Environmental Factors Moderate Glyphosate-induced Antagonism of POST Herbicides on the Rapid Response Biotype of Glyphosate-Resistant Giant Ragweed (Ambrosia trifida)

Weed Science ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 66 (3) ◽  
pp. 301-309 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nick T. Harre ◽  
Julie M. Young ◽  
Bryan G. Young
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Air Temperature ◽  
Field Capacity ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Rapid Response ◽  
Ambrosia Trifida ◽  
Air Temperatures ◽  
Giant Ragweed ◽  
Control Versus

AbstractIn the rapid response (RR) biotype of glyphosate-resistant (GR) giant ragweed (Ambrosia trifidaL.), exposure to glyphosate elicits H2O2production in mature leaves, resulting in foliage loss and reduced glyphosate translocation. When glyphosate is applied with POST herbicides intended to improve control ofA. trifida, the RR to glyphosate has the propensity to antagonize these herbicide combinations. This research documents how transient changes in air temperature, soil moisture, and light intensity during a 6-d period surrounding herbicide application regulate induction of the RR and the effect on POST herbicide interactions with glyphosate. Air temperature had the greatest influence on H2O2accumulation in leaf disks following treatment with glyphosate, as plants at 30 C produced more than twice the amount of H2O2at 2.5 h after treatment compared with 10 C. Plants under field capacity conditions accumulated nearly 50% more H2O2than those at one-third field capacity, while those under no shade had only 18% more H2O2compared with those in a shaded environment. Despite these initial results, dry weight reduction at 21 d after treatment never differed by more than 8% between levels of environmental factors, thus indicating a negligible influence on glyphosate efficacy. The magnitude of glyphosate-induced antagonism was generally greater at 30 C (12% to 21% less than expected control) versus 10 C (11% to 16%) on atrazine, cloransulam, dicamba, and topramezone and was greater at field capacity (20% to 24%) versus one-third field capacity (11% to 15%) on cloransulam and topramezone. These results indicate air temperatures and soil moisture levels conducive to optimal plant growth accelerate the RR to glyphosate, thereby increasing the likelihood of glyphosate-induced antagonism on several translocated herbicides.

scholarly journals Pan-Arctic linkages between snow accumulation and growing-season air temperature, soil moisture and vegetation

2013 ◽  
Vol 10 (11) ◽  
pp. 7575-7597 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. A. Luus ◽  
Y. Gel ◽  
J. C. Lin ◽  
R. E. J. Kelly ◽  
C. R. Duguay
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Air Temperature ◽  
Land Surface ◽  
Regional Scale ◽  
Surface Characteristics ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Snow Accumulation ◽  
Snow Season ◽  
Air Temperatures ◽  
Land Surface Characteristics

Abstract. Arctic field studies have indicated that the air temperature, soil moisture and vegetation at a site influence the quantity of snow accumulated, and that snow accumulation can alter growing-season soil moisture and vegetation. Climate change is predicted to bring about warmer air temperatures, greater snow accumulation and northward movements of the shrub and tree lines. Understanding the responses of northern environments to changes in snow and growing-season land surface characteristics requires: (1) insights into the present-day linkages between snow and growing-season land surface characteristics; and (2) the ability to continue to monitor these associations over time across the vast pan-Arctic. The objective of this study was therefore to examine the pan-Arctic (north of 60° N) linkages between two temporally distinct data products created from AMSR-E satellite passive microwave observations: GlobSnow snow water equivalent (SWE), and NTSG growing-season AMSR-E Land Parameters (air temperature, soil moisture and vegetation transmissivity). Due to the complex and interconnected nature of processes determining snow and growing-season land surface characteristics, these associations were analyzed using the modern nonparametric technique of alternating conditional expectations (ACE), as this approach does not impose a predefined analytic form. Findings indicate that regions with lower vegetation transmissivity (more biomass) at the start and end of the growing season tend to accumulate less snow at the start and end of the snow season, possibly due to interception and sublimation. Warmer air temperatures at the start and end of the growing season were associated with diminished snow accumulation at the start and end of the snow season. High latitude sites with warmer mean annual growing-season temperatures tended to accumulate more snow, probably due to the greater availability of water vapor for snow season precipitation at warmer locations. Regions with drier soils preceding snow onset tended to accumulate greater quantities of snow, likely because drier soils freeze faster and more thoroughly than wetter soils. Understanding and continuing to monitor these linkages at the regional scale using the ACE approach can allow insights to be gained into the complex response of Arctic ecosystems to climate-driven shifts in air temperature, vegetation, soil moisture and snow accumulation.

EFFECTS OF SOIL MOISTURE AROUND NODULES ON NITROGEN FIXATION BY WELL WATERED SOYBEANS

1976 ◽  
Vol 56 (4) ◽  
pp. 811-815 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. J. HUME ◽  
J. G. CRISWELL ◽  
K. R. STEVENSON
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Fixation ◽  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Near Field ◽  
Soil Layer ◽  
Field Capacity ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Bottom Layer ◽  
Leaf Water ◽  
Sand Mixture ◽  
Water Potentials

Soybeans (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) were grown at various soil moisture levels around nodules so effects on nitrogen fixation could be studied. Plants were grown in a growth room in 35-cm diam pots. Pots contained two layers of loam–sand mixture separated by a layer of coarse silica, intended to restrict capillary movement of soil moisture from the bottom to the top soil layer. At the beginning of seed development, pots received 200 ml water on the surface, 200 ml in the bottom layer through plastic tubes or 100 ml each way. Plants with good root development in the bottom soil layer maintained leaf water potentials greater than − 6 bars, while soil moisture around nodules varied from 4 to 20%. In three individual experiments, in which only plants with leaf water potentials greater than − 6 bars were considered, there was no relationship between soil moisture around nodules and mg N2[C2H2] fixed/g nodule dry weight × h. When results of two experiments with similar fixation means were combined, there was a barely significant (R2 =.19*) quadratic relationship, with very dry soil or soil near field capacity around nodules decreasing fixation slightly. Percent moisture in soil around nodules did not affect nodule moisture content, indicating that nodule moisture status was maintained if plants received adequate moisture from below the nodule zone.

INTERACTIONS ENTRE LES TEMPERATURES RACINAIRES ET NOCTURNES SUR LE DEVELOPPEMENT FOLIAIRE ET LA CAPACITE PHOTOSYNTHETIQUE DE PLANTS DE TOMATE CV. VENDOR

1985 ◽  
Vol 65 (1) ◽  
pp. 185-192 ◽  
Author(s):  
ANDRÉ GOSSELIN ◽  
MARC-J. TRUDEL
Keyword(s):  
Air Temperature ◽  
Leaf Growth ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Root Temperature ◽  
Tomato Plants ◽  
Air Temperatures ◽  
Plant Photosynthesis ◽  
Leaf Dry Weight ◽  
Capacité Photosynthétique

Six-week-old tomato plants (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. ’Vendor’) were maintained at five root temperatures (12, 18, 24, 30 or 36 °C) and five night air temperatures (8, 12, 16, 20 or 24 °C) for a period of 4 wk. Increase in root temperature partly offset the negative effects of low night air temperature on leaf dry weight and leaf area. Our results showed that higher root temperatures (30 °C) are required at low night air temperature (8 °C) for optimum plant growth. Lower rates of plant photosynthesis at low root and/or night air temperatures resulted mainly from reduced leaf growth and expansion, but also from a decrease in the photosynthetic capacity of the leaves. Our results suggest combining split-night temperature and soil warming techniques to improve the productivity of tomato plants and to reduce greenhouse heating costs.Key words: Tomato substrate, temperature, photosynthesis, growth

scholarly journals GROWTH RESPONSE OF SNAPDRAGON ANTIRRHINUM MAJUS TO NIGHT AIR TEMPERATURES AND ELEVATED ROOT-ZONE TEMPERATURES

HortScience ◽  
1990 ◽  
Vol 25 (9) ◽  
pp. 1160b-1160
Author(s):  
Khin San Wai ◽  
S.E. Newman
Keyword(s):  
Air Temperature ◽  
Growth Response ◽  
Root Zone ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Antirrhinum Majus ◽  
Root Zone Temperature ◽  
Shoot Dry Weight ◽  
Air Temperatures ◽  
Diffusive Resistance ◽  
Zone Temperature

The response of Antirrhinum majus (snapdragon) cultivars (`Tampicoi' and `Rainier White') to night air temperatures (10C and 20C) and elevated root-zone temperature (26C and ambient) was studied. Height of plants grown with a heated root-zone were greater, compared to unheated at both night temperatures for both cultivars. Shoot dry weight of `Tampico' plants was reduced by heated root-zone temperature at 20C night air temperature. Raceme length was greater with heated root-zone temperature compared to unheated at 10C night air temperature. Days to flower were shorter with heated compared to unheated root-zone at both night air temperatures for both cultivars. Stomatal diffusive resistance was greater on plants with unheated compared to heated root-zone temperature at 10C night air temperature for `Rainier White'.

scholarly journals (56) Transpiration and Photosynthesis of Grafted Watermelon Transplants as Affected by Environmental Factors during Graft Union Formation

HortScience ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 40 (4) ◽  
pp. 996D-996
Author(s):  
Sung Kyeom Kim ◽  
Duk Jun Yu ◽  
Ro Na Bae ◽  
Hee Jae Lee ◽  
Changhoo Chun
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Air Temperature ◽  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
Vapor Pressure Deficit ◽  
Photon Flux ◽  
Union Formation ◽  
Graft Union ◽  
Yield And Quality ◽  
Air Temperatures ◽  
Grafted Transplants

Grafted transplants are widely used for watermelon culture in Korea mainly to reduce the yield and quality losses caused by soil-borne diseases. It is normal practice to cure the grafted transplants under high relative humidity (RH) and low photosynthetic photon flux (PPF) conditions for a few days after grafting to prevent the wilting of the transplants. Transpiration rate (TR) and net photosynthetic rate (NPR), however, could be suppressed under those environmental conditions. In the present study, TR and NPR of the grafted watermelon transplants were compared during graft union formation under 18 environmental conditions combining two air temperatures (20 and 28 °C), three RHs (60%, 80%, and 100%), and three PPF s (0, 100, and 200 μmol·m-2·s-1). Percentages of graft union formation and survival were also evaluated. TR and NPR dramatically decreased just after grafting but slowly recovered 2 to 3 days after grafting at 28 °C. The recovery was clearer at higher PPF and lower RH. On the other hand, the recovery of TR and NPR was not observed in 7 days after grafting at 20 °C. Differences in TR and NPR affected by RH were nonsignificant. Percentage of graft union formation was 98% when air temperature, RH, and PPF were 28 °C, 100%, and 100 μmol·m-2·s-1, respectively, which was the highest among all the treatments. Percentage of survival was over 90% when air temperature was 28 °C and RH was higher than 80% (when vapor pressure deficit was lower than 0.76 kPa). In addition, higher PPF enhanced TR and NPR and promoted rooting and subsequent growth of grafted transplants. Results suggest that the acclimation process for grafted watermelon transplants can be omitted by properly manipulating environmental factors during graft union formation.

scholarly journals The Combined Conditions of Photoperiod, Light Intensity, and Air Temperature Control the Growth and Development of Tomato and Red Pepper Seedlings in a Closed Transplant Production System

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (23) ◽  
pp. 9939
Author(s):  
Hyunseung Hwang ◽  
Sewoong An ◽  
Minh Duy Pham ◽  
Meiyan Cui ◽  
Changhoo Chun
Keyword(s):  
Plant Growth ◽  
Air Temperature ◽  
Production System ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Red Pepper ◽  
Photon Flux ◽  
Limiting Factor ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Tomato Seedlings ◽  
Air Temperatures

Understanding environmental factors is essential to maximizing the biomass production of plants. There have been many studies on the effects of the photosynthetic photon flux (PPF), photoperiod and air temperature as separate factors affecting plants, including under a closed transplant production system (CTPS). However, few studies have investigated the combined effects of these factors on plant growth. Germinated tomato and red pepper seedlings were transferred to three different photoperiods with five different photosynthetic photon fluxes (PPFs) at an air temperature of 25/20 °C to investigate plant growth under a different daily light integral (DLI). Three different air temperatures, 23/20, 25/20, and 27/20 °C (photo/dark periods), with five different PPFs were used to examine plant growth under different DIFs (difference between the day and night temperature). Increasing the DLI from 4.32 to 21.60 mol·m−2·d−1, either by increasing the photoperiod or PPF, improved the growth of seedlings in both cultivars. However, when comparing treatments that provided the same DLI, tomato seedlings had s significantly higher growth when grown under longer photoperiods and s lower PPF. Even in higher DLI conditions, reduced growth due to higher PPF indicated that excessive light energy was a limiting factor. At 23 and 25 °C, tomato seedlings showed similar correlation curves between growth and PPF. However, at the higher temperature of 27 °C, while the slope of the curve at low PPFs was similar to that of the curves at lower temperatures, the slope at high PPFs was flatter. On the other hand, red pepper seedlings displayed the same correlation curve between growth and PPF at all tested temperatures, and red pepper plants accumulated more dry weight even at higher temperatures. These results suggested that the combination effect was more useful to observe these overall tendencies, especially in reacting to a second factor. This will provide us with more information and a deeper understanding of plant characteristics and how they will behave under changing environments.

scholarly journals Diurnal and Seasonal Variations in the Effect of Urban Environmental Factors on Air Temperature: A Consecutive Regression Analysis Approach

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 421
Author(s):  
Jaehyun Ha ◽  
Yeri Choi ◽  
Sugie Lee ◽  
Kyushik Oh
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Air Temperature ◽  
Seasonal Variations ◽  
Thermal Environment ◽  
Moving Average ◽  
Mitigation Strategies ◽  
View Factor ◽  
Air Temperatures ◽  
Building Geometry

This study investigates the diurnal and seasonal variations in the effect of environmental features on air temperature in Seoul, Korea. We expect that this study will lead to the identification of factors that can be applied for urban heat island mitigation strategies in summer without leading to an unintended result in winter. As our dependent variable, we employed the smoothed 31-day moving average of air temperatures, where we controlled the seasonal variation by normalizing the values observed from 247 automatic weather stations (AWS) from 2015 to 2016. Subsequently, we conducted consecutive log–log regression analyses of each day to examine patterns of change in regression coefficients and the significance of each independent variable. For independent variables, we applied built environment features including albedo, land-use, average building floors, the sky view factor, and green and water areas. This study provides analytical results regarding the relationship between environmental factors and air temperature. This study also addresses imperative issues for planners, especially regarding albedo, wind path, building geometry, and land use types. Finally, this study gives useful insights for managing the diurnal and seasonal variations of urban thermal environment in the mega-city.

Giant Ragweed (Ambrosia trifida) Control in Soybean (Glycine max)

1992 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 13-18 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jerry A. Baysinger ◽  
Barry D. Sims
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Glycine Max ◽  
Seed Production ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Ambrosia Trifida ◽  
Early Season ◽  
Giant Ragweed ◽  
Herbicide Treatments ◽  
Southeast Missouri

Two field experiments were established in 1988 and 1989 in southeast Missouri to evaluate several herbicides and herbicide combinations for giant ragweed control in soybean. In 1988, a timely rainfall was not received for soil-applied herbicides and giant ragweed control was less than 75%. However, in 1989 soil moisture was sufficient for uptake of soil-applied herbicides and early season giant ragweed control was generally greater than 80%. Chlorimuron, chlorimuron plus 2,4-DB, imazaquin plus 2,4-DB, acifluorfen followed by naptalam plus 2,4-DB, fomesafen, and imazethapyr applied to 2.5 to 5-cm giant ragweed controlled more than 85% in 1988. In 1989, all POST treatments except imazaquin controlled more than 81% of giant ragweed 2 wk after treatments. Imazethapyr controlled seedling giant ragweed at heights up to 12 to 25 cm. Giant ragweed regrowth and/or reinfestation and giant ragweed seed production occurred with all herbicide treatments.

PHYSICAL FACTORS INVOLVED IN THE FORMATION OF SOIL SHEATHS ON CORN SEEDLING ROOTS

1987 ◽  
Vol 67 (3) ◽  
pp. 591-600 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. FYSON ◽  
A. OAKS
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Field Capacity ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Physical Factors ◽  
Fluorescent Pseudomonad ◽  
Specific Mass ◽  
High Soil Moisture ◽  
Continuous Corn ◽  
Seedling Roots ◽  
Corn Seedling

A layer of soil (soil sheath) that is resistant to removal by shaking develops on corn seedling roots under a wide variety of environmental conditions. Low temperature (15 °C) and high soil moisture content (100% field capacity) promote the formation of the most substantial sheaths (> 11 mg of soil (dry weight) cm−1 root) in an Elora alfalfa soil. A diversity of corn genotypes and a teosinte form sheaths of comparable specific mass whereas much less soil adheres to pea and soybean roots in this soil. Cultivation history has a considerable influence on sheath mass. For example, at Elora, a soil under alfalfa for several seasons promotes sheaths of higher specific mass (9.9 ± 0.5 mg cm−1 root) than a continuous corn soil (7.1 ± 0.6 mg cm−1 root). Seeds inoculated with a fluorescent pseudomonad developed significantly more substantial sheaths in a 7-irradiated soil (11.2 ± 0.9 mg cm−1 root) than uninoculated, surface sterilized seeds (7.1 ± 0.6 mg cm−1 root). These observations suggest that a variety of factors influence the extent of sheath development. Key words: Soil sheath, temperature, soil moisture, soil type, fluorescent pseudomonads, corn

Glyphosate-Resistant Giant Ragweed (Ambrosia trifida) Control in Dicamba-Tolerant Soybean

2012 ◽  
Vol 26 (3) ◽  
pp. 422-428 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joseph P. Vink ◽  
Nader Soltani ◽  
Darren E. Robinson ◽  
François J. Tardif ◽  
Mark B. Lawton ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dry Weight ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Yield Losses ◽  
Ambrosia Trifida ◽  
Herbicide Resistant ◽  
Shoot Dry Weight ◽  
Giant Ragweed ◽  
Lack Of Control ◽  
Effective Option ◽  
Significant Yield

Glyphosate-resistant (GR) giant ragweed has been confirmed in Ontario, Canada. Giant ragweed is an extremely competitive weed and lack of control in soybean will lead to significant yield losses. Seed companies have developed new herbicide-resistant (HR) crop cultivars and hybrids that stack multiple HR traits. The objective of this research was to evaluate the efficacy of glyphosate and glyphosate plus dicamba tank mixes for the control of GR giant ragweed under Ontario environmental conditions in dicamba-tolerant (DT) soybean. Three field trials were established over a 2-yr period (2010 and 2011) on farms near Windsor and Belle River, ON. Treatments included glyphosate (900 g ae ha−1), dicamba (300 g ae ha−1), and dicamba (600 g ha−1) applied preplant (PP), POST, or sequentially in various combinations. Glyphosate applied PP, POST, or sequentially provided 22 to 68%, 40 to 47%, and 59 to 95% control of GR giant ragweed and reduced shoot dry weight 26 to 80%, 16 to 50%, and 72 to 98%, respectively. Glyphosate plus dicamba applied PP followed by glyphosate plus dicamba applied POST consistently provided 100% control of GR giant ragweed. DT soybean yield correlated with GR giant ragweed control. This is the first report in Canada of weed control in DT soybean, specifically for the control of GR giant ragweed. Results indicate that the use of dicamba in DT soybean will provide an effective option for the control of GR giant ragweed in Ontario.

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