SEASONAL CONSUMPTIVE USE OF WATER BY CROPS GROWN IN SOUTHERN ALBERTA AND ITS RELATIONSHIP TO EVAPORATION

1963 ◽  
Vol 43 (2) ◽  
pp. 287-297 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. G. Sonmor
Keyword(s):  
Root Zone ◽  
Maximum Yield ◽  
Growth Period ◽  
Forage Crops ◽  
Pasture Grass ◽  
Sugar Beets ◽  
Row Crops ◽  
Consumptive Use ◽  
Class A ◽  
Southern Alberta

Irrigation water was applied to 13 crops, commonly grown in southern Alberta, whenever the available moisture within the root zone was depleted to the 75, 50, and 25 per cent levels during the seasonal growth period. The average consumptive use, associated with the maximum yield treatments, during this 12-year study, was highest for alfalfa and pasture grass (26 and 24 inches, respectively) and lowest for tomatoes and canning peas (14 and 13 inches, respectively). Other crops produced maximum yields with an average use of water, in inches, as follows: sugar beets, 22; potatoes, 20; soft wheat, 19; hard wheat, 18; oats and barley, 16; and flax and corn, 15. The range of water use data reported in this study is generally somewhat lower than the practical water requirements (including measured and estimated consumptive use) indicated in earlier reports by other investigators.The consumptive use-evaporation ratios were highest for forage crops and lowest for row crops. These relationships were determined for the 4-foot sunken pan, the class "A" pan, and the black Bellani plate atmometer.

CONSUMPTIVE USE OF WATER BY CROPS AT SWIFT CURRENT, SASKATCHEWAN

1967 ◽  
Vol 47 (2) ◽  
pp. 131-138 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Pohjakas ◽  
D. W. L. Read ◽  
H. C. Korven
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Field Capacity ◽  
Sugar Beets ◽  
Consumptive Use ◽  
Annual Crops ◽  
Class A ◽  
Evaporation Ratio ◽  
Seasonal Water Use ◽  
Class A Pan

Irrigation water was applied by the surface method to nine perennial and five annual crops grown at Swift Current. Soil moisture content was maintained between 50% of available moisture and the field capacity. Soil moisture stresses were measured by tensiometers. The total water use and peak requirements varied depending on the season. The total mean water use for perennial forages varied from 589 to 688 mm, and averaged 526 mm for wheat, 486 mm for barley, 610 mm for sugar beets and 560 mm for potatoes.Consumptive use: evaporation ratios were calculated from the Experimental Farms buried tank, a Class A pan, and black Bellani plate atmometers. The water use to evaporation ratio (U: E) from the Experimental Farms buried tank ranged from 0.81 to 1.14, for the Class A pan it was from 0.53 to 0.75, and for the black Bellani plates from 0.321 to 0.446. In all cases the perennial crops were at the higher end and the annual crops were at the lower end of the range.Three to eight irrigations were applied per season. Seasonal water use by annual crops was slightly higher at Swift Current than the rates reported for Lethbridge and Vauxhall, Alberta.

CONSUMPTIVE USE OF WATER BY FORAGE CROPS IN THE UPPER KOOTENAY RIVER VALLEY

1961 ◽  
Vol 41 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-4 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. K. Krogman ◽  
L. E. Lutwick
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
River Valley ◽  
Silt Loam ◽  
Forage Crops ◽  
Pasture Grass ◽  
Consumptive Use ◽  
Evaporation Pan ◽  
Irrigation Levels

Consumptive use of water for alfalfa and grass was determined on Saha silt loam, a major soil of the upper Kootenay River Valley in British Columbia. Four irrigation levels, based on 0.42, 0.70, 0.83, and 1.00 times evaporation from a 4-foot buried evaporation pan, were employed. The average consumptive use of water at the highest yields obtained was 24 inches for alfalfa and 23 inches for pasture grass. Irrigation levels based on 0.83 to 1.00 times evaporation gave the highest yields.

EFFECTS OF LEVELS OF MINIMUM AVAILABLE SOIL MOISTURE ON CROP YIELDS

1963 ◽  
Vol 43 (4) ◽  
pp. 441-446 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. H. Hobbs ◽  
K. K. Krogman ◽  
L. G. Sonmor
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Crop Yields ◽  
Root Zone ◽  
Sweet Clover ◽  
Sugar Beets ◽  
Linear Decrease ◽  
Southern Alberta ◽  
Available Soil Moisture ◽  
Cent Level ◽  
The Relationship

Eight crops commonly grown in southern Alberta were irrigated when available moisture within the root zone had been depleted to 75, 50, and 25 per cent levels. Over a 3-year period the yields of alfalfa, wheat, barley, sugar beets, corn, peas, and sweet clover reached a maximum at or below the 50 per cent level of minimum available soil moisture. Potatoes produced highest yields at the 75 per cent level. The relationship between availability of water to the crop and the amount of water in the soil was shown to be somewhere between the concepts of constant availability and linear decrease and was not consistent among the various crops.

PERENNIALS AND ANNUALS FOR WINTER FODDER PRODUCTION IN THE DRIER PORTIONS OF THE CANADIAN PRAIRIES

1978 ◽  
Vol 58 (4) ◽  
pp. 1081-1085 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. R. KILCHER
Keyword(s):  
Crude Protein ◽  
Cereal Grains ◽  
Semiarid Region ◽  
Forage Crops ◽  
Canadian Prairies ◽  
Row Crops ◽  
Perennial Crops ◽  
Annual Crops ◽  
Fodder Production

Small grain cereals such as oats or wheat, when grown on fallowed land, provided fodder yields as high as or higher than those obtained from perennial forage containing alfalfa. However, on a land base comparison, yields of perennial crops were about double those of cereal grains. A 3-yr rotation using annuals in a crop–crop–fallow sequence improved the yield relationship over a crop–fallow rotation only marginally in this semiarid region. Yields of corn or sunflower row crops in rotations with fallow, or with cereals and fallow, were highly variable. Crude protein yields of the perennial forage crops on a given land base were about threefold those from annual crops.

scholarly journals A MODEL FOR ESTIMATING ACTUAL EVAPOTRANSPIRATION FROM POTENTIAL EVAPOTRANSPIRATION

1975 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 170-188 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. J. KRISTENSEN ◽  
S. E. JENSEN
Keyword(s):  
Water Content ◽  
Soil Water ◽  
Soil Water Content ◽  
Root Zone ◽  
Potential Evapotranspiration ◽  
Actual Evapotranspiration ◽  
Vegetation Density ◽  
Rainfall Distribution ◽  
Sugar Beets

A model for calculating the daily actual evapotranspiration based on the potential one is presented. The potential evapotranspiration is reduced according to vegetation density, water content in the root zone, and the rainfall distribution. The model is tested by comparing measured (EAm) and calculated (EAc) evapotranspirations from barley, fodder sugar beets, and grass over a four year period. The measured and calculated values agree within 10 %. The model also yields information on soil water content and runoff from the root zone.

scholarly journals Comparative Study of Different Irrigation System for Cotton Crop in District Rahim Yar Khan, Punjab, Pakistan

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 131-138
Author(s):  
Muhammad Yousaf Ali
Keyword(s):  
Root Zone ◽  
Growth Parameters ◽  
Irrigation System ◽  
Plant Root ◽  
Maximum Yield ◽  
Sprinkler Irrigation ◽  
Water Saving ◽  
Limiting Factors ◽  
Water Losses ◽  
Day By Day

The biggest responsibility of agriculture department is to produce food and cloth for huge population using the resource getting limited day by day. Water scarcity is most threatening among these limiting factors. New techniques are being developed day by day to utilize the water efficiently. Application of water only in the plant root zone will be one of the water saving technique to grow crops. This will control the losses due to evaporation and leaching. Irrigation to soil does not control the climate variables and precipitation cannot be substituted to irrigation. Sprinkler irrigation could be one of the way to utilize the water efficiently by in time application and reducing the losses of leaching and evaporation along with amelioration of micro climate of the crop. Canals and tube well water is conventionally given to crop through flood irrigation. These fields are in direct threat of evaporation and leaching resulting in excess water losses and damaging the soil quality. The study was designed taking cotton as experimental crop to calculate comparisons in plant growth parameters and yields along with water saving ability of different irrigation system. Maximum yield was obtained from sprinkler irrigation and water was saved under drip irrigation system.

Benefits and barriers to perennial forage crops in Iowa corn and soybean rotations

2008 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 97-107 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julia Olmstead ◽  
E. Charles Brummer
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Insect Pests ◽  
Cropping Systems ◽  
Red Clover ◽  
N Leaching ◽  
Net Income ◽  
Forage Crops ◽  
Land Grant Universities ◽  
Ecological Benefits ◽  
Row Crops

AbstractThe transition away from forage-based cropping systems in Iowa to corn and soybean rotations since World War II has corresponded with degraded economic and environmental conditions in the state. Falling net incomes for farmers and concern over global warming and the effects of agriculture-related pollution on water, wildlife and human health have increased interest in diversified cropping systems. This paper reviews the benefits of diversifying Iowa corn and soybean rotations with perennial forage species such as alfalfa and red clover. Perennial forage crops improve soil quality, decrease NO3-N leaching and soil erosion, increase carbon sequestration and decrease pesticide and herbicide needs by controlling weed and insect pests. Forage legumes reduce N fertilizer needs for succeeding corn crops at a higher rate than soybeans, and corn crops following forages have higher yields than after corn or soybeans. Farmers who add alfalfa to corn and soybean rotations could realize significant economic gains. A simulated 5-year rotation in Iowa including corn–soybeans–oats/alfalfa–alfalfa–alfalfa would result in a 24% net income increase over 5 years of corn–soybean–corn–soybean–corn, even with government farm support payments for the row crops. Farm policies that encourage commodity production create little incentive for Iowa farmers to diversify their cropping systems beyond corn and soybeans, despite the clear economic and ecological benefits. We recommend increasing federal support for conservation programs that reward environmentally beneficial farm practices such as the Conservation Securities Program and we encourage land grant universities to hire researchers interested in alternative agricultural systems.

scholarly journals Response to fertilizer nitrogen and water of post-rainy season sorghum on a Vertisol. 1. Biomass and light interception

1998 ◽  
Vol 131 (4) ◽  
pp. 417-428 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. J. REGO ◽  
J. L. MONTEITH ◽  
PIARA SINGH ◽  
K. K. LEE ◽  
V. NAGESWARA RAO ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rainy Season ◽  
Andhra Pradesh ◽  
Root Zone ◽  
Growth Period ◽  
Peninsular India ◽  
N Application ◽  
Radiation Coefficient ◽  
Optimum Application ◽  
Main Growth ◽  
Leaf N

In parts of peninsular India, sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L.) is grown during the dry season using water stored in the root zone. The optimum application of nitrogen is difficult to assess because no comprehensive model exists for the interaction of water and N. To explore this system as a basis for modelling in the first instance and ultimately for better management, sorghum (cv. SPH–280) was grown in the post-rainy season at ICRISAT (Andhra Pradesh, India) with and without irrigation and at six rates of nitrogen from zero to 150 kg/ha applied before sowing. The biomass of top components was measured weekly and of roots every 2 weeks. Interception of solar radiation was monitored continuously in all treatments.Leaf expansion was strongly influenced both by water and by N, whereas specific leaf area was almost independent of treatment. In the irrigated treatment, the Biomass Radiation Coefficient (e) for the main growth period was almost independent of N application at 1·3–1·4 g/MJ and was also independent of leaf N. In consequence, the main source of differences in yield was a decrease in radiation interception with decreasing N. In contrast, without irrigation, biomass, yield, e and leaf N were all maximal at 60 kg/ha N.At 33 days after emergence (DAE), root mass was almost independent of N whether water had been applied or not, but was somewhat smaller with irrigation. Later, root, leaf, and panicle mass all responded to N and to water, but stem mass was unresponsive to N with irrigation. There was evidence of translocation from stem to grain in most treatments. With irrigation, a maximum grain yield of 4·8 t/ha was obtained at 150 kg/ha N and without irrigation the maximum was 3·2 t/ha at 90 kg/ha.

The Effect of Human Activity on the Distribution of Soil Nitrate Nitrogen in Unsaturated Zone

2013 ◽  
Vol 790 ◽  
pp. 202-205
Author(s):  
Hui Yan Gao ◽  
Lu Hua Yang ◽  
Tian Li ◽  
Zi Peng Guo
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Nitrogen Content ◽  
Human Activity ◽  
Soil Profile ◽  
Nitrate Nitrogen ◽  
Root Zone ◽  
Deep Layer ◽  
Soil Layer ◽  
Growth Period ◽  
Soil Nitrate

Soil moisture and nitrate nitrogen were measured respectively in planting area and non-planting area in RANZHUANG experiment station from 2011 to 2012. The effect of human activity on soil moisture and nitrate nitrogen was analyzed. The results show that soil moisture content varies from 8.61% to 30.09% within 0~250cm depth and is tended to be stable below 250cm deep layer in non-planting area. The distribution of soil nitrate nitrogen is a single peak curve, the peak moves downward at a speed of 0.81cm/d in percolation of rainfall. Soil moisture varies form 21.23% to 41.67% within 0~400cm depth and is tended to be stable below 400cm deep layer in planting area. Nitrate nitrogen is mainly accumulated at 0~100cm deep soil layer in the wheat growth period. In the maize growth period, the distribution of nitrate nitrogen is double peak curve in 0~500cm soil profile. The upper peak occurs at 40~100cm soil layer, the peak of nitrate nitrogen content is between 26.7~54.6mg/kg; the lower emerges at 150~260cm soil profile, the value is between 36.7~106.36mg/kg. Deep percolation of the nitrate nitrogen is obvious due to unreasonable irrigation and fertilization. The nitrate nitrogen content accounts for 52.3% of the total nitrate nitrogen below the root zone soil, which is a potential contamination source of groundwater.

Gall Aphids on Poplar in Alberta II. Periods of Emergence from Galls, Reproductive Capacities, and Predators of Aphids in Galls

1959 ◽  
Vol 91 (11) ◽  
pp. 680-685 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. M. Harper
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Life Cycle ◽  
Economic Importance ◽  
Sugar Beets ◽  
Poplar Trees ◽  
Southern Alberta ◽  
Pemphigus Betae ◽  
Poplar Leaf

In southern Alberta there are several species of aphids that produce galls on poplar trees (Harper, 1959). These aphids are all in the subfamily Eriosomatinae and in the genera Pemphigus Hartig, Thecabius Koch, and Mordwilkoja Del. G. Two of the species are of economic importance, Pemphigus betae Doane, a pest of sugar beets in Alberta and parts of United States (Harper, 1957; Maxson, 1916; Parker, 1915), and Pemphigus populitransversus Riley, a serious pest of crucifers in Texas (Wene and White, 1953). Both species overwinter on poplar as eggs. In spring the fundatrix emerges from the egg and feeds on the poplar leaf, initiating a gall in which the winged fundatrigeniae are produced. During the summer the fundatrigeniae migrate to the secondary host where they produce the wingless alienicolae; in the fall these in turn produce the winged sexuparae, which migrate to the poplars where they produce the wingless sexuales. The female sexuales, after mating, deposit eggs on the poplars to complete the life cycle (Harper, 1957; Jones and Gillette, 1918; Parker, 1914).

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