INFLUENCE OF AMMONIUM ON THE BEHAVIOR OF CLAY PARTICLES IN A SODIC SOIL AND BENTONITE

1974 ◽  
Vol 54 (1) ◽  
pp. 39-44 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. C. VAN SCHAIK ◽  
R. R. CAIRNS
Keyword(s):  
Hydraulic Conductivity ◽  
Beneficial Effect ◽  
Salt Concentration ◽  
Soil Type ◽  
Water Movement ◽  
Ammonium Salts ◽  
Sodic Soil ◽  
Clay Particles ◽  
Mobility Studies ◽  
Solonetz Soil

The addition of ammonium salts increased the hydraulic conductivity of samples taken from the Bnt horizon of a Solonetz soil. The improved conductivity was caused by an increase in the salt concentration in the soil solution and by the ammonium adsorbed on the clay particles. Since the dominant clay mineral in this soil type is montmorillonite, purified bentonite was used for comparative studies. Mobility studies of montmorillonite systems indicated that the adsorbed NH4 ions are tightly bound to the clay particles. The size of the NH4-tactoids was found to be larger than that of the Na-tactoids but less than half that of the Ca-tactoids. It was concluded that the beneficial effect of ammonium on water movement in Solonetz soils will be less than that of calcium, but the transformation of the adsorbed ammonium in the field, followed by replacement of sodium by hydrogen, may result in further improvement of these soils.

scholarly journals Use of Molasses and Distillery Slops with Sulfur for the Reclamation of a Saline-Sodic and a Sodic Soil from Puerto Rico

1969 ◽  
Vol 51 (1) ◽  
pp. 55-65
Author(s):  
Raúl Pérez Escolar
Keyword(s):  
Puerto Rico ◽  
Hydraulic Conductivity ◽  
Clay Soil ◽  
Crop Yields ◽  
Water Movement ◽  
Soil Column ◽  
Exchangeable Sodium ◽  
Sodic Soil ◽  
Corn Crop ◽  
Ca Ions

Data are presented on the effects of the use of molasses and distillery slops in conjunction with sulfur for the reclamation of a saline-sodic and a sodic soil from southwestern Puerto Rico. Results show that, in a sodic Guánica clay soil, corn yields were higher under the molasses treatment in the first corn crop, sulfur-slops and sulfur molasses in the second corn crop, and molasses, sulfur-slops, and sulfur molasses in the third crop, namely, snapbeans. Hydraulic conductivity values were markedly increased in the sulfur-slops and sulfur molasses treatments and removal of harmful exchangeable sodium was possible throughout the three crops. This was probably because of better water movement and the fact that more Ca ions were brought into circulation to displace adsorbed sodium. The experiments conducted on the saline-sodic Fe (Faith) clay soil followed about the same pattern of crop yields, hydraulic conductivity, and removal of exchangeable sodium of the Guánica clay soil. On the check plots, however, replacement of adsorbed sodium was rather pronounced for several possible reasons. These are: The soil had excess soluble salts which, for some time at least, maintained the colloids in a flocculated state. The soil column was rather short, 6 inches, and the hydrolysis of fertilizer salts must have brought into circulation Ca ions in an amount such as to replace considerable adsorbed sodium. Since Thiobacillus thiooxidans derives its energy from the oxidation of sulfur alone it is believed that the enhanced oxidation of sulfur must have been caused by created aeration and somewhat acid conditions which favored the bacteria.

Effectiveness of artificial zeolite amendment in improving the physicochemical properties of saline-sodic soils characterised by different clay mineralogies

Soil Research ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 48 (5) ◽  
pp. 470 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Moritani ◽  
T. Yamamoto ◽  
H. Andry ◽  
M. Inoue ◽  
A. Yuya ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hydraulic Conductivity ◽  
Beneficial Effect ◽  
Soil Loss ◽  
Sediment Concentration ◽  
Negative Influence ◽  
Saturated Hydraulic Conductivity ◽  
Soil Infiltration ◽  
Sodic Soils ◽  
Runoff Water ◽  
Sodic Soil

The use of artificial zeolite (AZ) derived from recycled material as a soil amendment has recently received much attention. The effectiveness of AZ in controlling soil loss, sediment concentration, and runoff water quality in artificial sodic soils is discussed in this study. Soils containing 3 different types of clay mineralogies (kaolinitic, smectic, and allophanic) were tested. Aggregate fractions with sizes >2000 μm and saturated hydraulic conductivity were considerably decreased due to aggregate dispersion after soil sodification, although the sodic KS soil was most stable. The addition of 10% AZ to sodic soil improved the mean weight diameter (MWD) and saturated hydraulic conductivity due to a decrease in exchangeable sodium percentage, resulting in a reduction in soil aggregate dispersion. This improvement of sodic soil with AZ had a beneficial effect on erodibility (soil loss and runoff water). This is attributed to the increment in soil infiltration as a result of the suppression of seal formation on the soil surface. The suppression of erodibility effectively controlled the salt concentration of runoff water. A beneficial effect of MWD and AZ contents on sediment concentration was observed, and a negative influence of electrical conductivity. These findings complement the role of AZ in controlling soil erosion.

Effect of Iron Pyrites, Organic Materials and Micronutrients on Yield of Rice and Wheat and on Amelioration of Sodic Soil

1985 ◽  
Vol 21 (4) ◽  
pp. 329-333 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. N. Tiwari ◽  
Anil Kumar
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Conductivity ◽  
Hydraulic Conductivity ◽  
Beneficial Effect ◽  
Grain Yield ◽  
Green Manure ◽  
Organic Materials ◽  
Sodium Content ◽  
Sodic Soil ◽  
Manure Treatment ◽  
Iron Pyrites

SUMMARYThe effects of iron pyrites, organic materials and micronutrients on the yield of rice and wheat and on the amelioration of saline sodic soil were studied at Kanpur. The grain yield of the first crop of rice increased from 1.37 to 2.97 t ha−1 following application of pyrites at 50% of the estimated gypsum requirement. The grain yield of succeeding wheat and rice crops also increased significantly with pyrites treatment. These increases were associated with marked decreases in pH, electrical conductivity, exchangeable and soluble sodium content and bulk density of the soil and with an increase in its hydraulic conductivity. The beneficial effect of pyrites was increased with the application of rice straw, Sesbania as green manure and micronutrients, the pyrites plus Sesbania green manure treatment being the most effective.

RECLAMATION OF A SALINE-SODIC SOIL WITH SHALLOW TILE DRAINAGE

1962 ◽  
Vol 42 (1) ◽  
pp. 43-48 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. C. Van Schaik ◽  
R. A. Milne
Keyword(s):  
Plant Growth ◽  
Salt Concentration ◽  
Glacial Till ◽  
Tile Drainage ◽  
Normal Plant ◽  
Water Application ◽  
Experimental Site ◽  
Sodic Soils ◽  
Sodic Soil ◽  
Tile Drains

Leaching studies showed that shallow glacial soils that have become saline-sodic can be reclaimed with tile drains installed at a depth of 30 inches with a 30-foot spacing. The glacial till at the experimental site occurred at a depth of 2 to 3 feet below the surface and was slowly permeable. Only after the application of 71 inches of water was the saline-sodic soil sufficiently reclaimed to allow normal plant growth. Some decrease in salt concentration was found below the tile drains. There was no difference in salt movement with respect to proximity to the tile lines. The development of non-saline-sodic soils was not evident during the trial. Most of the gypsum applied during the trial remained in the surface 6 inches after the final water application.

Hydraulische Leitfähigkeit von Valonia utricularis / Hydraulic Conductivity of Valonia utricularis

1971 ◽  
Vol 26 (12) ◽  
pp. 1302-1311 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Steudle ◽  
U. Zimmermann
Keyword(s):  
Hydraulic Conductivity ◽  
Cell Membrane ◽  
Marine Alga ◽  
Water Movement ◽  
Turgor Pressure ◽  
Irreversible Thermodynamics ◽  
Rapid Changes ◽  
Cell Turgor ◽  
Valonia Utricularis

A method is described for the simultaneous determination of rapid changes of the cell turgor pressure (hydrostatic pressure) in algal cells (cell size must be at least 3 mm in diameter), and of the net volume flow across the cell membrane arising after a change of the cell turgor pressure or of the osmotic pressure in the outside medium. On the basis of the equations of irreversible thermodynamics it is possible to calculate the hydraulic conductivity of the cell membrane from these measurements, as it is theoretically shown.The hydraulic conductivities of the marine alga Valonia utricularis determined in two independent ways (by osmotic and hydrostatic experiments) are equal. For exosmosis, Lpex (hydrostatic) and Lpex (osmotic) amounted to (9,6 ± 1,0) ·10-7 and (9,8 ± 1,9) · 10-7 respectively cm · sec-1 · atm-1, and for endomosis, Lpen (hydrostatic) was (9,4 ± 1,1) ·10-7 cm · sec-1 · atm-1.A polarity in the water movement across the cell membranes as discussed in the literature could not be found for Valonia utricularis.

scholarly journals Soil type and land use effects on tensorial properties of saturated hydraulic conductivity in northern Germany

2019 ◽  
Vol 71 (2) ◽  
pp. 179-189 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rainer Horn ◽  
Anneka Mordhorst ◽  
Heiner Fleige ◽  
Iris Zimmermann ◽  
Bernd Burbaum ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Hydraulic Conductivity ◽  
Soil Type ◽  
Saturated Hydraulic Conductivity ◽  
Northern Germany ◽  
Land Use Effects

Resistance to water movement through wheat root systems

1978 ◽  
Vol 29 (5) ◽  
pp. 913 ◽  
Author(s):  
KA Seaton ◽  
JJ Landsberg
Keyword(s):  
Water Potential ◽  
Flow Rate ◽  
Soil Type ◽  
Water Movement ◽  
Soil Water Potential ◽  
Root Systems ◽  
Experimental Period ◽  
Root Surface Area ◽  
Analogue Model ◽  
Stem Resistance

A three-layer electrical analogue model was used to calculate resistance to water movement through the roots of wheat plants growing in small weighing lysimeters. In one experiment the wheat was grown in two soil types; in a second experiment one soil type was used but different root systems were induced by controlling the water table before the start of the experimental period. Resistance calculations were based on hourly measurements of transpiration rate, leaf water potential and water uptake from three soil layers (qi), calculated from measurements of soil water potential at three depths. The number of main roots per stem (required for the model) and root surface area in each layer (Ai) were obtained from measurements of root lengths and diameters in soil cores taken at the end of each experiment. Estimates of the resistance to flow through stems led to estimates of ψ0), the water potential at the stem base, at any stem flow rate. Axial (main) root resistances (Rxi) were calculated from the Poiseuille equation. Values of the resistance to water movement through the roots in layer i were calculated from the set of equations describing uptake from each layer in terms of flow rates, potential gradients and resistances; these values, inserted in the solution for 1/10 from the set of three equations, yielded total root resistances (RT) and estimates of the effective soil moisture potential (^ψs) for the whole profile. (RT) ranged from 63.9 to 627.3 bar sec mm-3 (cf. stem resistance between 24 and 70 bar sec mm-3) and was inversely related to flow rate through the main roots, which indicated a constant potential drop (^ψs – ψ0) of about 10 bars, irrespective of soil type or root system. Radial root resistances, estimated as At(<ψsi – ψ0)/qi, ranged from 4.6 x 104 to 4.2 x 106 bar sec mm-l and were inversely related to qi. Inaccuracies in estimates of Rxi do not affect the results much and the model used is potentially valuable as a framework for field research.

Improving the field estimation of saturated hydraulic conductivity in soil survey

Soil Research ◽  
1997 ◽  
Vol 35 (4) ◽  
pp. 803 ◽  
Author(s):  
Neil McKenzie ◽  
David Jacquier
Keyword(s):  
Hydraulic Conductivity ◽  
Water Movement ◽  
Saturated Hydraulic Conductivity ◽  
Soil Survey ◽  
Land Evaluation ◽  
Levels Of Detail ◽  
Eastern Australia ◽  
Field Estimation ◽  
Morphological Variables ◽  
Soil Surveys

Prediction of the movement and storage of water in soil is central to quantitative land evaluation. However, spatial and temporal predictions have not been provided by most Australian soil surveys. The saturated hydraulic conductivity (Ks) is an essential parameter for description of water movement in soil and its estimation has been considered too difficult for logistic and technical reasons. The Ks cannot be measured everywhere and relationships with readily observed morphological variables have to be established. However, conventional morphology by itself is a poor predictor of Ks. We have developed a more functional set of morphological descriptors better suited to the prediction of Ks. The descriptors can be applied at several levels of detail. Measurements of functional morphology and Ks were made on 99 horizons from 36 sites across south-eastern Australia. Useful predictions of Ks were possible using field texture, grade of structure, areal porosity, bulk density, dispersion index, and horizon type. A simple visual estimate of areal porosity was satisfactory, although a more quantitative system of measurement provided only slightly better predictions. Regression trees gave more plausible predictive models than standard multiple regressions because they provided a realistic portrayal of the non-additive and conditional nature of the relationships between morphology and Ks. The results are encouraging and indicate that coarse-level prediction of Ks is possible in routine soil survey. Direct measurement of Ks does not appear to be generally feasible because of the high cost, dynamic nature of Ks, and substantial short-range variation in the field. Prediction is further constrained by the limited returns from more sophisticated morphological predictors. The degree to which this limits practical land evaluation is yet to be demonstrated.

Influence of alkalinity on the hydraulic conductivity of bentonite-sand liners

1998 ◽  
Vol 38 (2) ◽  
pp. 151-157 ◽  
Author(s):  
David G. Wareham ◽  
Arman Farajollahi ◽  
Mark W. Milke
Keyword(s):  
Hydraulic Conductivity ◽  
Charge Density ◽  
Liquid Limit ◽  
Permeability Test ◽  
Clay Particles ◽  
Sand Mixture ◽  
Compacted Bentonite ◽  
Limit Test ◽  
The Impact

The aim of this research is to record the impact of specific changes in the molding water alkalinity on the hydraulic conductivity of a compacted bentonite-sand mixture. Adding alkalinity to the molding water influences the charge density existing on the clay particles. This can increase the amount of separation of the bentonite particles which causes a decrease in the hydraulic conductivity of the compacted mixture. At the optimum alkalinity the mixture possesses the smallest hydraulic conductivity. In this research an optimum alkalinity (pH=10.1) for a compacted bentonite-sand mixture (7.5% bentonite) was derived from the liquid limit test and the falling-head permeability test.

Influence of sodium adsorption ratio on sodium and calcium breakthrough curves and hydraulic conductivity in soil columns

Soil Research ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 45 (8) ◽  
pp. 586 ◽  
Author(s):  
Oagile Dikinya ◽  
Christoph Hinz ◽  
Graham Aylmore
Keyword(s):  
Hydraulic Conductivity ◽  
Electrolyte Concentration ◽  
Soil Aggregates ◽  
Breakthrough Curves ◽  
Sodium Adsorption Ratio ◽  
Threshold Concentration ◽  
Critical Threshold ◽  
Soil Columns ◽  
Clay Particles ◽  
The Matrix

The paper examines the effects of electrolyte concentration and sodium adsorption ratio (SAR) on the relative saturated hydraulic conductivity (RHC) and the ionic behaviour of calcium (Ca) and sodium (Na) ions in the Na–Ca exchange complex. Batch binary exchange and saturated column transport experiments were carried out to quantify these effects using an agricultural Balkuling soil and a mining residue. Generally, RHC has been found to decrease with time, with increasing SAR, and with decreasing electrolyte concentration. The more rapid decrease in RHC in the mining residue, particularly at the lowest concentration (1 mmol/L), was consistent at all SAR values. The decreases in RHC were likely to be caused by partial blocking of pores by dispersed clay particles, as evidenced by the appearance of suspended clay particles in the effluent during leaching. Significant differences in RHC were observed in the passage of fronts of decreasing electrolyte concentrations for CaCl2 and SAR 15 solutions through the soil columns. These differences were attributable to structural alterations (slaking) of the media and the nature of the particles released and mobilised within the porous structure at any given point in the column. Measurements at the critical threshold concentration and turbidity concentration at SAR 15 revealed structural breakdown of the pore matrix system as evidenced by decreased RHC. The increase in SAR to 15 is initially accompanied by erratic RHC, presumably due to the break up of soil aggregates under the increased swelling forces. The less coherent mining residue soil was substantially more vulnerable to blockage of pores than the Balkuling soil in which clay particles are likely to be more readily mobilised, and hence available to re-deposit and occlude the matrix pores.

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