CHARACTERISTICS AND CLASSIFICATION OF NON-CEMENTED SANDY SOILS IN NEW BRUNSWICK

1980 ◽  
Vol 60 (1) ◽  
pp. 71-81 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. WANG ◽  
H. W. REES
Keyword(s):  
New Brunswick ◽  
Sandy Soils ◽  
Classification Systems ◽  
Minor Effect ◽  
Soil Evolution ◽  
Organic C ◽  
Podzolic Soils ◽  
A Minor ◽  
Total Organic C

Forty-nine sandy soils developed in till, outwash, alluvium and marine sands were studied to determine the effect of mode of deposition on soil development and to classify the soils according to the Canadian and U.S. classification systems. Forty-three of the soils met the morphological and chemical criteria of Humo-Ferric Podzols but none of these was a Spodosol because the ratio of pyrophosphate-extractable Fe + Al to clay in the B horizon was below 0.2. Mode of deposition had only a minor effect on soil evolution. However, B horizon development was strongest in the till soils, perhaps because of their somewhat finer texture and greater age. A pronounced maximum of clay occurred in the B horizons of the Podzolic soils; commonly, clay in the B exceeded that in the A and C by a factor of 2–5. A higher pyrophosphate Al/Fe ratio was found associated with soils low in total pyrophosphate Al + Fe and vice versa. It was also found that pyrophosphate Al + Fe was positively correlated with total organic C (r = 0.891).

ILLUVIATED CLAY IN SANDY PODZOLIC SOILS OF NEW BRUNSWICK

1982 ◽  
Vol 62 (1) ◽  
pp. 79-89 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. WANG ◽  
J. A. MCKEAGUE
Keyword(s):  
New Brunswick ◽  
Podzolic Soil ◽  
Sandy Soils ◽  
Organic C ◽  
Podzolic Soils ◽  
Organic Complexes ◽  
Gains And Losses

Satisfactory uniformity with depth was established in sandy materials of marine, till and alluvial origin and a Podzolic soil was sampled in each of the materials. Marked maxima of clay, organic C, and pyrophosphate-extractable Fe and Al occurred within the podzolic B horizon of each soil. These maxima were least pronounced in the youngest soil developed in alluvium. In general, organic C and pyrophosphate Fe maxima occurred above clay and pyrophosphate Al maxima. Calculations of gains and losses of constituents showed marked gains of clay, organic C and extractable Fe and Al in the podzolic B horizons. Though weakly oriented, silt and clay cutans occurred on some grains in the B horizons of these soils, micromorphological evidence was not conclusive in indicating clay illuviation. The results are interpreted as indicating that clay was probably translocated and deposited with organic complexes of Fe and Al in these acid, sandy soils.

CLASSIFICATION OF PODZOLIC SOILS AS AFFECTED BY CULTIVATION

1984 ◽  
Vol 64 (2) ◽  
pp. 229-239 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. WANG ◽  
H. W. REES ◽  
J. L. DAIGLE
Keyword(s):  
Morphological Changes ◽  
Minor Amount ◽  
Morphological Criterion ◽  
Virgin Forest ◽  
Podzolic Soils ◽  
Forest Sites ◽  
Morphological Criteria ◽  
A Minor

The effects on soil properties of long-term potato cultivation and of erosion were studied by sampling soils along three transects in virgin forest sites and seven transects in potato fields with landforms and parent materials similar to those of the forest sites. The average thickness of solum was reduced from 35 cm in virgin forest to 27 cm in cultivated fields. More than 90% (28 of 30) of forested pedons were classified as Podzolic soils but only 27% (19 of 70) of the cultivated pedons met all of the criteria of Podzolic soils. The others were mainly Regosols and Brunisols. The main criterion that excluded the soils from the Podzolic order was one of the morphological criteria which states "… hue of 10 YR near the upper boundary (of B horizon) and becomes yellower with depth." Most of the Ap horizons (70%) still meet all the chemical criteria for the Podzolic order. By waiving the morphological criterion stated above for the cultivated sites, nearly 70% (48 of 70) of the soils observed remained as Podzols with only a minor amount of Regosols and Brunisols. It is proposed that the current morphological criterion should be retained for uncultivated soils, but waived for cultivated soils. This will decrease the contrast between the classification of cultivated and adjacent forest soils. We also suggested that the morphological changes resulting from cultivation and erosion can be dealt with at a lower categorocal level or as a phase of categorical levels. Key words: Chemical criteria, morphological criteria, soil erosion, soil transect

scholarly journals Grey forest soils in the different classification systems

2017 ◽  
pp. 120-134
Author(s):  
Halyna Ivanyuk
Keyword(s):  
Forest Soils ◽  
Soil Classification ◽  
Classification Systems ◽  
Soil Taxonomy ◽  
Podzolic Soils ◽  
Urgent Task ◽  
The World ◽  
History Of ◽  
Diagnostic Horizons

According to various data, the area of grey forest soils in the world is 94–120.2 million ha, in Ukraine – 4.7–5.5 million ha (about 9 % of the country’s territory). The diversity of conditions for the formation of these soils, discussions about their genesis are the causes of different approaches to the classification of grey forest soils. The history of the classification of grey forest soils is analysed; the most common variants of their classification in Ukraine are presented. Seeking to find approximate equivalents, an attempt to find grey forest soils in the classification systems of different countries (Russia, Moldova, Bulgaria, Romania, Czech Republic, Poland, USA, Canada), as well as in the legend of the FAO-UNESCO map and the WRB has been made. To establish exact analogues of soils practically it is impossible due to different principles of classification’s construction. Modern soil classifications of different countries are as close as possible to WRB and “Soil Taxonomy”. The following names of grey forest soils are identified as the most grounded: light grey forest, grey forest and dark grey podzolic. The following equivalents of the WRB nomenclature (2014) for sub-types of grey forest soils are offered: light grey forest – Albic Luvisols, grey forest – Haplic Luvisols, dark grey podzolic – Luvic Greyzemic Phaeozems. To the names of analogues of these soils with gleyic properties, the qualifier “Gleyic” should be added before the name of the reference soil group. The urgent task for soil scientists of Ukraine is to create a new soil classification that would preserve the acquisitions of genetic soil science but took into account the world trends: the allocation of diagnostic horizons and features that have clearly defined quantitative boundaries. In the new classification, it is proposed to combine the light grey and grey forest soils by a separate group, dark grey podzolic soils to be grouped together in a group with podzolic chernozems. The need for such selection is confirmed by the study of the dark grey soils position in different classification systems of the world, most of which these soils are in the chernozemic type group (Mollisols, Phaeozems and Chernozems). Key words: classification, grey forest soils, Greyzems, Luvisols, Mollisols, Phaeozems.

Improvement of monitoring of tertiary filtration with particle counting

2006 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
V. Miska ◽  
J.H.J.M. van der Graaf ◽  
J. de Koning
Keyword(s):  
Particle Surface ◽  
Minor Effect ◽  
Particle Size Distributions ◽  
Particle Volume ◽  
Mass Distributions ◽  
Particle Counting ◽  
Total Particle ◽  
Particle Counts ◽  
A Minor ◽  
Sample Dilution

Nowadays filtration processes are still monitored with conventional analyses like turbidity measurements and, in case of flocculation–filtration, with phosphorus analyses. Turbidity measurements have the disadvantage that breakthrough of small flocs cannot be displayed, because of the blindness regarding changes in the mass distributions. Additional particle volume distributions calculated from particle size distributions (PSDs) would provide a better assessment of filtration performance. Lab-scale experiments have been executed on a flocculation–filtration column fed with effluent from WWTP Beverwijk in The Netherlands. Besides particle counting at various sampling points, the effect of sample dilution on the accuracy of PSD measurements has been reflected. It was found that the dilution has a minor effect on PSD of low turbidity samples such as process filtrate. The correlation between total particle counts, total particle volume (TPV) and total particle surface is not high but is at least better for diluted measurements of particles in the range 2–10 μm. Furthermore, possible relations between floc-bound phosphorus and TPV removal had been investigated. A good correlation coefficient is found for TPV removal versus floc-bound phosphorus removal for the experiments with polyaluminiumchloride and the experiments with single denitrifying and blank filtration.

scholarly journals Classification of Post-Fire Responses of Woody Plants to include Pyrophobic Communities

Fire ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lynda D. Prior ◽  
David M. J. S. Bowman
Keyword(s):  
Woody Plants ◽  
Seed Banks ◽  
Classification Systems ◽  
Woody Vegetation ◽  
General Category ◽  
Conifer Species ◽  
Soil Seed Banks ◽  
Obligate Seeder ◽  
In Fire

Developing standardised classification of post-fire responses is essential for globally consistent comparisons of woody vegetation communities. Existing classification systems are based on responses of species growing in fire-prone environments. To accommodate species that occur in rarely burnt environments, we have suggested some important points of clarification to earlier schemes categorizing post-fire responses. We have illustrated this approach using several Australasian conifer species as examples of pyrophobic species. In particular, we suggest using the term “obligate seeder” for the general category of plants that rely on seed to reproduce, and qualifying this to “post-fire obligate seeder” for the narrower category of species with populations that recover from canopy fire only by seeding; the species are typically fire-cued, with large aerial or soil seed banks that germinate profusely following a fire, and grow and reproduce rapidly in order to renew the seed bank before the next fire.

scholarly journals Interobserver agreement of the Paris and simplified classifications of superficial colonic lesions: a Western study

2021 ◽  
Vol 09 (03) ◽  
pp. E388-E394
Author(s):  
Francesco Cocomazzi ◽  
Marco Gentile ◽  
Francesco Perri ◽  
Antonio Merla ◽  
Fabrizio Bossa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Interobserver Agreement ◽  
Classification Systems ◽  
Sensitivity Analyses ◽  
Size Estimation ◽  
Rater Agreement ◽  
Staff Members ◽  
Video Clips ◽  
Paris Classification ◽  
Level Of Agreement

Abstract Background and study aims The Paris classification of superficial colonic lesions has been widely adopted, but a simplified description that subgroups the shape into pedunculated, sessile/flat and depressed lesions has been proposed recently. The aim of this study was to evaluate the accuracy and inter-rater agreement among 13 Western endoscopists for the two classification systems. Methods Seventy video clips of superficial colonic lesions were classified according to the two classifications, and their size estimated. The interobserver agreement for each classification was assessed using both Cohen k and AC1 statistics. Accuracy was taken as the concordance between the standard morphology definition and that made by participants. Sensitivity analyses investigated agreement between trainees (T) and staff members (SM), simple or mixed lesions, distinct lesion phenotypes, and for laterally spreading tumors (LSTs). Results Overall, the interobserver agreement for the Paris classification was substantial (κ = 0.61; AC1 = 0.66), with 79.3 % accuracy. Between SM and T, the values were superimposable. For size estimation, the agreement was 0.48 by the κ-value, and 0.50 by AC1. For single or mixed lesions, κ-values were 0.60 and 0.43, respectively; corresponding AC1 values were 0.68 and 0.57. Evaluating the several different polyp subtypes separately, agreement differed significantly when analyzed by the k-statistics (0.08–0.12) or the AC1 statistics (0.59–0.71). Analyses of LSTs provided a κ-value of 0.50 and an AC1 score of 0.62, with 77.6 % accuracy. The simplified classification outperformed the Paris classification: κ = 0.68, AC1 = 0.82, accuracy = 91.6 %. Conclusions Agreement is often measured with Cohen’s κ, but we documented higher levels of agreement when analyzed with the AC1 statistic. The level of agreement was substantial for the Paris classification, and almost perfect for the simplified system.

scholarly journals Linkage mapping identifies a non-synonymous mutation in FLOWERING LOCUS T (FT-B1) increasing spikelet number per spike

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonathan Brassac ◽  
Quddoos H. Muqaddasi ◽  
Jörg Plieske ◽  
Martin W. Ganal ◽  
Marion S. Röder
Keyword(s):  
Flowering Time ◽  
Aspartic Acid ◽  
Synonymous Substitution ◽  
Minor Effect ◽  
Phenotypic Variance ◽  
Spikelet Number ◽  
Wheat Varieties ◽  
Trait Locus ◽  
A Minor ◽  
Spikelet Number Per Spike

AbstractTotal spikelet number per spike (TSN) is a major component of spike architecture in wheat (Triticumaestivum L.). A major and consistent quantitative trait locus (QTL) was discovered for TSN in a doubled haploid spring wheat population grown in the field over 4 years. The QTL on chromosome 7B explained up to 20.5% of phenotypic variance. In its physical interval (7B: 6.37–21.67 Mb), the gene FLOWERINGLOCUST (FT-B1) emerged as candidate for the observed effect. In one of the parental lines, FT-B1 carried a non-synonymous substitution on position 19 of the coding sequence. This mutation modifying an aspartic acid (D) into a histidine (H) occurred in a highly conserved position. The mutation was observed with a frequency of ca. 68% in a set of 135 hexaploid wheat varieties and landraces, while it was not found in other plant species. FT-B1 only showed a minor effect on heading and flowering time (FT) which were dominated by a major QTL on chromosome 5A caused by segregation of the vernalization gene VRN-A1. Individuals carrying the FT-B1 allele with amino acid histidine had, on average, a higher number of spikelets (15.1) than individuals with the aspartic acid allele (14.3) independent of their VRN-A1 allele. We show that the effect of TSN is not mainly related to flowering time; however, the duration of pre-anthesis phases may play a major role.

scholarly journals IL-6 Is Not Absolutely Essential for the Development of a TH17 Immune Response after an Aerosol Infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37rv

Cells ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 9
Author(s):  
Kristina Ritter ◽  
Jan Christian Sodenkamp ◽  
Alexandra Hölscher ◽  
Jochen Behrends ◽  
Christoph Hölscher
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Inflammatory Diseases ◽  
Mycobacterial Infection ◽  
Minor Effect ◽  
Mycobacterium Tuberculosis H37rv ◽  
Th 17 ◽  
Anti Inflammatory ◽  
A Minor ◽  
Aerosol Infection ◽  
Deficient Mice

Anti-inflammatory treatment of chronic inflammatory diseases often increases susceptibility to infectious diseases such as tuberculosis (TB). Since numerous chronic inflammatory and autoimmune diseases are mediated by interleukin (IL)-6-induced T helper (TH) 17 cells, a TH17-directed anti-inflammatory therapy may be preferable to an IL-12-dependent TH1 inhibition in order to avoid reactivation of latent infections. To assess, however, the risk of inhibition of IL-6-dependent TH17-mediated inflammation, we examined the TH17 immune response and the course of experimental TB in IL-6- and T-cell-specific gp130-deficient mice. Our study revealed that the absence of IL-6 or gp130 on T cells has only a minor effect on the development of antigen-specific TH1 and TH17 cells. Importantly, these gene-deficient mice were as capable as wild type mice to control mycobacterial infection. Together, in contrast to its key function for TH17 development in other inflammatory diseases, IL-6 plays an inferior role for the generation of TH17 immune responses during experimental TB.

scholarly journals Sweet taste of heavy water

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Natalie Ben Abu ◽  
Philip E. Mason ◽  
Hadar Klein ◽  
Nitzan Dubovski ◽  
Yaron Ben Shoshan-Galeczki ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Water ◽  
Calcium Release ◽  
Homology Modelling ◽  
Taste Receptor ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Sweet Taste ◽  
Minor Effect ◽  
Dynamics Simulations ◽  
A Minor ◽  
Physical And Chemical

AbstractHydrogen to deuterium isotopic substitution has only a minor effect on physical and chemical properties of water and, as such, is not supposed to influence its neutral taste. Here we conclusively demonstrate that humans are, nevertheless, able to distinguish D2O from H2O by taste. Indeed, highly purified heavy water has a distinctly sweeter taste than same-purity normal water and can add to perceived sweetness of sweeteners. In contrast, mice do not prefer D2O over H2O, indicating that they are not likely to perceive heavy water as sweet. HEK 293T cells transfected with the TAS1R2/TAS1R3 heterodimer and chimeric G-proteins are activated by D2O but not by H2O. Lactisole, which is a known sweetness inhibitor acting via the TAS1R3 monomer of the TAS1R2/TAS1R3, suppresses the sweetness of D2O in human sensory tests, as well as the calcium release elicited by D2O in sweet taste receptor-expressing cells. The present multifaceted experimental study, complemented by homology modelling and molecular dynamics simulations, resolves a long-standing controversy about the taste of heavy water, shows that its sweet taste is mediated by the human TAS1R2/TAS1R3 taste receptor, and opens way to future studies of the detailed mechanism of action.

scholarly journals Effect of Different SiO2 Polymorphs on the Reaction Between SiO2 and SiC in Si Production

2021 ◽  
Vol 52 (2) ◽  
pp. 792-803
Author(s):  
Marit Buhaug Folstad ◽  
Eli Ringdalen ◽  
Halvard Tveit ◽  
Merete Tangstad
Keyword(s):  
Amorphous Silica ◽  
Reaction Rate ◽  
Reduction Reaction ◽  
Minor Effect ◽  
Target Temperature ◽  
Heating Rates ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Sio2 Polymorphs ◽  
A Minor ◽  
Final Composition

AbstractThis work investigates the phase transformations in silica (SiO2) during heating to a target temperature between 1700 °C and 1900 °C and the effect of SiO2 polymorphs on the reduction reaction 2SiO2 + SiC = 3SiO + CO in silicon production. Different heating rates up to target temperature have been used to achieve the different compositions of quartz, amorphous silica and cristobalite. The different heating rates had a minor effect on the final composition, and longer time at temperatures > 1400 °C were necessary to achieve greater variations in the final composition. Heating above the melting temperature gave more amorphous silica and less cristobalite, as amorphous silica also may form from β-cristobalite. Isothermal furnace experiments were conducted to study the extent of the reduction reaction. This study did not find any significant difference in the effects of quartz, amorphous silica or cristobalite. Increased temperature from 1700 °C to 1900 °C increased the reaction rate.

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