ◽  
Vol 121 (1) ◽  
pp. 73-81 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. C. Whitehead ◽  
N. Raistrick
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Dairy Cattle ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Particulate Material ◽  
Organic N ◽  
Total N ◽  
Continuous Stream ◽  
Rate Of Hydrolysis ◽  
High Concentrations ◽  
Hydrolysis Of

SUMMARYThe concentration of N in samples of urine from dairy cattle fed on grass herbage, or grass or maize silage, sometimes with additional concentrate feeds, ranged from 6·0 to 13·8 mg N/l with 67–91% of the total N being present as urea. The concentration of N in 11 samples of dung was 0·32–0·52% on a fresh weight basis (2·74–3·82% N in dry weight). About 18% of the dung N was contained in particulate material of > 0·2 mm diameter,c.72% in fine particulate plus colloidal material, andc.10% was soluble in the presence of A12(SO4)3.When urine was stored for 3 weeks, the urea component was hydrolysed with the formation of ammonium. The rate at which hydrolysis occurred was greatly influenced by temperature. Hydrolysis of urea was complete within 2 days at 35 °C, within 7 days at 20 °C and within 21 days at 10 °C, but was onlyc.90% complete after 21 days at 5 °C. The rate of hydrolysis of urinary urea-N at 20 °C was increased slightly by inoculation with slurry, dung or soil, and was also increased slightly by the greater aeration resulting from a continuous stream of bubbled air. No nitrification was detected, even in urine that was aerated for 6 weeks, probably because the process was inhibited under the conditions of high pH (9–10) and high concentrations of ammoniacal N.When dung was stored for 3 weeks at 5 or 10 °C, there was little change in the amount of organic matter or in the form of N. However, at higher temperatures, some mineralization occurred and the amount of organic matter declined by 8% at 20 °C and by 17% at 35 °C. About 10% of the organic N was converted to ammonium during 3 weeks at 20 °C, andc.18% at 35 °C.With a slurry prepared from approximately equal amounts of urine, dung and water, more of the dung material was mineralized than with the dung stored alone:c.15% of the organic matter was lost during 3 weeks at 5 °C and c. 34% at 35 °C. Despite this loss of organic matter, there was net immobilization of soluble N during the 3-week period by the solid fractions of the slurry, at all four temperatures.

scholarly journals Soil Physicochemical Properties Variation in Black Soil after the Long-term Application of Different Organic Amendments

2020 ◽  
pp. 24-34
Author(s):  
Yaa Opoku-Kwanowaa ◽  
Jinggui Wu ◽  
Xiaodong Chen ◽  
Ahmed Sharaf ◽  
Sonny Gad Attipoe
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Physicochemical Properties ◽  
Organic Materials ◽  
Organic Amendments ◽  
Black Soil ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
Chicken Manure ◽  
Soil Physicochemical Properties ◽  
Total N ◽  
Study Results

Aims: This research aimed to assess how the physicochemical properties of black soil respond to different organic amendments after 10 years of application. Study Design: The experiment was established in 2010 and followed a randomized block design consisting of 24 plots (5 m × 5 m) 25 m2 with eight treatments in three replicates. Place and Duration of Study: The study site was located at the Jilin Agricultural University Research Farm, Northeast China (43°48′ N, 125°23′ E; km). Methodology: The treatments for the study included an annual input of chemical fertilizer and organic amendments at the surface of the soil. The treatments were: Control (CK), chicken manure (JM), fodder grass (FG), mushroom (MS), maize straw (MZ), tree leaf (TL), pig manure (PM) and cow manure (CM). Chemical fertilizers were added at the rate of 165 kg of N, 82.5 kg of P and 82.5 kg of K ha_1 per year. Application rates of organic materials were adjusted to similar amounts of organic matter (2000 kgha−1). In June 2019, soil samples were collected from each of the amended fields. In each field, three sampling points were randomly selected. Soil samples were collected from the 0 – 20 cm depth using a core sampler then taken to the laboratory for soil physicochemical properties analysis. Results: Comparing the results of the organic treatments with CK, bulk density decreased by 5.6-18.0% while porosity, EC, pH, total N and SOC significantly increased in the organic treatments by 6.0-25.9%, 8.3-25.0%, 0.52-1.7%, 2.7-54.7% and 1.3-18.4% respectively. The textural class of soil under the different treatments did not change however, the distribution of soil particle size varied among the treatments, where high clay and silt content were recorded in the amended fields. Moreover, the application of different organic materials significantly affected the soil aggregate stability and this was attributed to the increase in organic matter content which accelerated important microbial activities in the soil to improve aggregation. At higher suction potentials, higher water contents were recorded in the organic amended fields mainly due to the improved physical properties of the soil. Conclusion: The study results showed that the application of organic amendments greatly improves the physical and chemical properties of black soil. Therefore, using these organic amendments can serve as an effective strategy to enhance soil quality and fertility.

scholarly journals Pedogenic and Contemporary Issues of Fluvisol Characterization and Utilisation in the Wetlands of Bamenda Municipality, Cameroon

2020 ◽  
pp. 8-27
Author(s):  
Godswill Azinwie Asongwe ◽  
Bernard P. K. Yerima ◽  
Aaron Suh Tening ◽  
Irene Bongsiysi Bame
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Soil Properties ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Correlation Coefficients ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
Soil Parameters ◽  
Vegetable Production ◽  
Management Units

Fluvisols in urban wetlands in Bamenda Municipality Cameroon play a vital role in vegetable production but they are under immense pressure. Seven representative soil profiles and 21 surface soil samples were morphologically and/or physico-chemically characterized to classify the soils, evaluate their agro-utilization constraints, and to provide adequate data for planning sustainable land management. The soil samples were analyzed using standard procedures. Critical levels established for tropical crops and vegetables were used to declare deficiency of soil nutrients. The coefficient of variation were used as an index of soil variability, while sources of soil variation and subsequent grouping into management units were identified using principal component analysis. The soils, classified as Humi-umbric fluvisols are developed from young alluvio-colluvial material of granitic origin. Like other physico-chemical properties, organic matter varied irregularly down the profile. Except of pH which was slightly (CV<15%) variable, most soil properties were moderately (CV=15-35%) to highly (CV>35%) variable. Some correlation coefficients between the soil parameters were highly significant (p<0.01) ranging - 0.95 to 0.99, but most of them have correlation values less than 0.5. Six principal components (PCs) grouping soils in management units explained 96.2% of the variations observed in the soil properties. The PCs were: base status, organic matter, weathering and moisture retention, acidity, dispersal and N-mineralization, and mineral neo-synthesis factors. We recommend that a detailed mapping of soil properties be carried out for the establishment of a soil fertility map; and individual soil management practices defined for identified units instead of a common management for all units in the municipality.

Characterization of dissolved organic matter (DOM) extracted from soils by hot water percolation (HWP)

2010 ◽  
Vol 59 (1) ◽  
pp. 99-108 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Takács ◽  
Gy. Füleky
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Humic Acid ◽  
Natural Organic Matter ◽  
Extraction Methods ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
Hot Water ◽  
Soil Extracts ◽  
Water Percolation ◽  
Soil Humic Acid

The Hot Water Percolation (HWP) technique for preparing soil extracts has several advantages: it is easily carried out, fast, and several parameters can be measured from the same solution. The object of this study was to examine the possible use of HWP extracts for the characterization of soil organic matter. The HPLC-SEC chromatograms, UV-VIS and fluorescence properties of the HWP extracts were studied and the results were compared with those of the International Humic Substances Society (IHSS) Soil Humic Acid (HA), IHSS Soil Fulvic Acid (FA) and IHSS Suwannee Natural Organic Matter (NOM) standards as well as their HA counterparts isolated by traditional extraction methods from the original soil samples. The DOM of the HWP solution is probably a mixture of organic materials, which have some characteristics similar to the Soil FA fractions and NOM. The HWP extracted organic material can be studied and characterized using simple techniques, like UV-VIS and fluorescence spectroscopy.

Hydrolysis of organic wastewater particles in laboratory scale and pilot scale biofilm reactors under anoxic and aerobic conditions

1998 ◽  
Vol 38 (8-9) ◽  
pp. 179-188 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. F. Janning ◽  
X. Le Tallec ◽  
P. Harremoës
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Mass Balance ◽  
Particulate Organic Matter ◽  
Removal Rate ◽  
Pilot Scale ◽  
Laboratory Scale ◽  
Synthetic Wastewater ◽  
Aerobic Conditions ◽  
Biofilm Reactors ◽  
Hydrolysis Of

Hydrolysis and degradation of particulate organic matter has been isolated and investigated in laboratory scale and pilot scale biofilters. Wastewater was supplied to biofilm reactors in order to accumulate particulates from wastewater in the filter. When synthetic wastewater with no organic matter was supplied to the reactors, hydrolysis of the particulates was the only process occurring. Results from the laboratory scale experiments under aerobic conditions with pre-settled wastewater show that the initial removal rate is high: rV, O2 = 2.1 kg O2/(m3 d) though fast declining towards a much slower rate. A mass balance of carbon (TOC/TIC) shows that only 10% of the accumulated TOC was transformed to TIC during the 12 hour long experiment. The pilot scale hydrolysis experiment was performed in a new type of biofilm reactor - the B2A® biofilter that is characterised by a series of decreasing sized granular media (80-2.5 mm). When hydrolysis experiments were performed on the anoxic pilot biofilter with pre-screened wastewater particulates as carbon source, a rapid (rV, NO3=0.7 kg NO3-N/(m3 d)) and a slowler (rV, NO3 = 0.3 kg NO3-N/(m3 d)) removal rate were observed at an oxygen concentration of 3.5 mg O2/l. It was found that the pilot biofilter could retain significant amounts of particulate organic matter, reducing the porosity of the filter media of an average from 0.35 to 0.11. A mass balance of carbon shows that up to 40% of the total incoming TOC accumulates in the filter at high flow rates. Only up to 15% of the accumulated TOC was transformed to TIC during the 24 hour long experiment.

scholarly journals Describing Phosphorus Sorption Processes on Volcanic Soil in the Presence of Copper or Silver Engineered Nanoparticles

Minerals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 373
Author(s):  
Jonathan Suazo-Hernández ◽  
Erwin Klumpp ◽  
Nicolás Arancibia-Miranda ◽  
Patricia Poblete-Grant ◽  
Alejandra Jara ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Agricultural Soils ◽  
Ph Value ◽  
Consumer Products ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
Engineered Nanoparticles ◽  
P Availability ◽  
Agricultural Crop ◽  
Phosphorus Sorption

Engineered nanoparticles (ENPs) present in consumer products are being released into the agricultural systems. There is little information about the direct effect of ENPs on phosphorus (P) availability, which is an essential nutrient for crop growthnaturally occurring in agricultural soils. The present study examined the effect of 1, 3, and 5% doses of Cu0 or Ag0 ENPs stabilized with L-ascorbic acid (suspension pH 2–3) on P ad- and desorption in an agricultural Andisol with total organic matter (T-OM) and with partial removal of organic matter (R-OM) by performing batch experiments. Our results showed that the adsorption kinetics data of H2PO4− on T-OM and R-OM soil samples with and without ENPs were adequately described by the pseudo-second-order (PSO) and Elovich models. The adsorption isotherm data of H2PO4− from T-OM and R-OM soil samples following ENPs addition were better fitted by the Langmuir model than the Freundlich model. When the Cu0 or Ag0 ENPs doses were increased, the pH value decreased and H2PO4− adsorption increased on T-OM and R-OM. The H2PO4− desorption (%) was lower with Cu0 ENPs than Ag0 ENPs. Overall, the incorporation of ENPs into Andisols generated an increase in P retention, which may affect agricultural crop production.

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