THE NATURE OF SMECTITES IN SOME FINE TEXTURED LACUSTRINE PARENT MATERIALS IN SOUTHERN SASKATCHEWAN

1984 ◽  
Vol 64 (4) ◽  
pp. 481-494 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. R. MERMUT ◽  
K. GHEBRE-EGZIABHIER ◽  
R. J. St. ARNAUD
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Clay Fraction ◽  
Parent Material ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Average Chemical Composition ◽  
Parent Materials ◽  
Soil Parent Material ◽  
Composition Formula ◽  
Soil Complex ◽  
Fine Clay

Detailed mineralogy and chemistry of the clay fraction of five glacio-lacustrine deposits and of one Cretaceous marine shale (Ashville) were studied. Fine clay separates (< 0.2 μm) of the five parent materials were predominantly smectite with an average chemical composition:[Formula: see text]X-ray diffraction, dehydration, infrared, and chemical analyses, and the Greene-Kelly test showed that the smectite was an iron rich montmorillonite. Similarities in the crystal structure of the five soil parent material clays suggest that they were likely transported from the same source. Despite the differences in percentage of clay minerals, similarities between chemical composition of the coarse and the fine clays is interpreted as an indication of close diagenetic relationships between the predominant smectite and soil mica. High silicate bound iron may have caused a distortion in the crystal lattice and a slightly favorable weathering condition of smectites. However, presence of high exchangeable and soluble magnesium in the soil complex is likely retarding the smectite alteration. Thus, weathering by elemental substitution may have been restricted to the smectite end member only. Key words: Swelling clay soils, iron montmorillonite, chemical composition of smectites, dehydration of smectites

Properties of iron oxides in red Oxisols and red Ultisols as affected by rainfall and soil parent material

Soil Research ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 44 (1) ◽  
pp. 63 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Trakoonyingcharoen ◽  
I. Kheoruenromne ◽  
A. Suddhiprakarn ◽  
R.J. Gilkes
Keyword(s):  
Iron Oxides ◽  
Crystal Size ◽  
Tropical Soils ◽  
Parent Material ◽  
Line Broadening ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Parent Materials ◽  
Soil Parent Material ◽  
Al Substitution ◽  
Aluminum Substitution

Tropical soils developed from various parent materials and under various rainfalls were analysed to identify whether these environmental factors influence the properties of the iron oxides. Iron contents of the soils range from 5 to 134 g/kg, with hematite and goethite being the major secondary iron minerals. Hematite is the dominant iron oxide in all soils developed on limestone irrespective of rainfall, whereas for other parent materials the relative abundance of goethite tends to increase with rainfall. Aluminum substitution in goethite and hematite ranges from 13 to 21 mol% and 7 to 15 mol%, respectively. The mole% Al substitution in hematite is about half the level for goethite in the same soil. Crystal size estimated from X-ray diffraction line broadening ranges from 12 to 47 nm for goethite and from 15 to 44 nm for hematite. Similar sizes were obtained by electron microscopy. The properties of the iron oxides did not vary systematically with parent material or rainfall and are similar to those described by other workers for red tropical soils on diverse parent materials.

scholarly journals Clay formation and podzol development from postglacial moraines in Switzerland

Clay Minerals ◽  
1999 ◽  
Vol 34 (2) ◽  
pp. 319-332 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Righi ◽  
K. Huber ◽  
C. Keller
Keyword(s):  
Acid Soils ◽  
Soil Development ◽  
Parent Material ◽  
Soil Horizon ◽  
Significant Finding ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Soil Parent Material ◽  
Fine Clay ◽  
Clay Formation ◽  
Mixed Layers

AbstractThe fine silt (2–5 μm) and fine clay (<0.1 μm) fractions from four acid soils developed from moraines of increasing age (80, 400, 3,000 and 6,500 years old) in Switzerland, were studied by X-ray diffraction and chemical analyses. The soil parent material is homogeneous at the four sites and the soils can be considered as forming a chronosequence of soil development leading to the formation of Podzols. Mineralogical evolution of silt-sized phyllosilicates and fine clay fractions follows different pathways according to their composition and the soil horizon in which they are located. Dioctahedral and trioctahedral minerals in the soil parent material were both weathered in the Bw and Bs horizons but the trioctahedral phase more strongly and faster than the dioctahedral one. Weathering products are mica-vermiculite mixed-layers, vermiculite and finally gibbsite and Fe oxy-hydroxides. Weathering of the trioctahedral fraction was faster in the eluvial A or E horizons than in the B horizons, being almost complete after 3,000 years of soil development. Appreciable weathering of the dioctahedral fraction occurs only in the eluvial horizons leading to the formation of mica-smectite mixed-layers and smectite. Although smectite has been reported in the E horizon of Podzols in different environments, the significant finding in this work is the presence of this mineral in soils developed from the same parent material. This supports the fact that smectite is the end- product of mica alteration in strongly leached and acidified E horizons of Podzols.

scholarly journals The Occurrence of Authigenic Clay Minerals in Alkaline-Saline Lakes, Pantanal Wetland (Nhecolândia Region, Brazil)

Minerals ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (8) ◽  
pp. 718
Author(s):  
Isis Armstrong Dias ◽  
Leonardo Fadel Cury ◽  
Bruno Guimarães Titon ◽  
Gustavo Barbosa Athayde ◽  
Guilherme Fedalto ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Clay Minerals ◽  
Saline Lakes ◽  
Clay Fraction ◽  
Water Bodies ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Fine Clay ◽  
Pantanal Wetland

Mg clay minerals are usually associated with carbonates in alkaline-saline environments, precipitated from solution and/or transformation from other minerals. The aim of this research is to identify the mineralogy and geochemistry of clay minerals in different alkaline lakes in the Nhecolândia region, the southernmost region of the Pantanal wetland (Brazil). Sediment samples were analyzed by X-ray diffraction, X-ray fluorescence, scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. Water samples were analyzed, determining their main cations and anions, in order to understand their relationship with the clays. The analyses allowed classifying the water bodies as saline, oligosaline and freshwater lakes. The sediments are composed mainly of quartz and a fine-clay fraction, dominated by illite, kaolinite and smectite. The XRD results showed illite and smectite mixed-layered in the saline lakes at Barranco Alto farm, whereas at Nhumirim farm, trioctahedral smectite was only observed in one lake. The smectite minerals were normally identified coupled with calcite at the top of the sequences, associated with exopolymeric substances (EPS) in the lakes, suggesting that these minerals are precipitating due to the physical-chemical and biological conditions of the water bodies.

scholarly journals Soil diversity and properties in mountainous subtropical areas, in Sierra Sur de Oaxaca, Mexico

2006 ◽  
Vol 86 (1) ◽  
pp. 61-76 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. E. García Calderón ◽  
A. Ibáñez Huerta ◽  
G. Alvarez Arteaga ◽  
P. V. Krasilnikov ◽  
A. Hernández Jiménez
Keyword(s):  
Mass Movement ◽  
Clay Fraction ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Mineralogical Composition ◽  
Parent Material ◽  
Soil Types ◽  
Soil Diversity ◽  
Parent Materials ◽  
Soil Groups ◽  
And Chemical Properties

Agroforestry is a new practice of sustainable soil use in the mountainous Sierra Sur de Oaxaca area of Mexico. Coffee is also a common cash crop grown in the region. The objective of this study was to investigate the pedodiversity in the area. Soil development is very complex, and is influenced by slope parameters and parent materials. Several soil groups are found in the area investigated: Alisols, Umbrisols, and Cambisols. Morphology, chemical properties, and mineralogical composition of the clay fraction of these soils were studied. The soils vary in the extent of weathering, morphology, and chemical properties, which are important to farming in the area. Most of the soils have heterogeneous parent material. The distribution of major soil types of the area is related to mass movement along the slopes, both past and present. The studied soils represent a chronosequence from unleached and unweathered Cambisols to Alisols, characterized by strong clay illuviation and dominance of kaolinite and gibbsite in clay fraction. A mosaic of landslides and gullies of various ages, formed by catastrophic events such as earthquakes and hurricanes, form the pedodiversity of the area studied. Key words: Landslides, chronosequence, pedodiversity, Cambisols, Umbrisols, Alisols

High-spacing irregularly interstratified layer-silicates in the alluvial soil clays of Meerut, India

Clay Minerals ◽  
1985 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 115-124 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. P. Tomar
Keyword(s):  
Alluvial Soil ◽  
Clay Fraction ◽  
Alluvial Plain ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Soil Clays ◽  
Ap Horizon ◽  
Fine Clay ◽  
Xrd Patterns

AbstractThe mineralogy of the fine clay fraction (<0·2 μm) of two soil pedons (Aquic and Udic Haplustalfs) representing the wheat-sugarcane belt of the Indo-Gangetic alluvial plain was studied by X-ray diffraction, differential thermal analysis, transmission electron microscopy, and by chemical analysis. The XRD patterns are characterized by unusually high spacings which are interpreted in terms of an interstratification comprising smectite, illite and ‘chlorite’ components. The CEC data (Ca/Mg and K/NH4) also indicate the possible presence of vermiculite. A plateau bridging the 7–10 Å maxima in K-saturated specimens heated at 300°C suggests interstratification of kaolinite and smectite, although this may not be part of the above interstratification. The diffuse bands shown by Mg-glycerol-solvated Ap-horizon clays at ∼21 Å, and the increasing elimination of XRD peaks in the > 10 Å region with distance from the surface, suggests that the expanding layers have a slight tendency to segregate in Ap horizon samples and that randomization tends to increase with depth. Discrete illite and small amounts of kaolinite were also detected.

Properties of soil kaolins from Thailand

Clay Minerals ◽  
2003 ◽  
Vol 38 (1) ◽  
pp. 71-94 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. D. Hart ◽  
W. Wiriyakitnateekul ◽  
R. J . Gilkes
Keyword(s):  
Interlayer Space ◽  
Clay Fraction ◽  
Domain Size ◽  
Structural Formula ◽  
Exchange Capacity ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Parent Materials ◽  
Fe Content ◽  
Western Australian ◽  
Australian Soil

AbstractPurified kaolins from Thai soil on diverse parent materials were characterized using analytical transmission electon microscopy, X-ray diffraction, thermogravimetric analysis and chemical analysis. The properties of Thai soil kaolins appear to be more diverse than Indonesian and Western Australian soil kaolins investigated using the same analytical procedures; this difference may reflect the greater range of parent materials for the Thai soils. The kaolins show a variety of crystal morphologies including euhedral hexagonal to subhedral platy crystals, tubes and laths and several morphologies were present in most samples. TEM-EDS enabled analysis of single crystals of each morphology present within a sample. Tubular or lath-shaped crystals usually have lower %Fe2O3 contents than hexagonal platy crystals in the same sample. The relationships between crystal size and Fe content within morphological populations were also examined by TEM-EDS. Generally, smaller kaolin crystals display a wider range of Fe concentration than the larger kaolin crystals in the same sample. Increasing Fe concentration in bulk samples is closely correlated to decreasing coherently scattering domain size (R2= 0.57), increasing cation exchange capacity (R2= 0.44) and increasing specific surface area (R2= 0.65). However the properties of the deferrated soil kaolins, including their Fe content, are not related to forms of Fe, (total Fe, amorphous or organic) in the untreated clay fraction of the soil.Inhibited vermiculite is a common minor constituent of these clay fractions and its average structural formula derived from EDS data indicates that it was formed by Al replacing K in muscovite. One Al3+ion occupies the interlayer space previously occupied by three K+ions. As the distances between these Al3+cations in the interlayer space is large it is proposed that isolated or loosely associated hydrated Al3+groups such as Al(OH2)63+exist that resist exchange by other cations due to hydrogen bonding with the adjacent tetrahedral oxygen surfaces

scholarly journals Sediment yield, detachment, and runoff from soil under selected parent materials in Southeastern Nigeria.

2019 ◽  
pp. 35-44
Author(s):  
Agim L.C. ◽  
Igwe C.A.
Keyword(s):  
Sediment Yield ◽  
Clay Fraction ◽  
Negative Relationship ◽  
Parent Material ◽  
Rainfall Simulation ◽  
Southeastern Nigeria ◽  
Parent Materials ◽  
Wet Condition ◽  
Laboratory Procedures ◽  
Physical And Chemical

Soil degradation due to water erosion among other causes has been a major problem in southeastern Nigeria, therefore a study was conducted to determine sediment yield, detachment, and runoff from soil under selected parent material in southeastern Nigeria. The objective was to characterize the selected soils in terms of their physical and chemical parameters, carry out rainfall simulation, and to establish some relationships that exist among studied parameters with selected soil properties. Soil samples were collected in three replicates from twenty locations, 5 location each from 4 geologic formations namely Asu River Group, Bende Ameki Group, Coastal Plain Sand and False bedded Sandstone at a depth of 0 – 20 cm using soil auger. Standard laboratory procedures were followed for samples for routine analyses while the rest was subjected to rainfall simulation at an intensity of 190 mm/hr for a period of 30 minutes under dry and wet conditions of the soils. Result showed that significant P<0.05) differences among studied parameters. Sediment yield under wet and dry states ranged from 0.56 - 3.95 kg m-2 hr-1 and from 0.80 - 4.97 kg m-2hr-1. The highest sediment yield under both conditions was recorded at Ishiagu, Bende, Obinze and Okigwe from ARG, BAG, CPS and FBS derived parent materials, respectively. Detachment under both conditions ranged from 0.04 - 0.13 kg m-2hr-1 and from 0.03 - 0.21 kg m-2 hr- . Similarly, runoff ranged from 79.80 - 125.30 mm and 28.00 – 106.90 mm under wet and dry states. Result also indicated a negative relationship between clay fraction and sediment yield (r= - 0.62) under dry and ( r= - 0.27) under wet condition. Conclusively, the study noted that rainfall has great impact on studied soils as higher values of sediment yield and detachment were noted mostly under dry than in wet conditions.

Clay stability in clay-dominated soil systems

Clay Minerals ◽  
1995 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
pp. 45-54 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Righi ◽  
B. Velde ◽  
A. Meunier
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Atlantic Coast ◽  
Time Span ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Soil Evolution ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Soil Systems ◽  
Fine Clay ◽  
Mineralogical Change ◽  
Constant System

AbstractSeven samples from a chronosequence of soils developed in historically created polders on the Atlantic coast (Marais Poitevin, Vendée, France) were investigated in order to illustrate the rate of mineralogical change in a clay-dominated system. The oldest polder was constructed in 1665, the last one in 1912; thus the time span of soil evolution is from 80 to 330 years. All the samples had more than 50% clay (<2 μm). The most reactive, fine clay sub-fraction (<0.1 μm) was investigated in detail by X-ray diffraction and chemical analysis. The observed mineralogical changes with increasing age followed the schematic reaction:smectite + mica = illite + mixed-layer minerals.The progress of reaction in time appears to be non-linear. This reaction seems to occur in a chemically constant system, and the mineralogical change can be seen as a readjustment of species to a given chemical composition.

The soil clays of Great Britain: II. Scotland

Clay Minerals ◽  
1984 ◽  
Vol 19 (5) ◽  
pp. 709-735 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. J. Wilson ◽  
D. C. Bain ◽  
D. M. L. Duthie
Keyword(s):  
Clay Minerals ◽  
Clay Mineralogy ◽  
Parent Material ◽  
Granitic Gneiss ◽  
Parent Materials ◽  
Red Sandstone ◽  
Rock Types ◽  
Soil Parent Material ◽  
Soil Clays ◽  
Lower Palaeozoic

AbstractThe soils of Scotland are relatively young, being developed mainly on glacial drift deposited some 10 000 years ago. Only a small number of genetic soil types are represented, but this is more than compensated for by the wide variety of parent materials from which the drift ultimately derives. The major parent materials include granite and granitic gneiss, gabbro, basalt/andesite, mica-schist and related metamorphic rock types, Lower Palaeozoic greywackes and shales, Old Red Sandstone sediments, Carboniferous sediments, fluvioglacial sands and gravels, and estuarine silts and clays. The clay mineralogy of the soil associations developed on these parent materials is described and the origin of the clay minerals is interpreted. It is concluded that the influence of inheritance is predominant, but that the effects of pre-glacial weathering and Holocene pedogenesis can also be discerned. Inheritance has contributed a wide variety of clay minerals to the soils, including illite, kaolinite, chlorite, smectite and a number of interstratified minerals, pre-glacial weathering has resulted in the widespread formation of kaolinite and halloysite, irrespective of soil parent material or drainage class, and recent pedogenesis has brought about the transformation of inherited layer silicates by vermiculitization processes, with concomitant interlayer alumination, particularly in surface horizons.

ETUDE COMPARATIVE DE SOLS DES LAURENTIDES, QUEBEC

1975 ◽  
Vol 55 (3) ◽  
pp. 363-379 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. MUTWEWINGABO ◽  
C. R. DE KIMPE ◽  
G. A. BOURBEAU ◽  
R. W. BARIL ◽  
P. LAJOIE
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Clay Fraction ◽  
Parent Material ◽  
The Other ◽  
Quebec City ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray ◽  
High Bulk Density ◽  
Diffraction Patterns ◽  
High Bulk

Five profiles were sampled in the till deposits of the Laurentides Hills. Two were obtained at Duchesnay, near Quebec City and three north of Montreal, including two profiles of the Gatineau and one of the Sainte-Agathe series of soils. Results of the particle-size distribution, morphological and mineralogical analyses suggested that the parent material was similar in all profiles. A high bulk density, about 2.00 g/cm3, was observed in the fragic horizon. Maximum weathering was found in the A horizons resulting in the formation of montmorillonite and kaolinite. The X-ray diffraction patterns obtained for the samples from Duchesnay were better defined than those obtained from the other profiles. In addition to illite, chlorite and vermiculite, two types of interstratified minerals were observed: illite–montmorillonite in the Podzolic-B and illite–vermiculite in the fragic horizons. High values, up to about 700 meq/100 g were obtained for the Al interlayers in the clay fraction. These profiles were classified as fragic ferro-humic Podzols (Sainte-Agathe and the profiles from Duchesnay) and fragic humo-ferric Podzols (Gatineau). The concept of fragic horizon in the soils from the Laurentides is discussed.

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