Effect of drainage on characteristics of some soils of the Orkney Islands

Soil Research ◽  
1994 ◽  
Vol 32 (3) ◽  
pp. 519 ◽  
Author(s):  
R Naidu ◽  
BD Mitchell ◽  
RC MacKenzie
Keyword(s):  
Salt Spray ◽  
Clay Fraction ◽  
Clay Mineralogy ◽  
Glacial Till ◽  
Soil Profiles ◽  
Red Sandstone ◽  
Orkney Islands ◽  
Drainage Class ◽  
Aluminosilicate Gel ◽  
Poorly Drained Soils

Three soil profiles with different degrees of drainage impedance developed on glacial till derived from Middle Old Red Sandstone sediments in the Orkney Islands were characterized texturally, chemically and mineralogically. Particular features of these soils were the high organic matter contents (9-50%) of the surface horizon soils resulting from high rainfall and cool temperatures. The high exchangeable Na+ and K+ contents in surface horizons of two of the pedons are a result of salt spray. The clay mineralogy and the nature and amount of aluminosilicate gel were affected by drainage class. In general, chlorite dominates the clay fraction of the imperfectly drained soil. However, with increasing impedence it was gradually displaced by mica which ultimately predominates in the very poorly drained saline gley. Vermiculitization occurred in the better drained soils. The poorly drained soils were distinguished by the absence of chlorite. Goethite was present in all soils but lepidocrocite occurred only when drainage was strongly impeded. Hematite was never present in these soils.

MICROMORPHOLOGICAL, PHYSICAL, CHEMICAL, AND MINERALOGICAL PROPERTIES OF A CATENA OF SOILS FROM PRINCE EDWARD ISLAND IN RELATION TO THEIR CLASSIFICATION AND GENESIS

1973 ◽  
Vol 53 (3) ◽  
pp. 281-295 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. A. MCKEAGUE ◽  
J. I. MACDOUGALL ◽  
N. M. MILES
Keyword(s):  
Prince Edward Island ◽  
Clay Mineralogy ◽  
Podzolic Soils ◽  
Drainage Class ◽  
Physical Chemical ◽  
Poorly Drained Soils ◽  
Brown Sandstone ◽  
High Bulk ◽  
Similar Texture ◽  
Amorphous Organic Matter

The four soils, developed in compact, reddish brown, sandstone-derived till, ranged from well to poorly drained. Eluviation of clay and sesquioxides had occurred in all of the soils as indicated by their light gray, acid Ae horizons that were depleted of clay, Fe, Al, and Mn, However, only the two better drained soils, Tignish and O'Leary, had the B horizon of accumulation of amorphous organic matter-Fe, -Al complexes that is diagnostic of Podzolic soils. Weakly expressed horizons of clay accumulation occurred in all of the soils and they were somewhat more developed in the more poorly drained soils. Subsoils of all four soils had low hydraulic conductivities, high bulk densities, and a mixed clay mineralogy consisting of mica, chlorite, kaolinite, and expansible minerals. The properties of the four soils were closely similar to those of reddish brown soils of similar texture and drainage class from Nova Scotia. Two were classified as Bisequa Grey Luvisols and the others as Gleyed Gray Luvisol and Low Humic Eiuviated Gleysol.

scholarly journals THE DISTRIBUTION OF Fe, Al, Cu, Co, Cr, Ni, Zn IN ALFISOLS DEVELOPED ON GABBROS FROM KlLKIS AREA

2018 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 174
Author(s):  
Π. Τσαουσίδου ◽  
Α. Τσαγκαλίδης ◽  
Ε. Γκάρτζος ◽  
Κ. Χαϊντούτη ◽  
Δ. Γασπαράτος ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Clay Fraction ◽  
Organic Matter Content ◽  
Optical Microscope ◽  
Low Ph ◽  
Matter Content ◽  
Soil Profiles ◽  
Drainage Class ◽  
Distribution Of Elements ◽  
Previous Hypothesis

The distribution of Fe, Al, Cu, Co, Cr, Ni, Zn was examined in two soil profiles of cultivated Alfisols developed from gabbro in the area of Chamilo in Kilkis. The main features of the studied soils were the accumulation of clay in the argilic horizons, the low pH and organic matter content, the absence of CaC03, and the high sand content, with differences in the drainage class and the degree of development. The optical microscope observations have demonstrated the presence of residual pyroxenes, altered plagioclases and muscovite. X-ray diffraction data of the clay fraction show the same clay minerals for the two soil profiles with the presence of kaolinite, illite, vermiculite and interstratified minerals of montmorillonite-vermiculite. The distribution of elements for both soil profiles depends primary from the pedogenetic processes. The illuvial translocation of clay in the argilic horizon seems to play an important role in the behavior of these elements in the studied soils. The significant correlations between the clay fraction, the Fe - Al oxides and the studied elements support the previous hypothesis. The use of ratio of elements concentration between the A and C horizons (index to assess the relative mobility of elements in the soil profile) which have values < 0.90 confirms the influence of the clay fraction at the distribution of elements. The low pH, the particle size distribution, and the drainage class of the soils influence also the dynamics of the studied elements in the soil profiles while the organic matter content seems to have no effect.

Chemical dissolution techniques in the study of soil clays: Part I

Clay Minerals ◽  
1965 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 23-34 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. A. C. Follett ◽  
W. J. McHardy ◽  
B. D. Mitchell ◽  
B.F.L. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Infrared Absorption ◽  
Inorganic Material ◽  
Clay Fraction ◽  
Glacial Till ◽  
Soil Profiles ◽  
Chemical Dissolution ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Soil Clays ◽  
End Members

AbstractThe mineralogy of the clay fractions of two soil profiles representing the end-members of a catena developed on a glacial till derived from basic lavas has been determined. Particular attention has been given to the assessment of the nature of the amorphous inorganic material in the clay fraction of these soils. Chemical dissolution techniques were used and their effects on the clay fraction were followed by X-ray diffraction, differential thermal, infrared absorption, electron-optical and surface area measurements. The principal conclusion is that the soil clays are a continuum from completely disordered, through poorly ordered to well crystallized material.

MORPHOLOGY AND GENESIS OF A CHERNOZEMIC TO PODZOLIC SEQUENCE OF SOIL PROFILES IN SASKATCHEWAN

1964 ◽  
Vol 44 (1) ◽  
pp. 88-99 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. J. St. Arnaud ◽  
E. P. Whiteside
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Particle Size Distribution ◽  
Iron Content ◽  
Clay Fraction ◽  
Glacial Till ◽  
Morphological Properties ◽  
Soil Profiles ◽  
Complex Particle ◽  
Fine Clay ◽  
Dominant Cation

Chemical, physical, and micropedological studies were made of Orthic Black, Orthic Dark Grey, Dark Grey Wooded, and Orthic Grey Wooded profiles developed from relatively uniform glacial till material. The general gradation of morphological properties observed for the Black to the Grey Wooded soils is reflected in the thickness of the Ah horizons and of the sola, the development of Ae and textural B horizons, and in the structure and microfabrics of the soil horizons.All four soils are highly base-saturated, calcium being the dominant cation on the exchange complex. Particle size distribution has been affected by both translocation of clay as well as by physical breakdown of coarse fractions particularly within surface horizons. Iron translocation within all four profiles appears to be closely associated with clay movement. The uniform iron content of the fine clay fraction indicates that iron may occur as an integral part of the clay structures and that the clays have undergone little alteration as a result of weathering.

scholarly journals Provenance and Sedimentary Context of Clay Mineralogy in an Evolving Forearc Basin, Upper Cretaceous-Paleogene and Eocene Mudstones, San Joaquin Valley, California

Minerals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 71
Author(s):  
Andrew Hurst ◽  
Michael Wilson ◽  
Antonio Grippa ◽  
Lyudmyla Wilson ◽  
Giuseppe Palladino ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Phase Transitions ◽  
Upper Cretaceous ◽  
Clay Fraction ◽  
Clay Mineralogy ◽  
Bulk Rock ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Arc Volcanism ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Magmatic Arc ◽  
Tropical Weathering

Mudstone samples from the Moreno (Upper Cretaceous-Paleocene) and Kreyenhagen (Eocene) formations are analysed using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and X-ray fluorescence (XRF) to determine their mineralogy. Smectite (Reichweite R0) is the predominant phyllosilicate present, 48% to 71.7% bulk rock mineralogy (excluding carbonate cemented and highly bio siliceous samples) and 70% to 98% of the <2 μm clay fraction. Opal CT and less so cristobalite concentrations cause the main deviations from smectite dominance. Opal A is common only in the Upper Kreyenhagen. In the <2 μm fraction, the Moreno Fm is significantly more smectite-rich than the Kreyenhagen Fm. Smectite in the Moreno Fm was derived from the alteration of volcaniclastic debris from contemporaneous rhyolitic-dacitic magmatic arc volcanism. No tuff is preserved. Smectite in the Kreyenhagen Fm was derived from intense sub-tropical weathering of granitoid-dioritic terrane during the hypothermal period in the early to mid-Eocene; the derivation from local volcanism is unlikely. All samples had chemical indices of alteration (CIA) indicative of intense weathering of source terrane. Ferriferous enrichment and the occurrence of locally common kaolinite are contributory evidence for the intensity of weathering. Low concentration (max. 7.5%) of clinoptilolite in the Lower Kreyenhagen is possibly indicative of more open marine conditions than in the Upper Kreyenhagen. There is no evidence of volumetrically significant silicate diagenesis. The main diagenetic mineralisation is restricted to low-temperature silica phase transitions.

Chemical weathering response to extreme global warming during Paleocene-Eocene Hyperthermals, Southern Pyrenees, Spain

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rocio Jaimes-Gutierrez ◽  
Thierry Adatte ◽  
Emmanuelle Puceat ◽  
Jean Braun ◽  
Sebastien Castelltort
Keyword(s):  
Climatic Change ◽  
Chemical Weathering ◽  
Numerical Models ◽  
Clay Fraction ◽  
Clay Mineralogy ◽  
Foreland Basin ◽  
Isotopic Analysis ◽  
Feedback Mechanism ◽  
Horizon 2020 ◽  
Sediment Routing

&lt;p&gt;The Paleocene and early Eocene were periods yielding multiple hyperthermal events. The most pronounced of them was the Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum (PETM), which was characterized by an abrupt increase in global temperature (5&amp;#8211;8 &amp;#176;C) over a short time (20 ka). A negative carbon isotope excursion marks the onset of the PETM, which resulted in the fast injection of CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; into the ocean-atmosphere system, triggering global climatic changes. Geochemical, mineralogical, and sedimentological markers record the resulting increase in continental weathering. This is important, as enhanced chemical erosion influences both the CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; concentration in the atmosphere and ocean acidity, generating a feedback mechanism. Hence, constraining the rates and intensity of weathering response can further clarify the causes for the PETM and Eocene hyperthermals. This study focuses on the well-preserved Pyrenean foreland basin and intends to assess the continental chemical weathering response of the sediment routing system during the PETM. Clay mineralogy is a climate-sensitive proxy, which records changes in continental erosion. Therefore, clay mineral proportions will be analyzed using X-ray diffraction and major element chemistry on clay-rich samples from the entire source-to-sink system (continental to deep marine deposits). Kaolinite and smectite will be separated from the detrital clay fraction and further subjected to &amp;#948;&lt;sup&gt;18&lt;/sup&gt;O and &amp;#948;D isotopic analysis for paleoclimatic reconstruction. The combined Lu-Hf and Sm-Nd isotope systems in the clay fraction of the sediments will be used to track the evolution of chemical weathering intensity. The outcome of this project will serve to validate numerical models to understand erosion as a function of rapid climatic change. This topic is of keen interest, as the PETM and its sedimentological signal work as a natural analog for anthropogenically-induced climatic change. The project has received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under the Marie Sklodowska-Curie Grant Agreement No 860383.&lt;/p&gt;

Soil mineralogy and dynamic pedogenic processes in response to redox cycles due to rice and sweet potato rotation

Soil Research ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 58 (2) ◽  
pp. 174
Author(s):  
Markus Anda ◽  
Erna Suryani ◽  
Dedi Nursyamsi
Keyword(s):  
Sweet Potato ◽  
Clay Fraction ◽  
Soil Classification ◽  
Middle Part ◽  
Soil Profiles ◽  
Mineral Contents ◽  
Redox Cycles ◽  
Potato Rotation ◽  
Pedogenic Processes

Effect of long-term wet and dry (redox) cycles attributed to seasonally flooded soils in rotation of rice and upland food crops on soil characteristics is not yet available in modern agriculture. The objective of this study was to assess soil morphological features, mineralogical compositions and dynamic pedogenic processes under rotation of rice and honey-taste sweet potato. Four profiles that experienced redox cycles and one that did not (as a control) were sampled for soil analyses. Results showed that all soil profiles, irrespective of redox cycles, derived from similar parent materials as revealed by the same type of weatherable mineral contents (hornblende, labradorite, hypersthene, and olivine or muscovite), ranging within 27–84%. High proportions of easily weatherable minerals corresponded to the high availability of Ca, Mg, Si, Fe, Mn and Cu nutrients, suggesting the release of nutrient reserves from weatherable minerals. In all soils, the clay fraction contained only the one mineral, halloysite. Long-term redox cycles due to rotation of rice–honey-taste sweet potato resulted in a remarkable pedomorphic feature, i.e. discrete large soft black Mn segregation with the highest accumulation in the middle part of soil profiles. Other pedogenic processes were Ca, Mg, and Si translocation from the upper to lower layers of soil profiles, but Fe was retained in the uppermost two horizons. We proposed a new soil classification ‘Manganic Eutrudept’ as a subgroup category to accommodate the soil property of high soft Mn segregation.

scholarly journals Pedogenesis on volcanic rocks in protected landscape areas in Central and North Bohemia

2014 ◽  
Vol 9 (No. 4) ◽  
pp. 153-160 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Žigová ◽  
M. Šťastný
Keyword(s):  
Soil Cover ◽  
Developmental Process ◽  
Volcanic Rocks ◽  
Clay Fraction ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Parent Material ◽  
Soil Profiles ◽  
Pedogenic Process ◽  
Geological Conditions ◽  
Swelling Clay Minerals

The development of soil cover on volcanic rocks in Central and North Bohemia was analyzed. The study was performed in the protected landscape areas on basalt, andesite, and dolerite. Parent material was characterized on the basis of thin-section study. Petrography of the parent material makes it possible to document the differences in the texture, character, and amount of rock-forming minerals. All the studied sequences exhibit the same configuration of soil profiles but various thicknesses. The soil profiles were evaluated on the basis of particle size distribution, chemical properties, soil organic matter parameters, and mineral composition of clay fraction. The major specific pedogenic process in soils developed on volcanic rocks is weathering of parent material and development of the Bw horizon with the formation of mainly smectite from the group of swelling clay minerals. The results revealed differences in the formation of the Bw horizon which is significantly affected by the petrography of the parent material and local geological conditions. According to the type of volcanic rocks, the intensity of the developmental process of the Bw horizon is as follows: andesite (T&yacute;řovick&eacute; sk&aacute;ly) &gt; dolerite (Z&aacute;hrabsk&aacute;) &gt; basalt (Březina).

The influence of aeolian dust deposits on alpine soils in south-eastern Australia

Soil Research ◽  
2001 ◽  
Vol 39 (1) ◽  
pp. 81 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stuart William Johnston
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
National Park ◽  
Clay Mineralogy ◽  
Exchangeable Cations ◽  
Soil Profiles ◽  
Alpine Soils ◽  
Aeolian Dust ◽  
Eastern Australia ◽  
Aeolian Sediment ◽  
Dust Deposits

Aeolian sediment collected from 2 locations across the ‘Main Range’ of Kosciuszko National Park, along with a series of soil profiles that were analysed for particle size, were used as a baseline from which to estimate the effects of aeolian sedimentation in this region. Laboratory analysis of the soil profiles indicated that the properties of the surface horizons of the alpine humus soils were heavily influenced by aeolian dust accumulation; however, the sub-surface horizons were mainly derived from the natural bedrock. The surface and subsurface horizons differed in texture bulk density, pH, electrical conductivity, exchangeable cations, and clay mineralogy. This study confirmed that the snow patch meadow soils exhibited particle size and mineralogy consistent with dust enrichment, with distinct bands being found in some profiles.

scholarly journals Land Use Changes Affecting Soil Organic Matter Accumulation in Topsoil and Subsoil in Northeast Thailand

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-15
Author(s):  
Benjapon Kunlanit ◽  
Laksanara Khwanchum ◽  
Patma Vityakon
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Organic Matter ◽  
Soil Organic Matter ◽  
Agricultural Land ◽  
Soil Depth ◽  
General Pattern ◽  
Clay Fraction ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Soil Profiles ◽  
Land Uses

The objectives of this study were to investigate effects of land use on accumulation of soil organic matter (SOM) in the soil profile (0–100 cm) and to determine pattern of SOM stock distribution in soil profiles. Soil samples were collected from five soil depths at 20 cm intervals from 0 to 100 cm under four adjacent land uses including forest, cassava, sugarcane, and paddy lands located in six districts of Maha Sarakham province in the Northeast of Thailand. When considering SOM stock among different land uses in all locations, forest soils had significantly higher total SOM stocks in 0–100 cm (193 Mg·C·ha−1) than those in cassava, sugarcane, and paddy soils in all locations. Leaf litter and remaining rice stover on soil surfaces resulted in a higher amount of SOM stocks in topsoil (0–20 cm) than subsoil (20–100 cm) in some forest and paddy land uses. General pattern of SOM stock distribution in soil profiles was such that the SOM stock declined with soil depth. Although SOM stocks decreased with depth, the subsoil stock contributes to longer term storage of C than topsoils as they are more stabilized through adsorption onto clay fraction in finer textured subsoil than those of the topsoils. Agricultural practices, notably applications of organic materials, such as cattle manure, could increase subsoil SOM stock as found in some agricultural land uses (cassava and sugarcane) in some location in our study. Upland agricultural land uses, notably cassava, caused high rate of soil degradation. To restore soil fertility of these agricultural lands, appropriate agronomic practices including application of organic soil amendments, return of crop residues, and reduction of soil disturbance to increase and maintain SOM stock, should be practiced.

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