SOIL MORPHOLOGY AND SOIL PHYSICAL PROPERTIES. II. MECHANICAL IMPEDANCE AND MOISTURE RETENTION AND MOVEMENT

1973 ◽  
Vol 53 (1) ◽  
pp. 9-19 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. W. AYRES ◽  
R. G. BUTTON ◽  
E. DE JONG
Keyword(s):  
Hydraulic Conductivity ◽  
Bulk Density ◽  
Soil Structure ◽  
Pore Space ◽  
Mechanical Impedance ◽  
The Other ◽  
Regression Equations ◽  
Soil Morphology ◽  
Moisture Retention ◽  
Undisturbed Soil

The relations among soil structure, soil mechanical impedance, and moisture retention and movement were investigated on undisturbed soil cores from soil horizons exhibiting six distinct kinds of soil structure (prismatic, columnar, blocky, granular, platy, massive) over a broad range of soil texture. Mechanical impedance was characterized by measurements of bulk density and soil strength. Moisture retention and movement were characterized by measurements of [Formula: see text]-atm moisture content and saturated hydraulic conductivity. The columnar structures from Solonetzic soils were singled out as having a higher mechanical impedance and lower hydraulic conductivity than the other structures, most of which were sampled from Chernozemic soils. Total porosity (P) and bulk density (Db) were highly correlated; however, the regression coefficient for P vs. Db for columnar structures was significantly higher than that found for the other five structural types. Regression equations predicted that the hydraulic conductivity of platy structures could be zero for samples having as much as 15% air-filled pore space at [Formula: see text]-atm suction as compared with 6–8% for the other structures.

SOIL MORPHOLOGY AND SOIL PHYSICAL PROPERTIES. I. SOIL AERATION

1972 ◽  
Vol 52 (3) ◽  
pp. 311-321 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. W. AYRES ◽  
R. G. BUTTON ◽  
E. DE JONG
Keyword(s):  
Soil Structure ◽  
Regression Coefficient ◽  
The Other ◽  
Soil Morphology ◽  
Soil Horizons ◽  
Undisturbed Soil ◽  
Soil Aeration ◽  
Structural Types ◽  
Highly Correlated ◽  
Undisturbed Soil Cores

The relation between soil structure and soil aeration was investigated on undisturbed soil cores from soil horizons exhibiting six distinct kinds of soil structure (prismatic, columnar, blocky, granular, platy, massive) over a broad range of soil texture. Soil aeration was characterized at ⅓ atm suction by measurements of air porosity, relative diffusivity (D/Do) and the rate of oxygen diffusion to a platinum microelectrode (ODR). Aeration was adequate in most of the Chernozemic soil horizons studied; however, aeration in many of the Bnt horizons of the Solonetzic soils was inadequate. Air porosity and D/Do were highly correlated. The regression coefficient for D/Do vs. air porosity for blocky structures was significantly different from that found for the other five structural types. For granular structures a negative correlation was found for ODR vs. air porosity compared with a low positive correlation found for the other structure types.

scholarly journals An analysis of the physical condition of two intensively grazed Southland soils

1992 ◽  
pp. 71-75 ◽  
Author(s):  
P.R. Greenwood ◽  
R.M. Mcnamara
Keyword(s):  
Hydraulic Conductivity ◽  
Bulk Density ◽  
Structural Damage ◽  
Root Zone ◽  
Mechanical Impedance ◽  
Air Permeability ◽  
Winter Grazing ◽  
Intensively Managed ◽  
Physical Degradation ◽  
Soil Compactness

The treading effects of high-density winter grazing of sheep associated with all-grass wintering systems in Southland were studied for evidence of resultant soil physical degradation. Typical examples of Pukemutu (YGE) and Waikiwi (YBE) soils, extensive areas of which have been intensively managed in Southland for many years, were selected for assessments of mechanical impedance, bulk density, porosity, air permeability, and hydraulic conductivity. The results showed that intensive winter grazing in this environment resulted in significant losses of large soil macropores. As a result, the transmission of water through the root-zone was significantly restricted. After rain, this can lead to waterlogging and soil oxygen deficiencies. Probably as a result of cumulative soil damage over several winters, soil had become more compacted to nearly the full depth of the A horizon. Natural ameliorative processes may therefore be too slow to overcome fully the effects of treading. Measurements of mechanical impedance and bulk density, while widely used, proved inappropriate for examination of the effects of treading. Both are insensitive to small, but important, changes in soil porosity. Air permeability and hydraulic conductivity were good indicators of relative degrees of soil compactness of the sites examined. Both are sensitive to small changes in effective macroporosity, and are useful measurements to diagnose soil structural damage. Keywords all-grass wintering, Southland, sheep, treading damage, soil physical degradation

scholarly journals Improvement of Soil Quality Parameters by Municipal Solid Waste Compost Application in Clay-Loam Soil

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 603
Author(s):  
Orhan Yüksel ◽  
Yasemin Kavdır
Keyword(s):  
Hydraulic Conductivity ◽  
Municipal Solid Waste ◽  
Solid Waste ◽  
Bulk Density ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
Experimental Plant ◽  
Clay Loam ◽  
Undisturbed Soil ◽  
Municipal Solid Waste Compost ◽  
Experimental Plots

Organic matter (OM) content of the soils should be improved for sustainable productions. Municipal solid waste compost (MSWC) is an organic material used in several countries to improve soil OM contents. This study was conducted to determine potential use of MSWC as soil amendment. Field experiments were conducted for two years with single MSWC treatments. Experiments were conducted on 18 plots in randomized complete blocks design with 3 replications. Six different MSWC doses (0, 40, 80, 120, 160 and 200 t ha-1) were applied to experimental plots. Compost doses were calculated in dry weight basis, applied to 21 m2 plots and sunflower was sown as the experimental plant of the study. Following the sunflower harvest, disturbed and undisturbed soil samples were taken from the experimental plots and soil samples were subjected to various analyses. Applied MSWC doses significantly increased soil OM contents, electrical conductivity (EC) and cation exchange capacity (CEC), aggregate stability (AS) and saturated hydraulic conductivity (Ksat) and reduced soil bulk density (BD). Effects of MSWC on soil pH were not found to be significant. Effects of MSWC treatments were more remarkable with increasing doses. MSWC treatments increased soil OM contents about 3 folds and increased CEC by about 25%. MSWC treatments significantly increased salt contents of the soils. Such increases were found to be significant at 1% level in the first year and 5% level in the second year. Increasing OM contents also increase soil aggregation, thus reduced bulk density and increased hydraulic conductivity. Correlation analysis revealed significant correlations between OM and AS. Present findings revealed that MSWC positively influenced physical and chemical characteristics of clay-loam soils of arid and arid climates, but salt contents should carefully be monitored in repetitive uses.

Visually Determined Soil Disturbance Classes Used as Indices of Forest Harvesting Disturbance

1998 ◽  
Vol 22 (4) ◽  
pp. 245-250 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. Michael Aust ◽  
James A. Burger ◽  
Emily A. Carter ◽  
David P. Preston ◽  
Steven C. Patterson
Keyword(s):  
Hydraulic Conductivity ◽  
Bulk Density ◽  
Water Table ◽  
Pore Space ◽  
Soil Disturbance ◽  
Saturated Hydraulic Conductivity ◽  
Subsurface Water ◽  
Soil Productivity ◽  
Mechanical Resistance ◽  
Severe Disturbance

Abstract Visual estimates of soil and site disturbances are used by foresters, soil scientists, logging supervisors, and machinery operators to minimize harvest disturbances to forest sites, to evaluate compliance with forestry Best Management Practices (BMPs), and to determine the need for ameliorative practices such as mechanical site preparation. Although visual estimates are commonly used by field personnel, the actual relationships of visually determined soil disturbance classes to various soil physical properties and site characteristics have not been determined. The purpose of this investigation was to evaluate if visually determined soil disturbance classes are related to quantitative soil and site properties that are known to influence soil productivity and hydrologic function. Several types of quantitative data were evaluated within the soil disturbance classes:static data (bulk density, saturated hydraulic conductivity, total, capillary, noncapillary pore space, and soil roughness) and dynamic data (mechanical resistance, volumetric soil moisture, subsurface water table depth). All data were collected from a long-term forest productivity study located in the Coastal Plain of South Carolina. The study is a randomized complete block design with two harvest disturbance levels (wet-weather harvest vs. dry-weather harvest) and a maximum of five site soil disturbance (SD) classes. Disturbance classes included undisturbed (SD0), compressed but not rutted (SD1), rutted (SD2), deeply rutted (SD3), and churned (SD4). Analyses revealed that three static variables (soil bulk density, saturated hydraulic conductivity, macropore pore space) and two dynamic variables (depth of the subsurface water table and mechanical resistance) were significantly related to disturbance. Although undisturbed and compressed areas generally were affected less than the more severe disturbance classes, the three most severe disturbance classes, churned areas, deeply rutted areas, and rutted areas were not different from one another. Thus, it appears visual disturbances do not necessarily equate to site damage. The overall implications are that visually determined soil disturbance classes have merit as indices of some soil and site changes, but they should not be equated to soil damage categories. South. J. Appl. For. 22(4):245-250.

scholarly journals Evaluation and Development of Pedotransfer Functions for Predicting Saturated Hydraulic Conductivity for Mexican Soils

Agronomy ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (10) ◽  
pp. 1516
Author(s):  
Josué Trejo-Alonso ◽  
Antonio Quevedo ◽  
Carlos Fuentes ◽  
Carlos Chávez
Keyword(s):  
Hydraulic Conductivity ◽  
Bulk Density ◽  
Saturated Hydraulic Conductivity ◽  
The Other ◽  
Irrigation District ◽  
Pedotransfer Functions ◽  
Del Rio ◽  
Clay Percentage ◽  
Prediction Capability ◽  
Better Than

In the present work, we evaluate the prediction capability of six pedotransfer functions (PTFs), reported in the literature, for the saturated hydraulic conductivity estimations (KS). We used a database with 900 measured samples obtained from the Irrigation District 023, in San Juan del Rio, Queretaro, Mexico. Additionally, six new PTFs were constructed for KS from clay percentage, bulk density, and saturation water content data. The results show, for the evaluated models, that one model presents an overestimation for KS > 0.5 cm h−1 values, three models have an underestimation for KS > 1.0 cm h−1, and two models have a good correlation (R2 > 0.98) but more than three parameters are necessary. Nevertheless, the last two models require 3–4 parameters in order to obtain optimization. On the other hand, the models proposed in this work have a similar correlation with fewer parameters. The fit is seen to be much better than using the existing ones, achieving a correlation of R2 = 0.9822 with only one variable and R2 = 0.9901 when we use two.

Use of the neutron method in assessing the changes in soil strength of undisturbed and ameliorated transitional red-brown earths during soil drying cycles

Soil Research ◽  
1990 ◽  
Vol 28 (2) ◽  
pp. 167
Author(s):  
NS Jayawardane ◽  
J Blackwell
Keyword(s):  
Bulk Density ◽  
Soil Strength ◽  
Wheat Crop ◽  
Regression Equations ◽  
Experimental Site ◽  
Undisturbed Soil ◽  
Soil Matrix ◽  
Penetrometer Resistance ◽  
Neutron Count ◽  
Neutron Method

The relationships between penetrometer resistance (qp) and volumetric moisture content (�v) measured using the neutron method in an undisturbed transitional red-brown earth and after an~elioration by application of surface gypsum and slotted gypsum were examined. A very highly significant (P < 0.001) negative correlation was obtained between qp and �v in all treatments. The low r2 values of the regressions were attributed to heterogeneity in strength characteristics of the soil matrix, due to presence of cracks and macropores and the associated wetting patterns. The qp at any given e, was significantly reduced in the slots with lower bulk density compared to the undisturbed soil. The differences in qp- �v relationship of the undisturbed part of the soil under different ameliorative practices were attributed to changes in the swelling characteristic, and hence in the bulk density at any given �v of the undisturbed soil, caused by the presence of gypsum and the slots. Regression equations between qp and neutron count rate (n) for the undisturbed soil and for the slots were developed by combining the qp on �v relationships with the neutron meter calibration for �v measurements. The use of these regression equations and measured n values to predict changes in soil strength profiles during a wheat crop drying cycle in an undisturbed and ameliorated transitional red-brown earth was evaluated on another experimental site. There were no significant differences between the predicted and measured qp values in the non-ameliorated soil and the gypsum-slotted soil. Significant differences were observed between the predicted and measured qp values in the surface gypsum applied soil. The study shows the potential for using the neutron method as a convenient in-situ field technique to predict qp profile changes, preferably using qp on n relationships developed at the experimental site.

scholarly journals SIFAT FISIKA TANAH PERKEBUNAN KELAPA SAWIT (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) SETELAH DIAPLIKASI TANDAN KOSONG KELAPA SAWIT DAN LIMBAH CAIR PABRIK KELAPA SAWIT

2019 ◽  
Vol 34 (1) ◽  
pp. 27-34
Author(s):  
Maysarah Maysarah ◽  
Nelvia Nelvia
Keyword(s):  
Bulk Density ◽  
Palm Oil ◽  
Particle Density ◽  
Pore Space ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
Soil Parameters ◽  
Waste Processing ◽  
Soil Color ◽  
Undisturbed Soil ◽  
Palm Oil Mill

The research aims to examine the effect of the application of waste processing palm oil mill (Empty Fruit Bunches and Palm Oil Mill Effluent) on soil physical properties. The research was conducted at the oil palm plantation at Pelalawan and Laboratory of Soil Science, Faculty of Agriculture, the University of Riau from March to May 2016. The study was conducted experimentally using a Completely Randomized Design (CRD), which consisted of 4 treatments (EFB, POME, EFB+POME and without application as control). Each treatment was repeated 3 times. EFB and POME have been applied to the land since 2001 with intervals giving every 6 months. Soil samples were applied EFB, POME, and EFB+POME taken on Blocks B3, Blocks B7 and Blocks C17. Soil samples were taken at a depth of 0-15 cm and 15-30 cm for disturbed and undisturbed soil. Parameters measured were soil water content, bulk density, particle density, total pore space, permeability, and soil color. Each parameter of the observed data was statistically analyzed using analysis of variance followed by Duncan's New Multiple Range Test (DNMRT) at 5% level,  while the soil color was descriptively analyzed. The results showed that the application of a mixture of EFB+POME increased soil moisture and bulk density decrease significantly and tended to increase the total pore space and permeability and tends to be lower particle density than controls, but it was not evident when compared EFB applications and POME alone. Applications waste processing palm oil mill affected the color of the soil where the soil is black on the application mix EFB+POME (hue: 10 YR, value/chroma: 2/1), brown on the application EFB (hue: 10 YR, value/chroma: 4/3 ), dark brown on the application of POME (hue: 10 YR, value/chroma: 3/3) and yellowish-brown in without application (hue: 10 YR, value/chroma: 5/4).

scholarly journals Spatial Variability of Saturated Hydraulic Conductivity and its Links with other Soil Properties at the Commune Scale

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Boguslaw Usowicz ◽  
Jerzy Lipiec
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Distribution ◽  
Hydraulic Conductivity ◽  
Organic Carbon ◽  
Spatial Variability ◽  
Soil Properties ◽  
Bulk Density ◽  
Soil Water ◽  
Total Porosity ◽  
The Other ◽  
The Mean

Abstract Saturated hydraulic conductivity (SHC) is a key property for evaluating soil water movement and quality. Most studies on spatial variability of SHC have been performed soil at a field or smaller scale. Therefore, the aim of this work was to assess (quantify) the spatial distribution of SHC at the commune scale and its relationship with other soil properties, including intrinsic sand, silt, and clay contents, relatively stable organic carbon, cation exchange capacity (CEC), dynamic water content (WC), total porosity (FI), and dry bulk density (BD) in the surface layer (0–20 cm). The spatial relationships were assessed using a semivariogram and a cross-semivariogram. The studied commune (140 km2) with predominantly permeable sandy soils with low fertility and productivity is located in the south-eastern part of Poland (Podlasie region). The mean sand and organic carbon contents are 74 andobablyctknąć, czy o to chodzid mniej znacznie mniejszed? ? 0.86 and their ranges (in %) are 45-95 and 0.002-3.75, respectively. The number of individual samples varied from 216–228 (for SHC, WC, BD, FI) to 691 for the other soil properties. The best fitting models were adjusted to the empirical semivariogram (exponential) and the cross-semivariogram (exponential, Gaussian, or linear) used to draw maps with kriging. The results showed that, among the soil properties studied, SHC was most variable (coefficient of variation 77.3%) and significantly (p <0.05) positively correlated with total porosity (r = 0.300) and negatively correlated with soil bulk density (r = –0.283). The mean SHC was 2.597 m day–1 and ranged from 0.01 up to 11.54 m day–1. The spatial autocorrelation (range) of SHC in the single (direct) semivariograms was 0.081° (8.1 km), while it favourably increased up to 0.149–0.81° (14.9–81 km) in the cross-semivariograms using the OC contents, textural fractions, and CEC as auxiliary variables. The generated spatial maps allowed outlining two sub-areas with predominantly high SHC above 3.0 m day–1 in the northern sandier (sand content >74%) and less silty (silt content <22%) part and, with lower SHC in the southern part of the commune. Generally, the spatial distribution of the SHC values in the commune area depended on the share of individual intrinsic textural fractions. On the other hand, the ranges of the spatial relationship between SHC and the intrinsic and relatively stable soil properties were much larger (from ~15 to 81 km) than between SHC and the dynamic soil properties (0.3-0.9 km). This knowledge is supportive for making decisions related to land management aimed at reduction of hydraulic conductivity and chemical leaching and improvement of soil water resources and crop productivity.

scholarly journals Influence of thresholding in mass and entropy dimension of 3-D soil images

2008 ◽  
Vol 15 (6) ◽  
pp. 881-891 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. M. Tarquis ◽  
R. J. Heck ◽  
J. B. Grau ◽  
J. Fabregat ◽  
M. E. Sanchez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soil Structure ◽  
Pore Space ◽  
Fractal Dimensions ◽  
Undisturbed Soil ◽  
Entropy Dimension ◽  
Grey Scale ◽  
Mass Fractal Dimension ◽  
Threshold Criteria ◽  
Non Destructive ◽  
Logarithmic Relation

Abstract. With the advent of modern non-destructive tomography techniques, there have been many attempts to analyze 3-D pore space features mainly concentrating on soil structure. This analysis opens a challenging opportunity to develop techniques for quantifying and describe pore space properties, one of them being fractal analysis. Undisturbed soil samples were collected from four horizons of Brazilian soil and 3-D images at 45 μm resolution. Four different threshold criteria were used to transform computed tomography (CT) grey-scale imagery into binary imagery (pore/solid) to estimate their mass fractal dimension (Dm) and entropy dimension (D1). Each threshold criteria had a direct influence on the porosity obtained, varying from 8 to 24% in one of the samples, and on the fractal dimensions. Linear scaling was observed over all the cube sizes, however depending on the range of cube sizes used in the analysis, Dm could vary from 3.00 to 2.20, realizing that the threshold influenced mainly the scaling in the smallest cubes (length of size from 1 to 16 voxels). Dm and D1 showed a logarithmic relation with the apparent porosity in the image, however, the increase of both values respect to porosity defined a characteristic feature for each horizon that can be related to soil texture and depth.

Compressive response of some agricultural soils influenced by the mineralogy and moisture

2013 ◽  
Vol 27 (3) ◽  
pp. 239-246 ◽  
Author(s):  
A.E. Ajayi ◽  
M.S. Dias Junior ◽  
N. Curi ◽  
I. Oladipo
Keyword(s):  
Agricultural Soils ◽  
Tropical Soils ◽  
Homogeneity Test ◽  
Confined Compression ◽  
Moisture Retention ◽  
Soil Mineralogy ◽  
Undisturbed Soil ◽  
Statistical Homogeneity ◽  
Compressive Response ◽  
Fine Clay

Abstract This study aimed to investigate the mineralogy, moisture retention, and the compressive response of two agricultural soils from South West Nigeria. Undisturbed soil cores at the A and B horizons were collected and used in chemical and hydrophysical characterization and confined compression test. X-ray diffractograms of oriented fine clay fractions were also obtained. Our results indicate the prevalence of kaolinite minerals relating to the weathering process in these tropical soils. Moisture retention by the core samples was typically low with pre-compression stress values ranging from50 to 300 kPa at both sites. Analyses of the shape of the compression curves highlight the influence of soil moisture in shifts from the bi-linear to S-shaped models. Statistical homogeneity test of the load bearing capacity parameters showed that the soil mineralogy influences the response to loading by these soils. These observations provide a physical basis for the previous classification series of the soils in the studied area. We showed that the internal strength attributes of the soil could be inferred from the mineralogical properties and stress history. This could assist in decisions on sustainable mechanization in a datapoor environment.

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