MEASUREMENT OF NITRATE-SUPPLYING POWER OF SOILS BY AN INCUBATION METHOD AND CORRELATION WITH CROP YIELD RESPONSE

1958 ◽  
Vol 38 (2) ◽  
pp. 163-172 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. J. Eagle ◽  
B. C. Matthews
Keyword(s):  
Growing Season ◽  
Bottom Layer ◽  
Yield Response ◽  
Distilled Water ◽  
Crop Response ◽  
Dry Storage ◽  
Modified Method ◽  
Percentage Yield ◽  
Incubation Method ◽  
Additional Nitrogen

The results of an incubation method for measuring the capacity of Ontario soils to accumulate nitrate were extremely variable. Placement of the soil sample between two layers of vermiculite in the incubation tube and addition of sufficient distilled water to moisten the top layer of vermiculite, the soil and a portion of the bottom layer of vermiculite resulted in satisfactory reproducibility of results. Wide fluctuations in results, due to prolonged air-dry storage before analysis or to time of sampling during the growing season, were reduced by storing all samples in the moist state at 10 °C. for 2 weeks before analysis.The correlation between the logarithm of the percentage yield decrement, which is a measure of crop response, and nitrate-supplying power as measured by the modified incubation method was highly significant for winter wheat (r = −0.437), oats (r = −0.411) and potatoes (r = −0.651). Soils having a nitrate-supplying power of 50 p.p.m. of N or more by the proposed modified method gave little or no increase in yield of wheat, oats, or potatoes when additional nitrogen was applied as fertilizer.

Postharvest handling of cut immature Eucalyptus foliage

1993 ◽  
Vol 33 (5) ◽  
pp. 663 ◽  
Author(s):  
RB Jones ◽  
JK Truett ◽  
M Hill
Keyword(s):  
Active Chlorine ◽  
Vase Life ◽  
Distilled Water ◽  
Dry Storage ◽  
Wet Storage ◽  
Postharvest Handling ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
Exogenous Ethylene ◽  
Dry Transport ◽  
And Storage

Optimum postharvest and storage treatments were investigated for cut immature branches of Eucalyptus crenulata Blakely & Beuzev. and Eucalyptus gunnii J. D. Hook. The application of the germicide BCDMH at 10 mg/L of active chlorine, 100 �L Agral-600/L. or 0.25% sucrose to vase solutions significantly enhanced vase life in E. crenulata Longevity in E. gunnii was significantly extended by sucrose (0.25-2% w/v), but not by germicides or Agral. Sucrose pulses (1-10% for 24 11 at 20�C) or exogenous ethylene (50 �L/L for 24 h at 20�C) had no effect on the longevity of either species. Both species produced very low levels of ethylene immediately after harvest and after a 24-h simulation of dry transport at 20�C. Longevity was not significantly altered in either species by 35 days of dry storage at 1�C. or by 7 days of wet storage (branches held in distilled water + 50 mg DICAJL) at 1�C, but declined significantly in both species after 7 days of wet storage at 10�C.

SOIL CONDITIONERS—THEIR EFFECT ON COARSE-TEXTURED SOILS, CROP YIELDS AND COMPOSITION

1957 ◽  
Vol 37 (2) ◽  
pp. 102-112
Author(s):  
R. M. Holmes ◽  
S. J. Toth
Keyword(s):  
Structural Changes ◽  
Crop Yields ◽  
Cultural Practices ◽  
Sandy Soils ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Soil Aggregate ◽  
Crop Response ◽  
The Third ◽  
Soil Conditioners ◽  
The Stability

Crop response to soil structural changes caused by soil conditioner amendments was studied in several different sandy soils of New Jersey. The response varied with the crop and treatment. Those chemicals that were slightly hydrophobic were most effective and generally crop response was greatest on these treatments. Cations such as Na may be added in large amounts as part of some conditioners, and this may result in reduced uptake of other nutrients such as Mg. and K. Except for this effect, conditioners did not reduce nutrient uptake by plants. When elements such as Na and N are added in large amounts as part of some conditioners, there may be an increased uptake of these nutrients.Catalin and VAMA conditioners produced a dry surface mulch which appeared to reduce evaporation. Moisture reserves were, therefore, preserved through a drought and this resulted in increased growth of crops over those grown on other treatments. Cultural practices destroyed the stability of the conditioned aggregates, since in most cases the effect had largely disappeared by the third growing season. Chemicals which were effective in soil aggregate stabilization were also effective as anti-crustants when crusting was a problem.

scholarly journals The effect of the term of mulching and herbicides spraying on ‘Foxtrot’ tulip flowering and bulbs yield

2019 ◽  
Vol 18 (4) ◽  
pp. 71-82
Author(s):  
Barbara Marcinek ◽  
Wojciech Durlak ◽  
Mariusz Szmagara ◽  
Henryk Galant ◽  
Alicja Węgrzyn
Keyword(s):  
Single Dose ◽  
Wheat Straw ◽  
Nitrogen Fertilization ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Soil Freezing ◽  
Additional Nitrogen ◽  
Working Liquid

The experiment studied the effect of various mulching terms of ‘Foxtrot’ tulips with wheat straw in combination with spraying of plantations with herbicides using various doses and different amounts of working liquid. The mulch was laid out just after planting and after the soil had frozen. The experiment included combinations, in which the mulch was left until the end of the growing season or removed in spring. Spraying with single (linuron 675 g·ha–1 + lenacyl 1000 g·ha–1) or double herbicide dose (linuron 1350 g·ha–1 + lenacyl 2000 g·ha–1) was made before covering the soil with mulch and also on mulch – two weeks after planting the bulbs, or in the spring after thawing the soil. Volumes of 300 dm3 and 600 dm3 of working liquid were used for spraying. Tulips covered with mulch bloomed 2–3 days later and formed longer shoots as compared to non-mulched ones. The highest yield of marketable bulbs and the first-selection ones was obtained from tulips mulched immediately after planting and sprayed 2 weeks later with herbicides used in a single dose of 600 dm3 of a working liquid. Mulching of tulips after soil freezing and removal of mulch in spring adversely affects the number and weight of commercial bulbs. The lowest yield was obtained in combinations, in which the mulch was not used. The use of additional nitrogen fertilization before laying out the mulch did not affect the yield of tulips. Herbicides can be used both before mulching and after covering the plantation with mulch. It is not necessary to increase the dose of the agent and the amount of water.

scholarly journals Evaluation of distilled water as buffered water replacement during 3% Giemsa’s solution preparation in Malaria diagnosis

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (SPL1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Lai Yan Xia ◽  
Hamidah Abu Bakar
Keyword(s):  
Standard Method ◽  
Gold Standard ◽  
Malaria Diagnosis ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Peripheral Blood Smear ◽  
Blood Film ◽  
Distilled Water ◽  
Malaria Parasites ◽  
Gold Standard Method ◽  
Modified Method

Malaria is a life-threatening disease which has claimed many lives. Giemsa's stain is the gold standard method in malaria diagnosis. Generally, Giemsa's stain is diluted with buffered water. However, sometimes, it produces poor staining of the blood smears, in which can create a major challenge in detecting and identifying positive malaria parasites in a peripheral blood smear. This can lead to misdiagnosis and mistreatment to a patient. The present study examined the effect of replacing the buffered water to distilled water during the preparation of 3% Giemsa's solution. Blood specimens were collected from selected positive (n=80) and negative (n=300) malaria cases in EDTA tube. The modified method employed distilled water and different concentrations of buffered water for diluting Giemsa’s solution stock. The microscopy observation was performed on each set of blood film stained by both modified and standard Giemsa staining methods by two WHO’s qualified technicians. All Giemsa solutions with different diluents were comparable in detecting malaria parasites in the blood films. There was no difference between distilled water and different concentrations of buffered water. Furthermore, distilled water produced homogeneous staining and clearer background of the blood films, which enables different species of malaria to be identified. The present study demonstrates that the modified staining using distilled water in malaria parasites identification is comparable to the gold standard method. In addition, the modified method is rapid, easily available, cost-effective, and reliable.

RELEASE OF NON-EXCHANGEABLE SOIL POTASSIUM BY RESIN-EQUILIBRATION AND ITS SIGNIFICANCE FOR CROP GROWTH

1962 ◽  
Vol 42 (2) ◽  
pp. 266-272 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. E. Barber ◽  
B. C. Matthews
Keyword(s):  
Linear Regression ◽  
Ammonium Acetate ◽  
Cation Exchange Resin ◽  
Yield Response ◽  
Exchangeable Potassium ◽  
Quadratic Regression ◽  
Potassium Fertilizer ◽  
Crop Response ◽  
Soil Potassium ◽  
The Difference

The non-exchangeable potassium released by soil after equilibration with cation-exchange resin was determined by extraction of the mixture with neutral ammonium acetate at room temperature and compared with a similar extraction in the absence of resin. The difference obtained following a 2-day equilibration period was called moderately-available potassium.Simple linear regression of yield on exchangeable potassium or exchangeable plus moderately-available potassium accounted for only 16 and 27 per cent respectively of the variability in yield response of corn, wheat, oats and potatoes to potassium fertilizer in the field. Multiple linear regression of yield on exchangeable and moderately-available potassium accounted for an average of 37 per cent of the variation in crop response; but a multiple quadratic regression of Log (100-per cent yield) on exchangeable and moderately-available potassium accounted for an average of 56 per cent of the variability in Log (100-per cent yield). Multiple quadratic regression of absolute yield or per cent yield on exchangeable and moderately-available potassium accounted for 46 and 50 per cent, respectively, of the variability in crop response to potassium fertilizer.

Yield response of potatoes to variable nitrogen management by landform element and in relation to petiole nitrogen – A case study

2012 ◽  
Vol 92 (4) ◽  
pp. 771-781 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. P. Moulin ◽  
Y. Cohen ◽  
V. Alchanatis ◽  
N. Tremblay ◽  
K. Volkmar
Keyword(s):  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Potato Yield ◽  
Nitrogen Management ◽  
N Fertilizer ◽  
Yield Response ◽  
Fertilizer Treatment ◽  
Marketable Yield ◽  
N Concentration

Moulin, A. P., Cohen, Y., Alchanatis, V., Tremblay, N. and Volkmar, K. 2012. Yield response of potatoes to variable nitrogen management by landform element and in relation to petiole nitrogen – A case study. Can. J. Plant Sci. 92: 771–781. Recent increases in the cost of fertilizer N have prompted producers to assess the potential to vary inputs within fields and during the growing season to produce the highest marketable yield of potatoes (Solanum tuberosum L.). A study was conducted from 2005 to 2007 near Brandon, Manitoba, Canada, to assess the spatial variability of potato yield in upper, middle and lower landform elements on a sandy loam soil in response to a range of N fertilizer rates applied in the spring or in combination with an application during the growing season. There was no clear trend with respect to the effect of landform on potato yield. Nitrogen fertilizer increased total and marketable yield relative to the control at rates from 75 to 225 kg ha−1in split applications or applied at seeding. No significant interaction between landform and fertilizer treatment was observed. Petiole N concentration, determined late in the growing season, was correlated with potato yield though the correlation varied considerably between years. Petiole leaflet N concentration was affected by fertilizer on most sampling dates, but decreased with time during the growing season. We conclude that although N fertilizer could be applied during the growing season based on petiole leaflet N concentration deficiencies in mid-July, there is no clear difference in potato yield due to split application relative to spring applications of N fertilizer at rates of 75 kg ha−1or greater based on landform elements for potato production, likely due to the short growing season in western Canada.

The effects of potassium and magnesium fertilizers on yield and composition of successive crops of ryegrass, clover, sugar beet, potatoes, kale and barley on sandy soil at Woburn

1968 ◽  
Vol 70 (3) ◽  
pp. 303-311 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Bolton ◽  
A. Penny
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Chloride ◽  
Sugar Beet ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Magnesium Deficiency ◽  
Yield Response ◽  
Potassium Sulphate ◽  
Exchangeable Potassium ◽  
Percentage Yield ◽  
Exchangeable Magnesium ◽  
South East England

SUMMARYIn an 8-year field experiment, potassium sulphate and to a lesser extent magnesium sulphate increased yields of all crops both when applied alone and together. Although K/Mg interactions did not affect yields they considerably affected the ratio of concentrations of these elements in the dry matter of the crops. Sodium chloride increased yields of kale but not of barley harvested at ear-emergence.Percentage yield response to potasium followed the orderPotatoes (218%) < clover = barley < sugar beet < kato; < ryegress (17%).Magnesium increased yields from 3 to 10%, most with potatoes.Changes in exchangeable magnesium in the soil reflected differences between applied magnesium and crop uptakes. Changes in exchangeable potassium were less than expected, probably because non-exchangeable potassium was released on plots without added potassium and ‘fixed’ in non-exchangeable forms on plots where much fertilizer potassium had been given.Increase in the incidence of magnesium deficiency symptoms reported recently in South. East England are attributed to the local liming materials containing only small amounts of magnesium and to less F.V.M being applied to crops than previously.

The relationship between exchangeable soil magnesium and response by sugar beet to magnesium sulphate

1970 ◽  
Vol 75 (1) ◽  
pp. 137-143 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. P. Draycott ◽  
M. J. Durrant
Keyword(s):  
Sugar Beet ◽  
Magnesium Sulphate ◽  
Magnesium Deficiency ◽  
Soil Analysis ◽  
Yield Response ◽  
Sodium Potassium ◽  
Soil Extracts ◽  
Percentage Yield ◽  
Exchangeable Magnesium ◽  
The Relationship

SUMMARYFifty-three experiments made between 1959 and 1968 tested the response to magnesium sulphate by sugar beet on fields where magnesium deficiency symptoms were expected. Soil samples, taken before applying fertilizers, were analysed for exchangeable magnesium by four methods. Sodium, potassium and calcium in the soil extracts were also measured to determine whether they influenced response to magnesium.Results of different methods of analysing soil for magnesium were related to each other and to the percentage yield-response to magnesium fertilizer. The concentration of other soil cations did not affect response to magnesium fertilizer, but giving other cations, especially sodium, as fertilizer decreased the concentration of magnesium in the crop. Nevertheless, even on fields deficient in magnesium, the largest yield was from plots given sodium and posassium fertilizer together with a dressing of magnesium.Sugar beet grown on soils containing less than 20 p.p.m. Mg extracted with ammonium nitrate usually gave a profitable response to magnesium fertilizer. When soil magnesium was 20–35 p.p.m., yield of sugar beet on some fields was increased slightly. Plants in some experiments had poorly developed root systems and response to magnesium was then always larger than expected from soil analysis.

An Evaluation of Two Novel Cultivation Tools

2012 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 316-325 ◽  
Author(s):  
Glenn J. Evans ◽  
Robin R. Bellinder ◽  
Russell R. Hahn
Keyword(s):  
Weed Control ◽  
Weed Management ◽  
Environmental Data ◽  
Yield Response ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Operational Parameters ◽  
Crop Response ◽  
Weed Growth ◽  
Operational Variables ◽  
Organic Weed Management

Cultivation is a critical component of organic weed management and has relevance in conventional farming. Limitations with current cultivation tools include high costs, limited efficacy, and marginal applicability across a range of crops, soil types, soil moisture conditions, and weed growth stages. The objectives of this research were to compare the weed control potential of two novel tools, a block cultivator and a stirrup cultivator, with that of a conventional S-tine cultivator, and to evaluate crop response when each tool was used in pepper and broccoli. Block and stirrup cultivators were mounted on a toolbar with an S-tine sweep. In 2008, the tripart cultivator was tested in 20 independently replicated noncrop field events. Weed survival and reemergence data were collected from the cultivated area of each of the three tools. Environmental data were also collected. A multivariable model was created to assess the importance of cultivator design and environmental and operational variables on postcultivation weed survival. Additional trials in 2009 evaluated the yield response of pepper and broccoli to interrow cultivations with each tool. Cultivator design significantly influenced postcultivation weed survival (P < 0.0001). When weed survival was viewed collectively across all 20 cultivations, both novel cultivators significantly increased control. Relative to the S-tine sweep, the stirrup cultivator reduced weed survival by about one-third and the block cultivator reduced weed survival by greater than two-thirds. Of the 11 individually assessed environmental and operational parameters, 7 had significant implications for weed control with the sweep; 5 impacted control with the stirrup cultivator, and only 1 (surface weed cover at the time of cultivation) influenced control with the block cultivator. Crop response to each cultivator was identical. The block cultivator, because of its increased effectiveness and operational flexibility, has the potential to improve interrow mechanical weed management.

scholarly journals The effect of achene heteromorphism on germination in the shaggy soldier [Galinsoga ciliata (Rafin) S.F. Blake]

2012 ◽  
Vol 64 (1) ◽  
pp. 35-43 ◽  
Author(s):  
Magdalena Kucewicz ◽  
Aneta Wardzyńska ◽  
Anna Źróbek-Sokolnik
Keyword(s):  
Growing Season ◽  
Germination Percentage ◽  
Germination Capacity ◽  
Soil Storage ◽  
Dry Storage ◽  
Temperature Requirements ◽  
Similar Temperature ◽  
High Level ◽  
Galinsoga Ciliata ◽  
Over Time

Heteromorphic achenes are formed within each capitulum of <i>Galinsoga ciliata</i> (Rafin) S.F. Blake. We examined (1) the effects of the duration of dry storage on germination and (2) the effect of burial in soil on viability and germination of heteromorphic diaspores. Fresh harvested peripheral achenes remained dormant, while central achenes germinated at 60%. Both achene types became non-dormant after one month of dry storage. In successive months of dry storage, peripheral achenes demonstrated a higher germination percentage than central achenes. The peripheral and central achenes showed similar temperature requirements during dry storage. A similar germination pattern was observed in both achene types, with a germination peak in March (96% of peripheral achenes at 12, 26 and 34<sup>o</sup>C; 90% of central achenes at 26 and 34<sup>o</sup>C). The germination capacity deteriorated over time. After 19 months of dry storage, both achene morphs failed to germinate at 12oC. At a 26<sup>o</sup> and 34<sup>o</sup>C, the same group of achenes continued to germinate at a relatively high level. After six and seven months of soil storage, 90-95% of both achene types remained alive. Dimorphic achenes were characterized by similar germination percentage (89-99%) at all temperature intervals, whereas peripheral achenes exhumed in May were the fastest to germinate. After 18 months of storage in soil (successive growing season), most of the harvested achenes were dead. The studied achenes did not form a permanent seed bank.

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