PHYSICAL FACTORS INVOLVED IN THE FORMATION OF SOIL SHEATHS ON CORN SEEDLING ROOTS

1987 ◽  
Vol 67 (3) ◽  
pp. 591-600 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. FYSON ◽  
A. OAKS
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Field Capacity ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Physical Factors ◽  
Fluorescent Pseudomonad ◽  
Specific Mass ◽  
High Soil Moisture ◽  
Continuous Corn ◽  
Seedling Roots ◽  
Corn Seedling

A layer of soil (soil sheath) that is resistant to removal by shaking develops on corn seedling roots under a wide variety of environmental conditions. Low temperature (15 °C) and high soil moisture content (100% field capacity) promote the formation of the most substantial sheaths (> 11 mg of soil (dry weight) cm−1 root) in an Elora alfalfa soil. A diversity of corn genotypes and a teosinte form sheaths of comparable specific mass whereas much less soil adheres to pea and soybean roots in this soil. Cultivation history has a considerable influence on sheath mass. For example, at Elora, a soil under alfalfa for several seasons promotes sheaths of higher specific mass (9.9 ± 0.5 mg cm−1 root) than a continuous corn soil (7.1 ± 0.6 mg cm−1 root). Seeds inoculated with a fluorescent pseudomonad developed significantly more substantial sheaths in a 7-irradiated soil (11.2 ± 0.9 mg cm−1 root) than uninoculated, surface sterilized seeds (7.1 ± 0.6 mg cm−1 root). These observations suggest that a variety of factors influence the extent of sheath development. Key words: Soil sheath, temperature, soil moisture, soil type, fluorescent pseudomonads, corn

EFFECTS OF SOIL MOISTURE AROUND NODULES ON NITROGEN FIXATION BY WELL WATERED SOYBEANS

1976 ◽  
Vol 56 (4) ◽  
pp. 811-815 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. J. HUME ◽  
J. G. CRISWELL ◽  
K. R. STEVENSON
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Fixation ◽  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Near Field ◽  
Soil Layer ◽  
Field Capacity ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Bottom Layer ◽  
Leaf Water ◽  
Sand Mixture ◽  
Water Potentials

Soybeans (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) were grown at various soil moisture levels around nodules so effects on nitrogen fixation could be studied. Plants were grown in a growth room in 35-cm diam pots. Pots contained two layers of loam–sand mixture separated by a layer of coarse silica, intended to restrict capillary movement of soil moisture from the bottom to the top soil layer. At the beginning of seed development, pots received 200 ml water on the surface, 200 ml in the bottom layer through plastic tubes or 100 ml each way. Plants with good root development in the bottom soil layer maintained leaf water potentials greater than − 6 bars, while soil moisture around nodules varied from 4 to 20%. In three individual experiments, in which only plants with leaf water potentials greater than − 6 bars were considered, there was no relationship between soil moisture around nodules and mg N2[C2H2] fixed/g nodule dry weight × h. When results of two experiments with similar fixation means were combined, there was a barely significant (R2 =.19*) quadratic relationship, with very dry soil or soil near field capacity around nodules decreasing fixation slightly. Percent moisture in soil around nodules did not affect nodule moisture content, indicating that nodule moisture status was maintained if plants received adequate moisture from below the nodule zone.

The Influence of Soil Moisture on the Foliar Activity of Diclofop

Weed Science ◽  
1980 ◽  
Vol 28 (5) ◽  
pp. 534-539 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. A. Dortenzio ◽  
R. F. Norris
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Near Field ◽  
Field Capacity ◽  
Herbicide Application ◽  
Wild Oats ◽  
High Soil Moisture ◽  
Herbicide Activity ◽  
Moisture Conditions ◽  
Soil Moisture Status ◽  
Wilting Point

Loss in activity of foliar-applied methyl ester of diclofop {2-[4-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)phenoxy] propanoic acid} occurred under low soil moisture conditions. A loss in control of yellow foxtail [Setaria lutescens(Weigel) Hubb.], wild oats (Avena fatuaL.), little-seed canarygrass (Phalaris minorRetz.), and barnyardgrass [Echinochloa crus-galli(L.) Beauv.], was observed under greenhouse and growth chamber conditions. When soil was maintained at 2 to 3% above wilting point as compared to near field capacity, herbicide activity was decreased by 15 to 50%. High soil moisture (at or above 67% of field capacity) for at least 2 to 4 days following treatment was needed to achieve maximum effectiveness of the herbicide. Daily furrow irrigations for a period of 10 days following treatment of barnyardgrass in the field resulted in highest activity as compared to that under single irrigation regimes within the 10-day period. The effect of low soil moisture was minimized by increased rates of herbicide application. Hoe-29152 {methyl-2-[4-(4-trifluoromethylphenoxy)phenoxy] propanoate} showed similar losses in activity associated with low soil moisture. No consistent changes in uptake or translocation of14C-labeled diclofop could be detected in association with altered soil moisture status.

scholarly journals Response of Carbon Exchange and Growth Analysis in Tropical Pastures to Distinct Irrigation Levels

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Milton E. Pereira-Flores ◽  
Flavio Justino ◽  
Davi Boehringer ◽  
Anderson Adriano Martins Melo ◽  
Andressa Gazolla Cursi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Water Conservation ◽  
Field Capacity ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Co2 Efflux ◽  
Tropical Pastures ◽  
Area Index ◽  
Soil Temperatures ◽  
Highly Correlated ◽  
Irrigation Levels

This study explores the effect of seasonality on soil carbon efflux and pasture growth based on field and lysimeter experiments during summer-fall and winter-spring in two years. Focus is also pointed on irrigation strategies to alleviate the crop response to seasonal fluctuations in precipitation and surface temperatures. Soil respiration, soil and air temperature, leaf photosynthesis, plant dry weight and leaf area index were quantified and analyzed. It has been found significant differences in the CO2 efflux between the two growing season. Emission of soil CO2 allowed to characterize and to prioritize the temperature and rain influence in seasonal brachiaria response. During the seasons, the transient variation of CO2 efflux was highly correlated with rainfall (r = 0.87, P < 0.05), and poorly correlated with soil temperatures (r = 0.5, P < 0.05). The CO2 efflux and plant response to different level of reposition of evapotranspiration demonstrated that irrigation during fall mitigates the reduction of growth conditioned by drying soil and the lower temperatures. The lower temperatures are limiting only when the soil moisture is below 32% of the field capacity. Thus, we propose to keep the soil moisture around 50% during the fall as a key practices for mitigating the effect of seasonality and its intensification with the climate change, even more if added to management routine practices the soil and water conservation.

Influence of Soil Moisture on Tolerance of Corn to Cyanazine

Weed Science ◽  
1975 ◽  
Vol 23 (6) ◽  
pp. 522-524 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. D. Kern ◽  
W. F. Meggitt ◽  
Donald Penner
Keyword(s):  
Zea Mays ◽  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Plant Growth ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Root Uptake ◽  
Sandy Loam Soil ◽  
High Soil Moisture ◽  
High Soil ◽  
Loam Soil

Tolerance of corn (Zea maysL.) to cyanazine {2-[[4-chloro-6-(ethylamino)-s-triazin-2-yl] amino]-2-methylpropionitrile} and atrazine [2-chloro-4-(ethylamino)-6-(isopropylamino)-s-triazine] was compared when grown in Conover sandy loam soil. Reductions in seedling dry weight were obtained under both low and high soil moisture following preemergence and postemergence applications of cyanazine allowed to contact both plants and soil. During periods of active plant growth high soil moisture is favorable for rapid root uptake of cyanazine which causes injury to corn.

EFFETS DES DOSES DE MANGANESE, D’ALUMINIUM, DES REGIMES HYDRIQUES ET DU pH DES SOLS SUR LES RENDEMENTS DE LUZERNE ET SUR L’ASSIMILABILITE DU MANGANESE ET DE L’ALUMINIUM

1985 ◽  
Vol 65 (2) ◽  
pp. 269-282 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. L. DIONNE ◽  
A. R. PESANT
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Soil Ph ◽  
Acid Soils ◽  
Field Capacity ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
Saturation Point ◽  
High Soil Moisture ◽  
A Value ◽  
Moisture Regimes ◽  
High Level

Alfalfa (Medicago sativa L. ’Saranac’) was grown on Ste. Rosalie clay, Greensboro loam and St. Jude sand adjusted to about pH 5.0, 6.5 and 7.5 in a greenhouse experiment, to determine the changes in response of alfalfa to aluminum and manganese resulting from variations in soil pH and soil moisture. Rates of Mn were equivalent to 0 and 200 kg∙ha−1 and rates of Al were 0, and 100 kg∙ha−1. Three soil moisture regimes were used: (1) Optimum with soil moisture between field capacity (FC) and 70% of this value. (2) Wet: with soil moisture between saturation point (SP) and FC. (3) Very wet: with soil moisture between saturation point and a value half way between SP and FC. Manganese applied on acid soils (pH 5.2) under optimum soil moisture regimes decreased alfalfa yields by 3% only, compared to a 62% decrease in alfalfa yields by Mn applied on acid soils of the two high soil moisture regimes. This was due to a high level of Mn in alfalfa on the wet acid soils. A large quantity of aluminum was also found in alfalfa grown in acid soils along with a high concentration of "extractable" aluminum. This resulted in a 54% reduction of alfalfa yields. Content of Al and Mn in alfalfa top and in soils was decreased sharply by liming soils at pH of 6.5 or 7.5. On soils limed to a pH of about 7.0 alfalfa survived at high levels of Mn and Al such as frequently encountered in some acid and very wet soils. Key words: Soil Mn, soil Al, soil pH, soil moisture, alfalfa

scholarly journals Perubahan karakter biokimia dan fisiologi tanaman kacang hijau pada berbagai kondisi cekaman kekeringan

Kultivasi ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Purwanto Purwanto ◽  
Bambang Rudianto Wijonarko ◽  
Tarjoko Tarjoko
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Drought Stress ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Field Capacity ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Biochemical Responses ◽  
Randomized Block Design ◽  
Physiological And Biochemical ◽  
Screen House

Sari. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji respons fisiologi dan biokimia tanaman kacang hijau terhadap cekaman kekeringan. Penelitian dilaksanakan di Screen House Exfarm Fakultas Pertanian Universitas Jenderal Soedirman Purwokerto dari bulan Maret sampai dengan Oktober 2018. Rancangan percobaan yang digunakan adalah Rancangan Acak Kelompok (RAK) dengan pola faktorial 3 x 3. Faktor pertama yang dicoba adalah tingkat kelengasan tanah, yakni kadar air kapasitas lapang sebagai kontrol, 75% kapasitas lapang, dan 50% kapasitas lapang. Faktor kedua adalah varietas unggul kacang hijau yang terdiri dari Varietas Vima 2, varietas Vima 3, dan Varietas Kutilang. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa cekaman kekeringan sampai 50 persen kapasitas lapang sudah menunjukkan penurunan pada karakter luas daun dan bobot kering tanaman, tetapi belum berpengaruh terhadap kadar prolin tanaman kacang hijau. Kata Kunci: Kacang hijau, cekaman kekeringan, varietas, biokimia, fisiologis Abstract. This study aims to examine the physiological and biochemical responses of mungbean plants to drought stress. The research was conducted at the Screen House Exfarm, Faculty of Agriculture, Jenderal Soedirman University, Purwokerto, from March to October 2018. Experiment used Randomized Block Design with factorial treatment. The first factor was the level of soil moisture, consisted of level of 100% field capacity as control, 75% field capacity, and 50% field capacity. The second factor was the superior varieties of mungbeans, consisted of Vima 2, Vima 3, and Kutilang varieties. The results showed that drought stress up to 50 percent of field capacity had shown a decrease in the character of leaf area and dry weight of plants, but it had not affected the prolin content of mungbean plants. Keywords: Mungbean, drought stress, variety, biochemistry, physiology

Environmental Factors Moderate Glyphosate-induced Antagonism of POST Herbicides on the Rapid Response Biotype of Glyphosate-Resistant Giant Ragweed (Ambrosia trifida)

Weed Science ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 66 (3) ◽  
pp. 301-309 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nick T. Harre ◽  
Julie M. Young ◽  
Bryan G. Young
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Air Temperature ◽  
Field Capacity ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Rapid Response ◽  
Ambrosia Trifida ◽  
Air Temperatures ◽  
Giant Ragweed ◽  
Control Versus

AbstractIn the rapid response (RR) biotype of glyphosate-resistant (GR) giant ragweed (Ambrosia trifidaL.), exposure to glyphosate elicits H2O2production in mature leaves, resulting in foliage loss and reduced glyphosate translocation. When glyphosate is applied with POST herbicides intended to improve control ofA. trifida, the RR to glyphosate has the propensity to antagonize these herbicide combinations. This research documents how transient changes in air temperature, soil moisture, and light intensity during a 6-d period surrounding herbicide application regulate induction of the RR and the effect on POST herbicide interactions with glyphosate. Air temperature had the greatest influence on H2O2accumulation in leaf disks following treatment with glyphosate, as plants at 30 C produced more than twice the amount of H2O2at 2.5 h after treatment compared with 10 C. Plants under field capacity conditions accumulated nearly 50% more H2O2than those at one-third field capacity, while those under no shade had only 18% more H2O2compared with those in a shaded environment. Despite these initial results, dry weight reduction at 21 d after treatment never differed by more than 8% between levels of environmental factors, thus indicating a negligible influence on glyphosate efficacy. The magnitude of glyphosate-induced antagonism was generally greater at 30 C (12% to 21% less than expected control) versus 10 C (11% to 16%) on atrazine, cloransulam, dicamba, and topramezone and was greater at field capacity (20% to 24%) versus one-third field capacity (11% to 15%) on cloransulam and topramezone. These results indicate air temperatures and soil moisture levels conducive to optimal plant growth accelerate the RR to glyphosate, thereby increasing the likelihood of glyphosate-induced antagonism on several translocated herbicides.

Effects of Spring Wildfires on Astrebla (Mitchell grass) Grasslands in North-West Queensland Under Varying Levels of Growing Season Rainfall.

1980 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 162 ◽  
Author(s):  
JC Scanlan
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Nitrogen Content ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Dry Matter Production ◽  
North West ◽  
High Rainfall ◽  
High Soil Moisture ◽  
Matter Production

The response of Asr~ebla (Mitchell grass) grasslands to burning was determined in relation to the amount of rainfall re- ceived in the following growing season. Nine A. lappacea and three A. pecrinata locations in north-west Queensland were studied [:or both species, fire tended to increase the number and total dry weight of new tillers, although the individual tillers were smaller. Very low and very high rainfall resulted in sub-optimal new tiller formation in unburnt areas of A. lappacea. 1,lowering and seed set was also stimulated by wildfires. The nitrogen content of new tillers in burnt treatments was higher than for those in unburnt treatments under low growing season rainfall and lower under high growing season rainfall. Dry matter production from burnt A, lappacea, relative to unburnt areas, decreased under low rainfall and increased under high rainfall. Burning at a time of high soil moisture resulted in higher dry matter production and higher nitrogen content than burning during the spring period when soil moisture was low. The ecological and management implications of these responses are discussed

scholarly journals Effects of potassium application and soil moisture on the growth of Corymbia citriodora plants

CERNE ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 20 (4) ◽  
pp. 645-651 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ariadne Felício Lopo de Sá ◽  
Sérgio Valiengo Valeri ◽  
Mara Cristina Pessoa da Cruz ◽  
José Carlos Barbosa ◽  
Gustavo Machado Rezende ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Soil Moisture Content ◽  
Growth Parameters ◽  
Chlorophyll Concentration ◽  
Field Capacity ◽  
Dry Mass ◽  
One Pot ◽  
High Soil Moisture ◽  
Leaf Dry Mass ◽  
Corymbia Citriodora

The objective of this work was to evaluate the effects of potassium and soil moisture levels on the growth of Corymbia citriodora plants. Four doses of potassium were applied (0, 40, 80 and 120 mg.dm-3) and three soil moisture levels were established(50-80%, 65-80% and 80% of maximum soil field capacity). The experiment was a 4x3 factorial arrangement of treatments within a randomized complete design with six replications for each treatment and one pot with two plants for each plot. At 90 days after planting, the plant growth parameters: survival rate, height, stem diameter, leaf area, relative chlorophyll concentration, leaf dry mass, stem and branches dry mass, root dry mass, total dry mass and leaf macronutrient contents were measured. High soil moisture content is necessary for Corymbia citriodora seedlings at nursery stage. Effects of the K doses were not observed in plants, even when they were cultivated in a soil with a low content of this nutrient.

scholarly journals Growth and Flavonoid Content of Gynura procumbens (Lour) Merr. in Different Soil Water Content

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 298-304
Author(s):  
Evika Sandi Savitri ◽  
Farrikhatun Khusnia
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Water Content ◽  
Soil Water ◽  
Soil Water Content ◽  
Total Content ◽  
Field Capacity ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Optimal Growth ◽  
Flavonoid Content ◽  
Randomized Design

Gynura procumbens contains tannins, saponins, steroids, triterpenoids, essential oils and flavonoids which have bioactivity as a medicine for various diseases. One effort to obtain the quality of medicinal plants uses management of soil water content. The opti-mum of soil water content will support optimal growth of a plant. Whereas in conditions of low soil water content resulted in the induc-tion of the production of secondary metabolites as a self-defense sys-tem. This study aimed to determine the effect of soil moisture content on the growth and total content of plant flavonoids G. procumbens. This study was carried out experimentally using a one-factor com-plete randomized design (CRD) consisting of 4 treatments with five replications. The treatment used is the difference in soil water content of 40%, 60%, 80% and 100% field capacity. The data obtained in the form of quantitative data will be analyzed by One Way ANOVA Test. Measurement of the content of total flavonoid compounds was car-ried out using UV-Vis spectrophotometer analysis. The results of the study indicate the influence of soil moisture level on the growth and total content of G. procumbens. Parameter growth of fresh weight, dry weight, and root G. procumbens showed an increase in 40% soil water content. The flavonoid content showed the highest total flavo-noid content 18.884 mg/g in the 40% field capacity soil water content 

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