FACTORS CONTRIBUTING TO CROP RESPONSE ON A DEEP-PLOWED SOLONETZ SOIL

1977 ◽  
Vol 57 (3) ◽  
pp. 279-287 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. BROOK HARKER ◽  
G. R. WEBSTER ◽  
R. R. CAIRNS
Keyword(s):  
Yield Response ◽  
Crop Response ◽  
Soil Factors ◽  
Greenhouse Study ◽  
Water Logging ◽  
Significant Yield ◽  
Deep Plowing ◽  
Reduced Water ◽  
Main Factor ◽  
Solonetz Soil

Deep plowing was evaluated in the field and simulated in a greenhouse study in an attempt to isolate soil factors responsible for yield effects on a Duagh Solonetz soil. Generally, fertilization provided a more significant yield response than deep plowing in the field or horizon mixing in the greenhouse. In the field, however, deep plowing in combination with fertilization produced an additional 542 kg/ha of alfalfa-bromegrass forage over fertilization alone [Formula: see text]. Also, in fertilized greenhouse treatments, retaining the A horizon on the surface while mixing sub-horizons proved significantly beneficial over mixing all three horizons [Formula: see text]. The main factor responsible for yield effects appeared to be the Ca enrichment of surface and B horizon areas. An increase in the Ca:Na ratio improved water intake rates and reduced water-logging of the soil, thereby providing a more suitable medium for root development and a more efficient use of indigenous and applied N.

DEEP PLOWED SOLONETZIC AND CHERNOZEMIC SOILS: II. CROP RESPONSE CHARACTERISTICS

1985 ◽  
Vol 65 (4) ◽  
pp. 639-649
Author(s):  
G. D. BUCKLAND ◽  
S. PAWLUK
Keyword(s):  
Relative Yield ◽  
Soil Classification ◽  
Moisture Stress ◽  
Yield Response ◽  
Crop Response ◽  
Yield Increase ◽  
Response Characteristics ◽  
Solonetzic Soil ◽  
Deep Plowing ◽  
Yield Responses

Crop response to deep plowing was determined at five locations in east-central Alberta. Yield and growth characteristics of barley, wheat and oats were evaluated as they relate to units of soil classification. Crops grown on Solonetzic landscapes responded more favorably to deep plowing than crops grown on landscapes with significant amounts [Formula: see text] of Chernozemic soils. Where Solonetzic and Chernozemic soils were present in the same landscape, the relative yield increase of wheat and barley resulting from deep plowing followed the sequence BL.SS and BL.SO > SZ.BL > O.BL. Deep plowing of landscapes containing [Formula: see text] Chernozemic soils does not appear beneficial because of limited crop response. Yield response of wheat was greater during the drier year. Yield responses on deep plowed soils resulted from increased tillering and increased grain yield per single stem, both of which were associated with reduced moisture stress. Crop emergence was generally unrelated to soil physical conditions. Key words: Deep plowing, crop response, Solonetzic soil

scholarly journals Response of Sensitive and Resistant Snap Bean Genotypes to Nighttime Ozone Concentration

2020 ◽  
Vol 145 (6) ◽  
pp. 331-339
Author(s):  
Kirsten L. Lloyd ◽  
Donald D. Davis ◽  
Richard P. Marini ◽  
Dennis R. Decoteau
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Age ◽  
Acute Injury ◽  
Yield Response ◽  
Yield Losses ◽  
Foliar Injury ◽  
Snap Bean ◽  
Stirred Tank Reactors ◽  
First Results ◽  
Significant Yield ◽  
The Impact

Effects of nighttime (2000 to 0700 hr) O3 on the pod mass of sensitive (S156) and resistant (R123) snap bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) genotypes were assessed using continuous stirred tank reactors located within a greenhouse. Two concentration-response relationship trials were designed to evaluate yield response to nighttime O3 exposure (10 to 265 ppb) in combination with daytime exposure at background levels (44 and 62 ppb). Three replicated trials tested the impact of nighttime O3 treatment at means of 145, 144, and 145 ppb on yields. In addition, stomatal conductance (gS) measurements documented diurnal variations and assessed the effects of genotype and leaf age. During the concentration-response experiments, pod mass had a significant linear relationship with the nighttime O3 concentration across genotypes. Yield losses of 15% and 50% occurred at nighttime exposure levels of ≈45 and 145 ppb, respectively, for S156, whereas R123 yields decreased by 15% at ≈150 ppb. At low nighttime O3 levels of ≈100 ppb, R123 yields initially increased up to 116% of the treatment that received no added nighttime O3, suggesting a potential hormesis effect for R123, but not for S156. Results from replicated trials revealed significant yield losses in both genotypes following combined day and night exposure, whereas night-only exposure caused significant decreases only for S156. The gS rates ranged from less than 100 mmol·m−2·s−1 in the evening to midday levels more than 1000 mmol·m−2·s−1. At sunrise and sunset, S156 had significantly higher gS rates than R123, suggesting a greater potential O3 flux into leaves. Across genotypes, younger rapidly growing leaves had higher gS rates than mature fully expanded leaves when evaluated at four different times during the day. Although these were long-term trials, gS measurements and observations of foliar injury development suggest that acute injury, occurring at approximately the time of sunrise, also may have contributed to yield losses. To our knowledge, these are the first results to confirm that the relative O3 sensitivity of the S156/R123 genotypes is valid for nighttime exposure.

RELEASE OF NON-EXCHANGEABLE SOIL POTASSIUM BY RESIN-EQUILIBRATION AND ITS SIGNIFICANCE FOR CROP GROWTH

1962 ◽  
Vol 42 (2) ◽  
pp. 266-272 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. E. Barber ◽  
B. C. Matthews
Keyword(s):  
Linear Regression ◽  
Ammonium Acetate ◽  
Cation Exchange Resin ◽  
Yield Response ◽  
Exchangeable Potassium ◽  
Quadratic Regression ◽  
Potassium Fertilizer ◽  
Crop Response ◽  
Soil Potassium ◽  
The Difference

The non-exchangeable potassium released by soil after equilibration with cation-exchange resin was determined by extraction of the mixture with neutral ammonium acetate at room temperature and compared with a similar extraction in the absence of resin. The difference obtained following a 2-day equilibration period was called moderately-available potassium.Simple linear regression of yield on exchangeable potassium or exchangeable plus moderately-available potassium accounted for only 16 and 27 per cent respectively of the variability in yield response of corn, wheat, oats and potatoes to potassium fertilizer in the field. Multiple linear regression of yield on exchangeable and moderately-available potassium accounted for an average of 37 per cent of the variation in crop response; but a multiple quadratic regression of Log (100-per cent yield) on exchangeable and moderately-available potassium accounted for an average of 56 per cent of the variability in Log (100-per cent yield). Multiple quadratic regression of absolute yield or per cent yield on exchangeable and moderately-available potassium accounted for 46 and 50 per cent, respectively, of the variability in crop response to potassium fertilizer.

scholarly journals Sugarcane Yield Response to Furrow-Applied Organic Amendments on Sand Soils

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Mabry McCray ◽  
Shangning Ji ◽  
Leslie E. Baucum
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Root Zone ◽  
Organic Amendments ◽  
Yield Response ◽  
Entire Volume ◽  
Yard Waste ◽  
Broadcast Application ◽  
Sugarcane Yield ◽  
Significant Yield ◽  
Yield Responses

Organic amendments have been shown to increase sugarcane yield on sand soils in Florida. These soils have very low water and nutrient-holding capacities because of the low content of organic matter, silt, and clay. Because of high costs associated with broadcast application, this field study was conducted to determine sugarcane yield response to furrow application of two organic amendments on sand soils. One experiment compared broadcast application (226 m3 ha−1) of mill mud and yard waste compost, furrow application (14, 28, and 56 m3 ha−1) of these materials, and no amendment. Another experiment compared furrow applications (28 and 56 m3 ha−1) of mill mud and yard waste compost with no amendment. There were significant yield (t sucrose ha−1) responses to broadcast and furrow-applied mill mud but responses to furrow applications were not consistent across sites. There were no significant yield responses to yard waste compost suggesting that higher rates or repeated applications of this amendment will be required to achieve results comparable to mill mud. Results also suggest that enhancing water and nutrient availability in the entire volume of the root zone with broadcast incorporation of organic amendments is the more effective approach for low organic matter sands.

Influence of Johnsongrass (Sorghum halepense) Density and Period of Competition on Cotton Yield

Weed Science ◽  
1987 ◽  
Vol 35 (1) ◽  
pp. 63-67 ◽  
Author(s):  
David C. Bridges ◽  
James M. Chandler
Keyword(s):  
Yield Loss ◽  
Sorghum Halepense ◽  
Yield Potential ◽  
Yield Response ◽  
Cotton Yield ◽  
Critical Periods ◽  
East Central ◽  
Central Texas ◽  
Competition Period ◽  
Significant Yield

Research was conducted from 1982 through 1984 on a Shipps clay soil (Udic chromustert) in east-central Texas to determine the density-dependent effects and critical periods of johnsongrass [Sorghum halepense(L.) Pers. # SORHA] competition with cotton (Gossypium hirsutumL.). Two experiments were conducted each year, one to assess cotton yield response to increasing johnsongrass density and the second to establish the johnsongrass-free requirement of cotton and the johnsongrass competition period. A critical minimum density of 2 plants/9.8 m of row was observed. Full-season johnsongrass competition densities exceeding 2 plants/9.8 m of row resulted in seed cotton yield reductions each year. Yield decline was most rapid as density increased from 2 to 8 plants/9.8 m of row. Yield loss averaged 1, 4, 14, 40, 65, and 70% for johnsongrass densities of 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, and 32 plants/9.8 m of row, respectively. Percent yield loss was proportional to yield potential at johnsongrass densities of 4 and 8 plants/9.8 m of row. Three to four weeks of rhizome johnsongrass competition or 6 weeks of seedling johnsongrass competition resulted in significant yield reductions. Maintaining cotton johnsongrass free for 4 weeks did not prevent significant yield reductions.

Soil fumigation of sultana vines

1966 ◽  
Vol 6 (20) ◽  
pp. 72 ◽  
Author(s):  
MR Sauer
Keyword(s):  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Substantial Reduction ◽  
Soil Fumigation ◽  
Yield Response ◽  
Cost Of Treatment ◽  
Treated Soil ◽  
The Third ◽  
Significant Yield ◽  
Citrus Nematode ◽  
The Cost

Soil supporting mature sultana vines at 23 sites on loam and sandy loam soils in the Merbein district was fumigated with 92.2 per cent w/w 1,2-dibromo-3-chloropropene at the rate of 2 1/2 gallons an acre. Significant yield increases were recorded at four sites in the second season after treatment, and at eight sites in the third season. Significant increases generally were of the order of twice the cost of treatment, or better. All sites were infested with citrus nematode, numbers ranging from an average of about 2,000 per 500 grams of soil on some sites to more than 20,000 on others. There was no relation between numbers of nematodes in the soil and vine yield. Soil counts indicated a substantial reduction in nematode numbers due to fumigation, but counts made at the end of the third season suggested that numbers in treated soil were increasing rapidly. No reason for the yield response was apparent-response was not related to mean untreated yield, to soil type, or to numbers of nematodes in the soil.

MEASUREMENT OF NITRATE-SUPPLYING POWER OF SOILS BY AN INCUBATION METHOD AND CORRELATION WITH CROP YIELD RESPONSE

1958 ◽  
Vol 38 (2) ◽  
pp. 163-172 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. J. Eagle ◽  
B. C. Matthews
Keyword(s):  
Growing Season ◽  
Bottom Layer ◽  
Yield Response ◽  
Distilled Water ◽  
Crop Response ◽  
Dry Storage ◽  
Modified Method ◽  
Percentage Yield ◽  
Incubation Method ◽  
Additional Nitrogen

The results of an incubation method for measuring the capacity of Ontario soils to accumulate nitrate were extremely variable. Placement of the soil sample between two layers of vermiculite in the incubation tube and addition of sufficient distilled water to moisten the top layer of vermiculite, the soil and a portion of the bottom layer of vermiculite resulted in satisfactory reproducibility of results. Wide fluctuations in results, due to prolonged air-dry storage before analysis or to time of sampling during the growing season, were reduced by storing all samples in the moist state at 10 °C. for 2 weeks before analysis.The correlation between the logarithm of the percentage yield decrement, which is a measure of crop response, and nitrate-supplying power as measured by the modified incubation method was highly significant for winter wheat (r = −0.437), oats (r = −0.411) and potatoes (r = −0.651). Soils having a nitrate-supplying power of 50 p.p.m. of N or more by the proposed modified method gave little or no increase in yield of wheat, oats, or potatoes when additional nitrogen was applied as fertilizer.

Dry matter yield response of pasture grass to application of Nemafos (thionazin).

1972 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 81-96
Author(s):  
G.C. Ennik
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Yield Response ◽  
Favourable Effect ◽  
Direct Stimulation ◽  
Pasture Grass ◽  
Yield Responses ◽  
Better Than ◽  
Main Factor ◽  
Stimulation Of

Results of several field trials on the response of permanent grass swards and of sown swards with and without clover to application of thionazin (as Nemafos) at about 8 ml/m2 before each cut are described. Where N was the main factor limiting growth, plots with Nemafos grew better than the controls because of an increase in available soil N. At high levels of N, growth was improved because of direct stimulation of regrowth after cutting. Nemafos had a favourable effect, which lasted longer with successive cuts, on the development and vigour of tillers. The yield responses were unrelated to control of nematodes. [See also HbA 39, 422]. (Abstract retrieved from CAB Abstracts by CABI’s permission)

An Evaluation of Two Novel Cultivation Tools

2012 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 316-325 ◽  
Author(s):  
Glenn J. Evans ◽  
Robin R. Bellinder ◽  
Russell R. Hahn
Keyword(s):  
Weed Control ◽  
Weed Management ◽  
Environmental Data ◽  
Yield Response ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Operational Parameters ◽  
Crop Response ◽  
Weed Growth ◽  
Operational Variables ◽  
Organic Weed Management

Cultivation is a critical component of organic weed management and has relevance in conventional farming. Limitations with current cultivation tools include high costs, limited efficacy, and marginal applicability across a range of crops, soil types, soil moisture conditions, and weed growth stages. The objectives of this research were to compare the weed control potential of two novel tools, a block cultivator and a stirrup cultivator, with that of a conventional S-tine cultivator, and to evaluate crop response when each tool was used in pepper and broccoli. Block and stirrup cultivators were mounted on a toolbar with an S-tine sweep. In 2008, the tripart cultivator was tested in 20 independently replicated noncrop field events. Weed survival and reemergence data were collected from the cultivated area of each of the three tools. Environmental data were also collected. A multivariable model was created to assess the importance of cultivator design and environmental and operational variables on postcultivation weed survival. Additional trials in 2009 evaluated the yield response of pepper and broccoli to interrow cultivations with each tool. Cultivator design significantly influenced postcultivation weed survival (P < 0.0001). When weed survival was viewed collectively across all 20 cultivations, both novel cultivators significantly increased control. Relative to the S-tine sweep, the stirrup cultivator reduced weed survival by about one-third and the block cultivator reduced weed survival by greater than two-thirds. Of the 11 individually assessed environmental and operational parameters, 7 had significant implications for weed control with the sweep; 5 impacted control with the stirrup cultivator, and only 1 (surface weed cover at the time of cultivation) influenced control with the block cultivator. Crop response to each cultivator was identical. The block cultivator, because of its increased effectiveness and operational flexibility, has the potential to improve interrow mechanical weed management.

scholarly journals In-furrow Starter Fertilization Enhances Growth and Maturity in Early Sweet Corn

HortScience ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 33 (6) ◽  
pp. 1007-1010 ◽  
Author(s):  
John M. Swiader ◽  
William H. Shoemaker
Keyword(s):  
Sweet Corn ◽  
Seedling Emergence ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Yield Response ◽  
Starter Fertilizer ◽  
Matter Production ◽  
Early Seedling ◽  
Significant Yield ◽  
Adverse Environmental Conditions

Field studies were conducted in 1994 and 1995 to evaluate the effects of in-furrow-placed (i.e., applied directly in the seed channel) starter fertilizer on the emergence, maturity, and yield response of early sweet corn. In both years, three starter fertilizer treatments were applied: APP, with N and P at 13 and 19 kg·ha-1, respectively (13N—19P kg·ha-1), either banded (5 cm below and 5 cm to the side of the seed) or placed in-furrow, and a control (no starter fertilizer). Additionally, in 1995, the rate of APP was increased to supply 26N—38P kg·ha-1 in combination with either band (5 × 5 cm) or in-furrow placement. Seedling emergence was delayed whenever starter fertilizer was applied with the seed; however, significant reductions (≈21%) in plant stand occurred only at the high rate of in-furrow placement. In both years, all starter treatments had a positive effect on seedling dry-matter production, and hastened silking. In-furrow application of 13N—19P kg·ha-1 increased marketable ear yields 34% in 1995, but had no effect in 1994. Lack of yield response to the high rate of in-furrow fertilizer in 1995 was primarily a function of reduced stand, as ear number and ear mass per plant, and average ear size were similar to those in the other starter treatments. Based on these results, in-furrow APP at 13N—19P kg·ha-1 appears to be an effective starter fertilization regime for early sweet corn, comparable in effect to banded 26N—38P kg·ha-1. However, high rates of in-furrow APP may reduce stands. Although significant yield response to in-furrow starter fertilizer may not always be realized, the increased early seedling growth may itself be a benefit, since fast-growing seedlings are more likely to be tolerant of adverse environmental conditions than are less vigorous plants. Chemical name used: ammonium polyphosphate (APP).

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