Consequences of potassium, magnesium sulphate fertilization of high density Fuji apple orchards

2011 ◽  
Vol 91 (6) ◽  
pp. 1013-1027 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. H. Neilsen ◽  
D. Neilsen
Keyword(s):  
Magnesium Sulphate ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Fruit Size ◽  
Fruit Production ◽  
High Density ◽  
Apple Orchards ◽  
Production Region ◽  
Exchangeable Ca ◽  
Fuji Apple ◽  
Potassium Magnesium

Neilsen, G. H. and Neilsen, D. 2011. Consequences of potassium, magnesium sulphate fertilization of high density Fuji apple orchardsConsequences of potassium, magnesium sulphate fertilization of high density Fuji apple orchards. Can. J. Soil Sci. 91: 1013–1027. Three annual broadcast fertilizer treatments of 0, 100 or 200 kg K ha–1as K, Mg sulphate (KMag) were applied in a randomized complete block design with six replicate multi-tree plots. The study was undertaken for three successive growing seasons in eight commercial apple orchards of fruiting ‘Fuji’/M.9 (Malus × domestica Borkh.) located on coarse-textured soils typical of the Okanagan valley fruit production region of southern British Columbia. After 3 yr, KMag fertilization increased the amount and proportion of exchangeable K and Mg at the 0–10 and 10–20 cm depth. Soil exchangeable Ca was generally decreased in the surface 0–10 cm layer although the Ca/Σ[Ca + Mg + K] ratio decreased over the surface 20 cm. During the study, application of KMag fertilizer often increased leaf and fruit K concentrations, minimally affected leaf Mg and sometimes decreased fruit Ca concentration by years 2 and 3 and had little effect on fruit K/Ca or Mg/Ca ratio. KMag fertilization was effective in an orchard of marginal K nutritional status, increasing cumulative yield, fruit size and red colouration, implying an economic response to the K contained in the fertilizer. KMag fertilization was effective for maintaining leaf Mg concentration, but could not be relied upon to increase deficient leaf Mg. There were no widespread declines in fruit Ca concentration, nor increases in Ca-related harvest disorders after 3 yr of KMag fertilization, despite declines in exchangeable Ca and Ca/Σ[Ca + Mg + K] in surface soil layers.

Response of high density apple orchards on coarsetextured soil to form of potassium applied by fertigation

2006 ◽  
Vol 86 (4) ◽  
pp. 749-755 ◽  
Author(s):  
G H Neilsen ◽  
D. Neilsen
Keyword(s):  
Potassium Chloride ◽  
Malus Domestica ◽  
Fruit Size ◽  
High Density ◽  
Potassium Sources ◽  
High Incidence ◽  
Bitter Pit ◽  
Cation Status ◽  
Potassium Magnesium ◽  
Annual Application

This study tested the effects of fertigated potassium sources on orchard cation status. A randomized, complete block experimental design was maintained from 2000 to 2003, in a high density ‘Jonagold’/M.9 apple (Malus × domestica Borkh.) orchard planted in 1993 on a loamy sand. Seven K-fertigation treatments included annual application of either no K (control), 15 g K/tree as either potassium chloride or potassium magnesium sulphate (KMag) or 30 g K/tree as potassium chloride, KMag, potassium sulphate or potassium thiosulphate, applied daily during 6 wk midsummer to six replicate, four-tree plots. Fertigated K-forms did not affect yield, but increased soil K after 3 yr to 30-cm depth beneath the drip emitters. This increased leaf and fruit K concentrations. Fruit K/Ca ratio was also increased by K-fertigation. A high incidence of bitter pit at harvest was unaffected by fertigating K, but rather was associated with low harvest fruit Ca concentration and large fruit size. KMag increased soil Mg availability, but leaf and fruit Mg concentrations were slightly affected, indicating the difficulties of improving apple Mg status when co-applying K. Leaf and fruit Ca concentrations were minimally affected by treatments. Soil Ca declined slightly after 3 yr of K fertigation. Key words: Bitter pit, calcium, chloride, magnesium, Malus × domestica, sulphate, thiosulphate

scholarly journals Rootstocks and Interstem/Rootstock Combinations for Lower Midwest Apple Orchards

HortScience ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 40 (4) ◽  
pp. 1128B-1128
Author(s):  
Bradley H. Taylor ◽  
Dagmar M. Geisler-Taylor
Keyword(s):  
Block Design ◽  
Fruit Size ◽  
Vertical Axis ◽  
Crown Rot ◽  
Apple Orchards ◽  
Southern Illinois ◽  
Biotic Stresses ◽  
Industry Standard ◽  
Negative Side Effects ◽  
Dwarfing Rootstocks

Use of precocious, high-yielding, dwarfing rootstocks for apple trees in southern Illinois has been limited by the prevalence of fire blight and crown rot diseases, as well as soil and climate stresses. Apple orchards in the region are generally situated on heavy clay soils and often receive excess rainfall in spring and fall, followed by drought in summer. New dwarfing rootstocks adapted to these biotic stresses were used as interstems on robust, vigorous rootstocks, to determine if earlier and greater cumulative yields could be obtained compared to the current industry standard MM. 111. The treatments consisted of 20 various interstem/rootstock combinations with `Ruby Jon Jonathan' as the scion that were propagated and grown as feathered maidens in the nursery. The trees were planted at 4.5 × 6.0 m in a randomized complete-block design with eight replications in May 1996 at the Southern Illinois University Horticultural Research Center at Carbondale, Ill. The trees were trained in a vertical axis system with minimal initial pruning and complete deblossoming in the first 2 years. Trees were allowed to crop during the third- through ninth-leaf. Cumulative yields of the best performing interstem/rootstock combinations were two to three times greater compared with MM. 111. The trees on the most vigorous rootstocks consistently produced the largest fruit size, but four dwarfing clones, G. 30, V. 1, Bud. 9, and M. 7, used as interstems, generally produced higher yields with similar fruit size. These advantages were obtained without the negative side effects (excess root suckers, lack of scion uniformity, and increased mortality) traditionally associated with interstem performance in the lower Midwest.

scholarly journals Rootstock, Canopy Architecture, Bark Girdling, and Scoring Influence on Growth, Productivity, and Fruit Quality at Harvest in ‘Aztec Fuji’ Apple

HortScience ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 53 (11) ◽  
pp. 1629-1633 ◽  
Author(s):  
Esmaeil Fallahi ◽  
Michael J. Kiester ◽  
Bahar Fallahi ◽  
Shahla Mahdavi
Keyword(s):  
Fruit Quality ◽  
Fruit Size ◽  
Quality Attributes ◽  
Fruit Production ◽  
Training System ◽  
Soluble Solids ◽  
Canopy Architecture ◽  
Long Term Study ◽  
Fuji Apple ◽  
Size Controlling

The increasing scarcity of land and water for agriculture mandates an efficient use of these natural resources. Establishment of high-density orchards with the use of a size-controlling rootstock, in combination with a suitable canopy architecture, is an efficient method for fruit production. However, less attention has been paid to the use of size-controlling practices such as trunk girdling in these modern orchard systems. The impacts of two rootstocks, two tree architectures, and three levels of bark cambium cuts (girdling or scoring) on growth, yield, fruit quality attributes at harvest, and leaf nitrogen (N) in ‘Aztec Fuji’ apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) were studied in 2015 and 2016. Trees on Nic 29 had larger canopies, higher yields, and larger fruit, but lower fruit color, sunburn, and firmness than those on Bud 9. Trees with a tall spindle (TS) architecture had higher yield in 2016, higher fruit soluble solids and firmness in 2015, higher fruit russet in 2016, but shorter terminal growth in both 2015 and 2016 and lower leaf N in 2015 than did those with a central leader (CL) training system. Trees receiving a bark girdling in 2015 (BG15) or score girdling in 2015 and 2016 (SG1516) had significantly higher yield than trees on nongirdled trees (NOGD) in 2016. Bark girdling or score girdling in 2015 (BG15 or SG15) increased fruit weight (size), color, and firmness at harvest in the same year, although differences for score girdling were not always significant. However, BG15 or SG15 did not have a “carryover” effect and did not affect fruit size, color, or firmness at harvest in 2016. When bark scoring was repeated in 2016 (SG1516), fruit size was increased in 2016. On the basis of the results of this 2-year study, it appears that bark girdling in one year is sufficient to increase fruit size of the current year and the yield in the following year. If larger fruit size is the critical objective of fruit production, annual score girdling needs to be practiced. However, a further long-term study is needed to monitor the carryover effects of cambium girdling and scoring on tree performance and fruit quality attributes in the subsequent years.

scholarly journals PRODUÇÃO E QUALIDADE DOS FRUTOS DO MELOEIRO SUBMETIDO À REDUÇÃO HÍDRICA NA FASE FINAL DO CICLO

Irriga ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 54-62 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luis Gonzaga Pinheiro Neto ◽  
Thales Vinícius de Araújo Viana ◽  
Benito Moreira de Azevedo ◽  
José De Arimatéia Duarte de Freitas ◽  
Valdemício Ferreira de Souza
Keyword(s):  
Water Deficit ◽  
Cucumis Melo ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Sugar Content ◽  
Fruit Size ◽  
Fruit Production ◽  
Experimental Station ◽  
Cash Crops ◽  
Randomized Block Design ◽  
Pulp Consistency

PRODUÇÃO E QUALIDADE DOS FRUTOS DO MELOEIRO SUBMETIDO À REDUÇÃO HÍDRICA NA FASE FINAL DO CICLO  Luis Gonzaga Pinheiro Neto1;  Thales Vinícius de Araújo Viana2; Benito Moreira de Azevedo2; José de Arimatéia Duarte de Freitas3; Valdemício Ferreira de Souza41Universidade Federal Rural do Semi-Árido, UFERSA,  02Departamento de Engenharia Agrícola, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, CE.               3Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária, CNPAT.4Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária, Meio-Norte.  1  RESUMO O melão é uma das espécies olerícolas de expressão econômica para a região Nordeste do Brasil. Entretanto, os países importadores requerem um fruto de alta qualidade. A restrição hídrica na fase final do ciclo do meloeiro pode contribuir para o aumento da qualidade dos frutos atualmente produzidos, pois deve possibilitar um aumento no teor de sacarose dos mesmos. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo estudar os efeitos produtivos e qualitativos da restrição hídrica na fase final do ciclo do meloeiro, procurando-se identificar os melhores momentos e intensidades da redução da lâmina de irrigação. O experimento foi conduzido na Estação Experimental da EMBRAPA, em Paraipaba, CE. O delineamento experimental usado foi o de blocos ao acaso, com parcelas subdivididas. Os tratamentos consistiram da combinação de 4 diferentes momentos de redução hídrica (aos 51, 55, 59 e 63 dias após a germinação - DAG) com 4 diferentes intensidades de redução (100, 66, 33 e 0%), perfazendo um total de 16 tratamentos. O momento em que se iniciou a redução hídrica, bem como a intensidade da mesma, não proporcionaram diferenças estatísticas nas seguintes variáveis: produtividade, firmeza de polpa, classificação dos frutos e espessura da polpa. O teor de sólidos solúveis foi alterado significativamente com relação à intensidade da redução hídrica. UNITERMOS: Cucumis melo, estresse hídrico, fruticultura irrigada.  PINHEIRO NETO, L.G.; VIANA, T.V.A.; AZEVEDO, B.M.; FREITAS, J.A.D.; SOUSA, V.F. MELON FRUIT PRODUCTION AND QUALITY UNDER  HYDRIC REDUCTION  2        ABSTRACT Melon is one of the most important high cash crops ofNortheastern Brazil. About 30% of the region’s production is exported, and then superior quality fruits are required. Most melon growers stop irrigation a few days before harvest in order to improve fruit sugar content. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of the water deficit in the last yield stage and fruit quality in order to identify when and how much irrigation depths should be reduced. The experiment was carried out in a 32 by22 marea, in the Vale do Curu Experimental Station, which belongs toEmbrapaTropicalAgroindustryResearchCenter. A split-plot randomized block design was used. Four different irrigation reduction times (at 51, 55, 59, and 63 days after germination), and four irrigation reduction intensities (100%, 66%, 33%, and 0%) were tested, totalizing 16 treatments. The results showed that the onset of irrigation reduction time and reduction intensity did not affect melon yield, pulp consistency, fruit size, and pulp thickness. The fruit brix was significantly affected by irrigation reduction intensity. KEYWORDS: Cucumis melo, water deficit, irrigated fruit production

scholarly journals HORTICULTURAL AND ECONOMIC COMPARISON OF HAND VERSUS MECHANICAL PRUNING IN A HIGH DENSITY FRENCH PRUNE ORCHARD

HortScience ◽  
1990 ◽  
Vol 25 (9) ◽  
pp. 1101c-1101
Author(s):  
Stephen M. Southwick ◽  
W. Krueger ◽  
J.T. Yeager ◽  
J. Osgood
Keyword(s):  
Block Design ◽  
Fruit Size ◽  
High Density ◽  
Tree Canopy ◽  
Tree Form ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Randomized Complete Block Design ◽  
High Yields ◽  
Short Time ◽  
Economic Comparison

French prunes (Prunus domestica L.) on myrobalan seedling rootstock were planted in 1981 in an east-west direction with 4.9 m between rows and 2.7 m between trees on a poorly drained Class II soil in Glenn County, CA. A randomized complete block design was used with 8 trees per plot. Trees were pruned by hand to an open-center tree form or pruned by machine to a pyramid form in the dormant or summer season resulting in 6 pruning treatments. This high density system has led to high yields of good quality fruit (9.18 dry tons/acre in 1989, sized at 78 fruit per pound). Hand pruning led to higher yields, larger fruit, lower drying ratios and a greater dollar return per acre than any of the machine pruned trees. Dormant machine pruning led to larger fruit produced than those trees pruned in the summer by machine. Mechanical pruning may be possible for short time periods, but continued practice led to smaller fruit with lower yields than hand pruning. Certain locations within the tree canopy had smaller fruit size and it is within those lower locations where fruit size needs to be improved. These and additional experimental results obtained from 1987 through 1989 growing seasons will be presented.

Hydrophobic Particle Films Improve Tree Fruit Productivity

HortScience ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 548a-548 ◽  
Author(s):  
D.M. Glenn ◽  
G. Puterka ◽  
T. Baugher ◽  
T. Unruh ◽  
S. Drake
Keyword(s):  
West Virginia ◽  
Production Systems ◽  
Fruit Size ◽  
The United States ◽  
Fruit Production ◽  
Red Color ◽  
Tree Fruit ◽  
Fruit Productivity ◽  
Leaf Level ◽  
Hydrophobic Particle

Hydrophobic particle film technology (HPF) is a developing pest control system for tree fruit production systems. Studies were established in Chile, and Washington, Pennsylvania, and West Virginia in the United States, to evaluate the effect of HPF technology on tree fruit yield and quality. Studies in Chile, Washington, and West Virginia demonstrated increased photosynthetic rate at the leaf level. Yield was increased in peaches (Chile) and apples (West Virginia), and fruit size was increased in apples (Washington and Pennsylvania). Increased red color in apple was demonstrated at all sites with reduced russetting and `Stayman' cracking in Pennsylvania. HPF technology appears to be an effective tool in reducing water and heat stress in tree fruit resulting in increased fruit quality.

Protected Culture Systems for Strawberry Production

HortScience ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 459d-459
Author(s):  
Fumiomi Takeda ◽  
Paul R. Adler ◽  
D. Michael Glenn
Keyword(s):  
Light Intensity ◽  
Fruit Size ◽  
Fruit Production ◽  
Hydroponic Culture ◽  
Production Cycle ◽  
Soilless Culture ◽  
Labor Costs ◽  
Culture Systems ◽  
Nutrient Film Technique ◽  
Plant Densities

Strawberry plants (cvs. Camarosa, Chandler, Sweet Charlie, Primetime, Jewel, and Tribute) were grown in soilless culture systems in a greenhouse from October to May. Fresh-dug and runner-tip Aplug® plants were transplanted into two systems: vertically stacked pots (24 plants/m2) containing perlite and horizontal nutrient film technique troughs (13 plants/m2). Plants were fertigated continuously with recirculating nutrient solution. In a 7-month production cycle, the plug plants bloomed earlier and produced more fruit during the first month of harvest (December) than the fresh-dug plants. Higher yields from plug plants were a result of more fruit numbers and not larger fruit size. Fruit production averaged 6.0 and 3.5 kg/m2 in the trough and pot systems, respectively. The vertical growing system allows greater plant densities, but light intensity reaching the plants in the lower sections of the tower can be less than 20% of levels measured at the top. Establishment costs of protected culture systems are higher, but production is earlier and labor costs are typically reduced. Greenhouse hydroponic culture systems could extend the winter strawberry production to more northern locations.

scholarly journals Effect of Propagation Method and Ploidy Level of Various Rootstocks on the Response of the Common Clementine (Citrus clementina Hort. ex Tan) to a Mild Water Deficit

Agriculture ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (8) ◽  
pp. 321 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julie Oustric ◽  
Radia Lourkisti ◽  
Stéphane Herbette ◽  
Raphaël Morillon ◽  
Gilles Paolacci ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Deficit ◽  
Ploidy Level ◽  
Fruit Size ◽  
Redox Balance ◽  
Fruit Production ◽  
Photosynthetic Parameters ◽  
Trifoliate Orange ◽  
Antioxidant Efficiency ◽  
Diploid Genotype ◽  
Propagation Methods

Current climatic upheavals reduce water availability which impacts the growth and fruit quality of plants. In citrus crops, scion/rootstock combinations are used to ensure high fruit production and quality and a stress tolerance/resistance. Our objective was to assess the effect on the clementine scion (C) under natural mild water deficit of (i) polyploid rootstocks by comparing the allotetraploid FlhorAG1 (C/4xFLs; trifoliate orange + Willowleaf mandarin) with its diploid parents, trifoliate orange (C/2xTOs), and Willowleaf mandarin (C/2xWLs), and with a diploid genotype used as reference (Carrizo citrange, C/2xCCs), (ii) rootstock propagation methods by comparing trifoliate orange seedling (C/2xTOs) with cutting (C/2xTOc). A mild water deficit observed under orchard conditions during the summer period (July–August) induced a significant change in yield (except in C/2xTOs), fruit size, and quality. C/2xCCs, C/2xTOs, and C/2xWLs appeared less affected by water deficit as indicated by their lower reduction of predawn leaf water potential (Ψpd), relative water content (RWC), transpiration (E), and photosynthetic parameters (Pnet and gs). Their greater redox balance was probably due to their better antioxidant efficiency. Seedling rootstocks lead to a better adaptation of clementine scions to water deficit than cutting or allotetraploid rootstock. Improving the tolerance to water deficit requires taking into consideration the rootstock genotype, propagation method, and ploidy level.

scholarly journals The Effect of Weed Competition on Apple Fruit Quality

2017 ◽  
Vol 45 (1) ◽  
pp. 120-125 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ersin ATAY ◽  
Seckin GARGIN ◽  
Ahmet ESITKEN ◽  
N. Pinar GUZEL ◽  
A. Nilgun ATAY ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fruit Quality ◽  
Fruit Weight ◽  
Apple Orchard ◽  
High Density ◽  
Soluble Solids ◽  
Limiting Factor ◽  
Weed Competition ◽  
Soluble Solids Content ◽  
Solids Content ◽  
Potassium Magnesium

Orchard performance is influenced by weed competition. In this study, the effects of weed competition on nutrient contents, chemical and physical fruit quality properties were sought. The study was carried out in a high-density apple orchard (‘Golden Delicious’/M.9) over two consecutive growing seasons. The effect of weed competition was studied at three different levels: weak, moderate and strong. Fruit firmness, soluble solids content, macronutrients (such as nitrogen, potassium and calcium) and potassium+magnesium/calcium ratio in fruit were significantly affected by weed competition. Strong weed competition negatively affected soluble solids content and potassium+magnesium/calcium ratio. In both trial years, soluble solids content was significantly higher in weak weed competition. In the first year of the study, soluble solids content ranged between 13.77±0.06% (strong weed competition) and 15.20±0.10% (weak weed competition). In the following year, soluble solids content values were determined as 13.13±0.23% in strong weed competition and 13.83±0.21% in weak weed competition. Weak weed competition showed superiority for fruit weight and potassium+magnesium/calcium ratio. As a whole, this study indicates that insufficient weed control in tree rows might be a limiting factor for fruit quality in high-density apple orchards.

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