MICROMORPHOLOGICAL, PHYSICAL, CHEMICAL, AND MINERALOGICAL PROPERTIES OF A CATENA OF SOILS FROM PRINCE EDWARD ISLAND IN RELATION TO THEIR CLASSIFICATION AND GENESIS

1973 ◽  
Vol 53 (3) ◽  
pp. 281-295 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. A. MCKEAGUE ◽  
J. I. MACDOUGALL ◽  
N. M. MILES
Keyword(s):  
Prince Edward Island ◽  
Clay Mineralogy ◽  
Podzolic Soils ◽  
Drainage Class ◽  
Physical Chemical ◽  
Poorly Drained Soils ◽  
Brown Sandstone ◽  
High Bulk ◽  
Similar Texture ◽  
Amorphous Organic Matter

The four soils, developed in compact, reddish brown, sandstone-derived till, ranged from well to poorly drained. Eluviation of clay and sesquioxides had occurred in all of the soils as indicated by their light gray, acid Ae horizons that were depleted of clay, Fe, Al, and Mn, However, only the two better drained soils, Tignish and O'Leary, had the B horizon of accumulation of amorphous organic matter-Fe, -Al complexes that is diagnostic of Podzolic soils. Weakly expressed horizons of clay accumulation occurred in all of the soils and they were somewhat more developed in the more poorly drained soils. Subsoils of all four soils had low hydraulic conductivities, high bulk densities, and a mixed clay mineralogy consisting of mica, chlorite, kaolinite, and expansible minerals. The properties of the four soils were closely similar to those of reddish brown soils of similar texture and drainage class from Nova Scotia. Two were classified as Bisequa Grey Luvisols and the others as Gleyed Gray Luvisol and Low Humic Eiuviated Gleysol.

Effect of drainage on characteristics of some soils of the Orkney Islands

Soil Research ◽  
1994 ◽  
Vol 32 (3) ◽  
pp. 519 ◽  
Author(s):  
R Naidu ◽  
BD Mitchell ◽  
RC MacKenzie
Keyword(s):  
Salt Spray ◽  
Clay Fraction ◽  
Clay Mineralogy ◽  
Glacial Till ◽  
Soil Profiles ◽  
Red Sandstone ◽  
Orkney Islands ◽  
Drainage Class ◽  
Aluminosilicate Gel ◽  
Poorly Drained Soils

Three soil profiles with different degrees of drainage impedance developed on glacial till derived from Middle Old Red Sandstone sediments in the Orkney Islands were characterized texturally, chemically and mineralogically. Particular features of these soils were the high organic matter contents (9-50%) of the surface horizon soils resulting from high rainfall and cool temperatures. The high exchangeable Na+ and K+ contents in surface horizons of two of the pedons are a result of salt spray. The clay mineralogy and the nature and amount of aluminosilicate gel were affected by drainage class. In general, chlorite dominates the clay fraction of the imperfectly drained soil. However, with increasing impedence it was gradually displaced by mica which ultimately predominates in the very poorly drained saline gley. Vermiculitization occurred in the better drained soils. The poorly drained soils were distinguished by the absence of chlorite. Goethite was present in all soils but lepidocrocite occurred only when drainage was strongly impeded. Hematite was never present in these soils.

The nature and origin of nodules in Podzolic soils from Alberta

1991 ◽  
Vol 71 (4) ◽  
pp. 411-426 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. M. Arocena ◽  
S. Pawluk
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Distribution Pattern ◽  
Building Blocks ◽  
In Situ Xrd ◽  
Podzolic Soils ◽  
Physical Chemical ◽  
Forest Region ◽  
Related Distribution ◽  
Fungal Hyphae

A common pedological feature in Podzols and Podzolic-like soils in the forest region of Hinton, Alberta is the presence of nodules in the Bf horizons with diameters of 1—20 cm. The nature of these nodules was investigated through physical, chemical, mineralogical and micromorphological examinations. Results showed that the nodule microstructure is mainly bridged-grain type compared to dominantly pellicular type for the soil matrixes. The basic building blocks are (a) coarse components (> 5 μm): quartz, feldspars mainly albite, pseudo sands, sand-sized chlorites and small quantities of anthophyllite, sillimanite, andalusite and lithogenic hematite; (b) fine components (< μm): phyllosilicates (mainly hydroxy interlayered vermiculite, kaolinite, vermiculite, and small amounts of chlorite), quartz and organic matter. Imogolite is present in the very fine clays. The similarity in the mineral suites and the porphyric related distribution pattern between the Bf horizons and the nodules indicate an authigenic origin for the nodules through an eluviation/illuviation process. Fungal hyphae provide a framework for nodule aggregation. In situ XRD determinations revealed that sand-sized Fe concretions are goethite alone or in association with hematite. The omnipresence of quartz in infillings, coatings and opaque coarse components was also evident. Key words: Micromorphology, related distribution pattern, in situ mineral determination

scholarly journals Genesis of the sombric horizon in ultisols (red argisols) in southern Santa Catarina, Brazil

2009 ◽  
Vol 33 (2) ◽  
pp. 405-416 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jaime Antonio de Almeida ◽  
Denis Cesar Cararo ◽  
Antônio Ayrton Auzani Uberti
Keyword(s):  
Ammonium Oxalate ◽  
Clay Mineralogy ◽  
Organometallic Complexes ◽  
Soil Morphology ◽  
Soil Taxonomy ◽  
Santa Catarina ◽  
Physical Chemical ◽  
Fine Clay ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Very High

Dark subsurface horizons, with properties similar to the sombric horizon characterized by the USA Soil Taxonomy, are frequent in Southern Brazil. The genesis of this horizon is controversial and poorly understood. This study aimed to describe the occurrence of sombric-like horizons in Ultisols in the South of Santa Catarina State, at low altitudes, and suggest possible processes of humus transference, accumulation and persistence in these horizons. Physical, chemical and mineralogical properties of four Ultisols were evaluated; three were sampled in a toposequence, and another representative one in an isolated profile (RSP). The dark subsurface horizons coincide with the AB and BA transitional genetic horizons; they are acid, low in base saturation, and have a similar clay mineralogy in all horizons. Very high amounts of Fe and Al extracted by ammonium oxalate and sodium pyrophosphate solution as well as maximum Al extracted by CuCl2 solution were observed in these dark subsurface horizons, indicating a possible migration of these elements in the form of organometallic complexes. The contents of Al plus ½ Fe extracted from the RSP soil horizons with ammonium oxalate indicated spodic materials in the sombric-like horizon, although the soil morphology was not compatible with Spodosols. Maximum contents of fine clay were also found in the sombric-like horizon, suggesting Fe and Al migration as clay-humic substances. However, the hypothesis that sombric-like horizons in these soils are a relict feature of a grass paleovegetation, different from the current dense seasonal forest, should not be discarded but investigated in further studies.

CLAY MINERALS IN CANADIAN SOILS: THEIR ORIGIN, DISTRIBUTION AND ALTERATION

1979 ◽  
Vol 59 (1) ◽  
pp. 37-58 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. KODAMA
Keyword(s):  
Clay Minerals ◽  
Clay Mineral ◽  
Clay Mineralogy ◽  
Limited Extent ◽  
Podzolic Soils ◽  
The Past ◽  
Canadian Soils ◽  
Soil Clay ◽  
Mineral Alteration ◽  
Physiographic Regions

A literature survey was conducted to collect mineralogical data of Canadian soils. In the past 40 years, clay mineralogical data of varying precision have been reported for approximately 1200 samples from more than 380 pedons. Based on the data, (1) the distribution of clay minerals was examined physiographically, (2) an investigation was made to relate specific changes in clay minerals of pedons within a physiographic region to taxonomy, and (3) a comparison was made of the clay mineral alteration in the pedons of the same order in different physiographic regions. The results indicated that virtually no or minor alterations of clay minerals had occurred in pedons of many Canadian soils with the exception of Podzolic soils and to a limited extent, Brunisolic, Luvisolic and Gleysolic soils. In the Podzolic soils, chlorite disappeared or diminished in surface horizons, and micas and possibly some chlorites were transformed by hydration into partially or fully expansible clay minerals. For general soil clay mineral characterization, the analyses of one subsoil sample of a pedon would appear to be adequate for most soil orders. However, clay mineralogy has a potential to go much further in distinguishing minor changes and subtle differences in clay minerals. Such information would be useful in specific studies of soil development and in assessing trends in early stages of weathering. The current priorities of soil clay mineralogy in Canada should be improvement of methods of quantification and increasing the standardization of methodology and interpretation of results.

Effect of gypsum and elemental sulphur on calcium and sulphur content of rutabagas in Podzolic soils

2002 ◽  
Vol 82 (4) ◽  
pp. 785-788 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. R. Sanderson ◽  
M. R. Carter
Keyword(s):  
Key Words ◽  
Soil Ph ◽  
Prince Edward Island ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Leaf Tissue ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Elemental Sulphur ◽  
Yield Response ◽  
Marketable Yield ◽  
Podzolic Soils

Both studies and information are lacking concerning Ca and S nutrition of rutabagas (Brassica napobrassica Mill). Five field studies were conducted to determine yield response of rutabagas to soil-applied gypsum (CaSO4·2H2O), lime (calcite) and elemental S on sandy loam to loamy sand Orthic Podzols in Prince Edward Island. Marketable yield of rutabagas was not affected by addition of Ca or S amendments. Gypsum increased the S content of rutabaga leaf tissue and reduced soil pH. In this study, a soil extractable Ca level of at least 318 µg g-1 soil appears adequate to support rutabaga growth. Key words: Rutabagas, calcium, gypsum, calcite, elemental sulphur

PODZOLIC SOILS WITH LUVISOLIC-LIKE MORPHOLOGIES IN THE UPPER SUBALPINE SUBZONE OF THE CANADIAN ROCKIES 2. GENESIS

1981 ◽  
Vol 61 (2) ◽  
pp. 337-350 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. A. S. SMITH ◽  
G. M. COEN ◽  
D. J. PLUTH
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Rocky Mountains ◽  
Clay Mineralogy ◽  
Parent Material ◽  
Podzolic Soils ◽  
Soil Fabric ◽  
Surficial Deposit ◽  
Central Rocky Mountains ◽  
Fraction Comparison

Clay mineralogy and soil fabric were used to determine processes responsible for development of Luvisolic-like characteristics in some soils of the upper subalpine subzone in the central Rocky Mountains of Alberta. Evaluation by particle size distribution through the profile was complicated by the presence of a silty surficial deposit overlying a texturally heterogenous calcareous till of the study area. Direct observation, in thin section, of apparent illuvial clay revealed its abundance to be relatively low and its distribution to be unlike that found within illuvial horizons of Gray Luvisols elsewhere in Canada. Both pedogenesis and nature of parent material influenced the mineralogy of the clay-sized fraction. Comparison of the clay suites of the argillic-like horizons with those of the significantly different overlying material provided further evidence that contemporary lessivage was largely inconsequential. A combination of processes is hypothesized to have contributed to the anomalous morphologies of these soils. These include the dissolution and removal of primary carbonate from the solum, geomorphic influences and the in situ reorganization of plasmic material within the till.

Transmission Electron Microscopy of Protein Macromolecules

1971 ◽  
Vol 29 ◽  
pp. 424-425
Author(s):  
Henry S. Slayter
Keyword(s):  
Biological Systems ◽  
Metal Vapor ◽  
Resolving Power ◽  
Electron Microscopic ◽  
Chemical Methods ◽  
Molecular Weights ◽  
The Past ◽  
Physical Chemical ◽  
Transmission Electron

Electron microscopic methods have been applied increasingly during the past fifteen years, to problems in structural molecular biology. Used in conjunction with physical chemical methods and/or Fourier methods of analysis, they constitute powerful tools for determining sizes, shapes and modes of aggregation of biopolymers with molecular weights greater than 50, 000. However, the application of the e.m. to the determination of very fine structure approaching the limit of instrumental resolving power in biological systems has not been productive, due to various difficulties such as the destructive effects of dehydration, damage to the specimen by the electron beam, and lack of adequate and specific contrast. One of the most satisfactory methods for contrasting individual macromolecules involves the deposition of heavy metal vapor upon the specimen. We have investigated this process, and present here what we believe to be the more important considerations for optimizing it. Results of the application of these methods to several biological systems including muscle proteins, fibrinogen, ribosomes and chromatin will be discussed.

Seeking to uncover biology's chemical roots

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (5) ◽  
pp. 435-443 ◽  
Author(s):  
Addy Pross
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Changes ◽  
Biological Systems ◽  
Significant Development ◽  
The Road ◽  
Physical Chemical ◽  
Systems Chemistry ◽  
Biological World ◽  
Inanimate Matter ◽  
The Origin Of Life ◽  
Opening Up

Despite the considerable advances in molecular biology over the past several decades, the nature of the physical–chemical process by which inanimate matter become transformed into simplest life remains elusive. In this review, we describe recent advances in a relatively new area of chemistry, systems chemistry, which attempts to uncover the physical–chemical principles underlying that remarkable transformation. A significant development has been the discovery that within the space of chemical potentiality there exists a largely unexplored kinetic domain which could be termed dynamic kinetic chemistry. Our analysis suggests that all biological systems and associated sub-systems belong to this distinct domain, thereby facilitating the placement of biological systems within a coherent physical/chemical framework. That discovery offers new insights into the origin of life process, as well as opening the door toward the preparation of active materials able to self-heal, adapt to environmental changes, even communicate, mimicking what transpires routinely in the biological world. The road to simplest proto-life appears to be opening up.

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