WATER-SOLUBLE AND EXCHANGEABLE ALUMINUM IN ACID SOILS AS AFFECTED BY LIMING AND FERTILIZATION

1967 ◽  
Vol 47 (3) ◽  
pp. 203-210 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. B. MacLeod ◽  
L. P. Jackson
Keyword(s):  
Soil Ph ◽  
Surface Soil ◽  
Acid Soils ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Ph Values ◽  
Exchangeable Al ◽  
Exchangeable Aluminum ◽  
High Fertilization ◽  
Surface Soil Ph ◽  
Representative Samples

The concentration of water-soluble and exchangeable aluminum was determined in the 0–15-, 15–23-, 23–30- and 30–45-cm depths of a Podzol limed to provide surface soil pH values ranging from 4.5 to 7.2. Both soluble and exchangeable Al decreased with increasing soil pH. Soluble Al ranged from 5.7 ppm at pH 4.4 with high fertilization to 0.3 ppm at pH 6.5 with similar fertilization. Increasing the rate of fertilization at pH 4.5 raised the soluble Al from 2.6 to 5.7 ppm. Fertilization still doubled the soluble Al in soil at pH 5.1 but had little effect as the pH was raised further to 5.8 and 6.5. Soluble Al in the subsoil samples was less than in surface soil samples at the same pH, while with exchangeable Al, the concentration was greater in the subsoil than in the surface soil samples.There was not a direct relationship between pH and soluble Al, although the highest soluble Al concentrations occurred at lowest soil pH levels. Analyses of 30 representative samples of surface soil taken from farmers' fields showed that the soluble Al concentration at pH 4.0 ranged from 3.5 to 4.8 ppm, while at a pH of 5.0 it ranged from 0.2 to 2.8 ppm. The concentrations of soluble Al in many of these soils exceeded the levels previously shown by nutrient solution experiments to severely restrict growth of legumes and some varieties of barley.

Soil pH and aluminium and their spatial variation in Western Australian acidic soils

1990 ◽  
Vol 30 (5) ◽  
pp. 637 ◽  
Author(s):  
PJ Dolling ◽  
WM Porter ◽  
AD Robson
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Variation ◽  
Soil Ph ◽  
Surface Soil ◽  
Acid Soils ◽  
Poor Correlation ◽  
Ph Values ◽  
Coefficients Of Variation ◽  
Subsurface Soil ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Surface Soil Ph

Thirty-eight sites on acid soils (pH<5.5, 1:5 in water) in the medium rainfall region of Western Australia were sampled to examine spatial variation in soil pH and 0.01 mol/L CaCl2-extractable aluminium. We also examined the relationship between (i) the A1 and A2 horizon soil pH, (ii) the A1 and A2 horizon extractable aluminium, (iii) surface and subsurface soil pH and (iv) surface soil and subsurface soil-extractable Al. Soil at each site generally had a light-textured layer overlying a clay layer at varying depths (30-70 cm) and was classified as either Dy 5.21 or Dy 5.41 (Northcote 1979). Over 80% of the sites had surface soil pH values 4.8 or lower and extractable aluminium concentrations 2 �g/g or higher. There was a very poor correlation (r2 = 0.21) between the A1 horizon soil aluminium extracted in 0.01 mol/L CaCl2 and the pH measured in 0.01 mol/L CaCl2 over 1 ha sites. The relationship was slightly improved in the A2 horizon (r2 = 0.49). The coefficients of variation of soil pH varied from 1.2 to 5.1%, while the coefficients of variation for CaCl2-extractable aluminium varied from 10 to 50%. At many of the sites, low pH values and high aluminium concentrations extended down to 35-45 cm. At the B horizon the pH values generally increased and the aluminium concentrations decreased. The surface soil pH and extractable aluminium were not good indicators (r2 = 0.09-0.60) of the subsurface soil pH and extractable aluminium.

A COMPARISON OF LIME REQUIREMENT METHODS FOR ACID CANADIAN SOILS

1977 ◽  
Vol 57 (3) ◽  
pp. 361-370 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. D. WEBBER ◽  
DIANE CORNEAU ◽  
P. B. HOYT ◽  
M. NYBORG
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
Organic Matter ◽  
Soil Ph ◽  
Acid Soils ◽  
Toxic Level ◽  
Laboratory Methods ◽  
Exchangeable Al ◽  
Canadian Soils ◽  
Highly Correlated ◽  
Diagnostic Index

Several laboratory methods for estimating lime requirements of acid soils were compared using 24 soils from Alberta and northeastern British Columbia and 15 from elsewhere in Canada. The Peech, Schofield, Woodruff and SMP (Shoemaker et al. 1971) buffer methods were equally well correlated with lime requirements for raising soil pH to 5.5 or 6, which in turn were highly correlated with the amounts of soluble and exchangeable Al and organic matter in the soils. The SMP buffer method is recommended for use as the diagnostic index of lime requirement to achieve pH 5.5 or 6 because of its speed and simplicity. A refinement is suggested for Alberta and northeastern B.C. soils on the basis that lime need not be added to achieve pH 5.5 but should be added to reduce Al below the toxic level for sensitive crops. The lime requirements to reduce Al in those soils were highly correlated with the amounts of 0.02 M CaCl2-soluble Al they contained and it is recommended that the 0.02 M CaCl2-soluble AI be used as the diagnostic index of lime requirement. Lime requirements related to SMP (pH) and 0.02 M CaCl2-soluble Al are presented.

The effect of over 50 years of liming on soil aluminium forms in a Retisol

2019 ◽  
Vol 157 (1) ◽  
pp. 12-19 ◽  
Author(s):  
Z. Kryzevicius ◽  
D. Karcauskiene ◽  
E. Álvarez-Rodríguez ◽  
A. Zukauskaite ◽  
A. Slepetiene ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soil Profile ◽  
Soil Acidity ◽  
Solid Phase ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Total Water ◽  
Clay Particles ◽  
Ph Values ◽  
Exchangeable Al ◽  
Limed Soil

AbstractThe aim of the current study was to evaluate the effect of long-term (56 years) liming on changes in soil pH and aluminium (Al) forms in the soil profile compared with an unlimed soil in a sandy moraine loam of a Dystric Glossic Retisol. Long-term liming had a significant influence on soil acidity of the whole profile, causing increased pH values in the following horizons to 120 cm depth: the ploughing horizon (Ahp), where humus accumulates; the eluvial horizon (E), from which clay particles are leached; a horizon having retic properties and predominantly coarser-textured albic material (E/B); and a horizon with retic properties and predominantly finer-textured argic material (B/E). In the solid phase, non-crystalline Al in limed soil decreased in the Ahp horizon; meanwhile a decrease in total organically bound Al (Alp) and organo–Al complexes of low to medium stability was detected in the deeper El and ElBt horizons. High-stability Al complexes with organic matter were the predominant form of Alp in the unlimed and limed whole soil profile. The concentration of total water-soluble Al ranged from 0.61 to 0.80 mg/l in the limed soil profile but 0.62–1.15 mg/l in the unlimed soil. The highest concentration of exchangeable Al was determined in the upper horizons of the unlimed soil profile and the concentration decreased significantly in the same horizons of the limed soil profile. Long-term liming promoted changes in Al compounds throughout the soil profile.

The effect of soil pH on potassium intensity and release of non-exchangeable potassium to ryegrass

1970 ◽  
Vol 75 (3) ◽  
pp. 571-576 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Islam ◽  
J. Bolton
Keyword(s):  
Soil Ph ◽  
Sandy Soil ◽  
Acid Soils ◽  
The Other ◽  
Exchangeable Potassium ◽  
Air Drying ◽  
Ph Values ◽  
Small Constant ◽  
Activity Ratios ◽  
Exchangeable Form

Ryegrass was used to remove potassium from two acid soils limed to different pH values. Most non-exchangeable potassium was removed from the unlimed soils (pH 4·5) but differences in removal between pH 5·5 and 7·0 were small. Air-drying the soils after cropping released further potassium into the exchangeable form in amounts independent of soil pH.Equilibrium potassium activity ratios (ARK) after each out declined to small constant values characteristic of the soils. A sandy soil (Woburn) initially contained less exchangeable potassium than a soil with more clay (Sawyers), but after a few crops, ARK, % K in the grass and K uptakes per cut were larger from Woburn soil, showing that non-exchangeable potassium was being released faster than in the other soil.

Effects of calcium carbonate and ammonium sulphate on manganese toxicity in an acid soil

1971 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 201 ◽  
Author(s):  
A Siman ◽  
FW Crodock ◽  
PJ Nicholls ◽  
HC Kirton
Keyword(s):  
Ammonium Sulphate ◽  
Soil Ph ◽  
Acid Soil ◽  
Manganese Content ◽  
Acid Soils ◽  
Manganese Toxicity ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
North Coast ◽  
The North ◽  
Linear Relationships

The effects of increasing rates of lime and ammonium sulphate on French beans were studied on an acid red basaltic soil (pH 4.5-4.8), rich in manganese, on the north coast of New South Wales. Addition of lime resulted in an increased plant yield, a higher soil pH, and a marked reduction in available soil manganese and plant manganese. Applications of 2 or more tons lime per acre corrected manganese toxicity. Ammonium sulphate applications acidified the soil, increased manganese levels in both soil and plant tissue, and increased the frequency of manganese toxicity symptoms at less than 2 tons lime per acre. At pH 4.7-4.8, exchangeable and water-soluble manganese levels were sensitive to slight changes in reaction. Changes in pH between 5.2 and 6.0 caused only slight alterations in manganese levels in soil and plants. Two tons lime per acre reduced the level of manganese in the soil to about half that in the untreated soil, whereas 3 tons lime was necessary to halve the level of manganese in plants. Close linear relationships were found between rates of lime application and pH, between exchangeable and water-soluble manganese, and between both water-soluble and exchangeable soil manganese and plant manganese. Hyperbolic relationships were found between lime and manganese in soil and plants and also between pH and manganese fractions. Toxic levels of manganese in soil and leaves varied seasonally and yearly, and symptoms usually appeared when the manganese content of the first mature leaves was greater than 600 p.p.m. in the winter crop. Symptoms were more closely related to high levels of plant manganese than to soil manganese. The results of this trial indicate that soil and plant analyses are useful for predicting manganese toxicity in acid soils.

Yield responses to lime of wheat and barley on acid soils in north-eastern Victoria

1989 ◽  
Vol 29 (2) ◽  
pp. 209 ◽  
Author(s):  
DR Coventry ◽  
BR Walker ◽  
GR Morrison ◽  
MT Hyland ◽  
JC Avery ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soil Ph ◽  
Acid Soils ◽  
Lime Treatment ◽  
Crop Species ◽  
Yield Increase ◽  
Exchangeable Al ◽  
North Eastern ◽  
Acid Tolerant ◽  
Ph Range ◽  
Yield Responses

Liming experiments were conducted at 13 sites (soil pH range 4.99-6.27, 0-10 cm depth) in the dryland cropping region of north-eastern Victoria with wheat grown at all sites and barley at 3 sites. Lime increased wheat yields at 9 of the 13 sites with the acid sensitive cultivar Oxley, but the yield increase was not correlated (r2=0.07) with exchangeable Al. Exchangeable A1 was closely related to pH (in 0.01 mmol/L CaCl2). The acid-tolerant wheat cultivars (Matong and Millewa) out-yielded Oxley at a soil pH (CaCl2) of 4.7 and the acid-tolerant cultivars were less responsive to liming. The barley responded to the lime treatment at each of the 3 sites. The use of acid tolerant crop species is recommended on these soils, but an improvement in the predictability of a lime response is required before liming is widely recommended.

scholarly journals Response of Corn to Acidity Factors in Eight Tropical Soils

1969 ◽  
Vol 58 (1) ◽  
pp. 59-77
Author(s):  
Fernando Abruña ◽  
Raúl Pérez-Escolar ◽  
José Vicente-Chandler ◽  
Robert W. Pearson ◽  
Servando Silva
Keyword(s):  
Soil Ph ◽  
Ammonium Acetate ◽  
Aluminum Content ◽  
Calcium Content ◽  
Tropical Soils ◽  
Base Saturation ◽  
Base Content ◽  
Ph Values ◽  
Exchangeable Aluminum ◽  
Close Relationship

The effect of soil acidity factors was determined on yields and foliar composition of corn grown on Ultisols and Oxisols typical of the Humid Tropics. Soil pH values increased from about 3.8 with a base saturation of around 20 percent to about pH 5 with a base saturation of around 70 percent based on cation exchange capacities determined with neutral ammonium acetate. The low pH values in relation to exchangeable base contents are explained by the presence of free salts. The level of aluminum saturation of the soil based on exchange capacities as determined with ammonium acetate decreased from 40-percent at about pH 3.9 to 0 at about pH 5.2. The Ultisols had a high content of exchangeable aluminum when acid but the more weathered Oxisols contained little aluminum. A very close relationship exists between exchangeable base (Ca + Mg) and aluminum values based on total exchange capacities determined either with ammonium acetate at pH 7.0 or by the sum of cations at a given pH permitting conversion of one value to another. Corn responded strongly to liming particularly on the Ultisols which had high exchangeable aluminum content when acid. Calcium content of the corn leaves increased with soil base content and with yields but foliar composition was not otherwise affected by liming. Corn yields increased with pH to about 5.2 at which pH level these soils contained essentially no exchangeable aluminum, with exchangeable base content as determined with ammonium acetate to about the 70-percent saturation level, and with decreasing exchangeable aluminum in the soil to essentially 0. Soil pH, exchangeable base, and exchangeable aluminum content were effective criteria for liming these soils.

scholarly journals Plant-availability of soil and fertilizer zinc in cultivated soils of Finland

1993 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 197-270
Author(s):  
Markku Yli-Halla
Keyword(s):  
Soil Ph ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Zinc Concentration ◽  
Acid Soils ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Peat Soils ◽  
Zn Uptake ◽  
Zn Concentration ◽  
Mineral Soils ◽  
Cultivated Soils

The Zn status of cultivated soils of Finland was investigated by chemical analyses and bioassays. The effect on ryegrass of different Zn fertilizers and Zn rates was studied in pot experiments and their effect on barley and timothy in field experiments. In an uncontaminated surface soil material of 72 mineral soils and 34 organogenic soils, total Zn (Zntot) was 10.3-202 mg kg-1(median 66 mg kg-1). In mineral soils, Zntot correlated positively with clay content (r = 0.81***) and in organogenic soils negatively with organic C (r = -0.53***). Zinc bound by organic matter and sesquioxides was sequentially extracted by 0.1 M K4P2O7 (Znpy) and 0.05 M oxalate at pH 2.9 (Znox), respectively. The sum Znpy + Znox, a measure of secondary Zn potentially available to plants, was 2 - 88% of Zntot and was the lowest in clay (median 5%) and highest in peat soils (median 49%). Water-soluble and exchangeable Zn consisted of0.3 - 37% (median 3%) of Zntot, the percentage being higher in acid soils, particularly in peat soils. Zinc was also extracted by 0.5 M ammonium acetate - 0,5 M acetic acid - 0.02 M Na2-EDTA at pH 4.65 (ZnAC), the method used in soil testing in Finland. The quantities of ZnAC (median 2.9 mg dm-3, range 0.6 - 29.9 mg dm-3) averaged 50% and 75% of Znpy + Znox in mineral and organogenic soils, respectively, and correlated closely with Znpy. In soil profiles, ZnAC was with few exceptions higher in the plough layer (0 - 20 cm) than in the subsoil (30 - 100 cm). In an intensive pot experiment on 107 surface soils, four crops of ryegrass took up 2 - 68% (median 26%)of Znpy + Znox. The plant-available Zn reserves were not exhausted even though in a few peat soils the Zn supply to grass decreased over time. Variation of Zn uptake was quite accurately explained by ZnAC but increasing pH had a negative impact on Zn uptake. Application of Zn (10 mg dm-3 of soil as ZnSO4 * 7 H2O) did not give rise to yield increases. In mineral soils, increase of plant Zn concentration correlated negatively with soil pH while ZnAC was of secondary importance. In those organogenic soils in which the reserves of native Zn were the most effectively utilized, plant Zn concentration also responded most strongly to applied Zn. In two 2-year field experiments, Zn application did not increase timothy or barley yields. Zinc concentration of timothy increased from 30 mg kg-1 to 33 and 36 mg kg-1 when 3 or 6 kg Zn ha-1 was applied, respectively. The efficiency of ZnSO4 * 7 H2O alone did not differ from that of a fertilizer where ZnSO4 * 7H20 was granulated with gypsum. Zinc concentration of barley grains increased by foliar sprays of Na2Zn-EDTA but only a marginal response to soil-applied Zn (4.8 or 5.4 kg ha-1 over three years) was detected in three 3-year experiments. High applications of Zn to soil (15 or 30 kg ha-1 as ZnSO4 * 7H2O) were required to increase Zn concentration of barley markedly. In order to prevent undue accumulation of fertilizer Zn in soil, it is proposed that Zn fertilizer recommendations for field crops should be based on both soil pH and ZnAC. In slightly acid and neutral soils, even if poor in Zn, response of plant Zn concentration to applied Zn remains small while there is a high response in strongly acid soils.

LABORATORY AND GREENHOUSE STUDIES ON EFFECT OF LIME AND OTHER AMENDMENTS ON WATER-SOLUBLE BORON IN SOIL

1958 ◽  
Vol 38 (1) ◽  
pp. 27-35 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. F. Bishop ◽  
R. L. Cook
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Hydroxide ◽  
Soil Ph ◽  
Laboratory Experiments ◽  
Boron Content ◽  
Magnesium Carbonate ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Plant Analysis ◽  
Laboratory Studies ◽  
Ph Values ◽  
Calcium And Magnesium

Greenhouse and laboratory experiments were used to study the effect of various soil amendments on the water-soluble boron content of a strongly acid soil.In the greenhouse, using ladino clover as the test crop, liming reduced boron availability as measured by soil and plant analysis. Calcium-boron ratios in the clover ranged from approximately 550:1 to 2000:1 and there was a significant correlation between the water-soluble boron in the soil and the boron content of the clover.In the laboratory studies calcium and magnesium carbonates were equally effective in decreasing water-soluble boron in soil. Gypsum was ineffective. Manure or alfalfa hay increased the water-soluble boron content of soil in proportion to the amounts applied. Applications of sodium hydroxide, resulting in a range of soil pH values from 4.82 to 9.72, were accompanied by decreases in water-soluble boron until a pH of approximately 8.0 was reached. Above this point water-soluble boron increased. At comparable pH values of approximately 7.0 or less, sodium hydroxide caused a smaller reduction in water-soluble boron than did either calcium or magnesium carbonate.

The pH of Puerto Rican Soils Used for Principal Crops

1969 ◽  
Vol 46 (2) ◽  
pp. 107-119
Author(s):  
George Samuels
Keyword(s):  
Puerto Rico ◽  
Puerto Rican ◽  
Soil Ph ◽  
Acid Soils ◽  
Soil Series ◽  
Root Crop ◽  
Ph Values ◽  
Ph Range ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Acid Range

The pH values of the soils of Puerto Rico were determined with the following results: 1. About 80 percent of the soils were acid (below pH 7) and 50 percent were below pH 6, which was acid enough to require liming. 2. Most of the soils planted to bananas were pH 6 and above. 3. The pH range for brushland was wide, extending from acid to alkaline. 4. Eighty percent of the soils of the coconut plantations were above pH 6. 5. Coffee soils, in general, were acid, with 63 percent below pH 6, of which 49 percent were in the range pH 5.0 to 5.9 and 13 percent in the very acid range of pH 4.0 to 4.9. 6. The pH of soils planted to corn varied widely. 7. The small cotton acreage had a pH range of 5.0 to 5.9. 8. The soils planted to grapefruit had 57 percent of their acreage at pH 4.0 to 4.9 and 29 percent in the range pH 5.0 to 5.9. 9. The natural pastures had 75 percent of their soil at pH below 6, whereas improved and rotational pastures had only 39 percent below pH 6. 10. Pineapples were planted in acid soils, 75 percent of which were below pH 6. 11. The majority, 68 percent, of the plantains were grown in acid soils below pH 6. 12. Root-crop soils had a systematic distribution throughout the range of pH from below 4 to above 8. 13. Most soils used for soilage (cut grass) had a pH above 6. 14. Eighty-one percent of the sugarcane acreage was found to be in the range of pH 5 to 8. About 36 percent of the cane acreage was below pH 5.5 and in need of liming. 15. Tobacco was grown primarily on acid soils, with 61 percent of its acreage on those below pH 6. 16. No vegetables were found in soils with a pH below 5, and 50 percent were planted in soils with a pH above 6. 17. The pH range for woodland soil was distributed rather evenly from a pH 5 to 7.9. 18. The average pH and range of pH of the soils of Puerto Rico are presented, by soil series, and several examples are given of the relationship between soil pH and soil series.

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