Estimation of N2O emissions from agricultural soils in Canada. II. 1990–2005 inventory

2008 ◽  
Vol 88 (5) ◽  
pp. 655-669 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Rochette ◽  
D E Worth ◽  
E C Huffman ◽  
J A Brierley ◽  
B G McConkey ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Crop Residues ◽  
Agricultural Soils ◽  
Primary Objective ◽  
N2o Emissions ◽  
Soil N ◽  
Intergovernmental Panel ◽  
Total N ◽  
Tier Ii ◽  
Tier I

International initiatives such as the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change and the Kyoto Protocol require that countries conduct national inventories of their greenhouse gas emissions. The primary objective of the present study was to apply a country-specific (Tier II) methodology at the regional (≈150 000 ha) scale to estimate direct N2O emissions from agricultural soils in Canada for the period 1990–2005. Other N2O sources such as manure management and indirect emissions were estimated using the Tier I Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) methodology and were included to provide a complete assessment of agricultural N2O emissions. Total N2O emissions from agricultural sources averaged 58.1 Gg N2O-N yr-1 between 1990 and 2005 (from 48.9 in 1990 to 71.6 Gg N2O-N yr-1 in 2004). Of these mean emissions, 39.3 Gg N2O-N yr-1 or 68% were direct emissions from soils, 8.7 Gg N2O-N yr-1 or 15% were direct emissions from animal waste management systems and 10.1 Gg N2O-N yr-1 or 17% were from indirect emissions. Application of synthetic N fertilizers was the largest direct source of soil N2O with average emissions during the inventory period of 13.7 Gg N2O-N yr-1 or 35% of direct emissions. Crop residues (9.3 Gg N2O-N yr-1; 24%), grazing animals (6.8 Gg N2O-N yr-1; 17%) and manure applied to soils (4.1 Gg N2O-N yr-1; 10%) were the other major direct soil N2O sources. New non-IPCC N2O sources/offsets included in the Tier II methodology accounted for 10% of total direct soil emissions. Emissions occurring during summerfallow (2.2 Gg N2O-N yr-1; 6%), in lower portions of the landscape (2.2 Gg N2O-N yr-1; 6%), and following irrigation (0.7 Gg N2O-N yr-1; 2%) were partially offset by changes in tillage practices (-1.2 Gg N2O-N yr-1; -3%) and in coarse-textured soils (-0.2 Gg N2O-N yr-1; -1%). Differences in N2O estimates between Tier I and Tier II approaches mainly arise from the use of lower fertilizer-induced emission factors in the dry Prairie region and the addition of several new N2O sources/offsets in the Tier II methodology. Key words: Nitrous oxide, soils, greenhouse gases, inventory

Estimation of N2O emissions from agricultural soils in Canada. I. Development of a country-specific methodology

2008 ◽  
Vol 88 (5) ◽  
pp. 641-654 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Rochette ◽  
D E Worth ◽  
R L Lemke ◽  
B G McConkey ◽  
D J Pennock ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Agricultural Soils ◽  
Potential Evapotranspiration ◽  
Black Soil ◽  
Emission Factors ◽  
N2o Emissions ◽  
Land Use Impacts ◽  
Eastern Canada ◽  
Intergovernmental Panel ◽  
Country Specific

International initiatives such as the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change and the Kyoto Protocol require that countries calculate national inventories of their greenhouse gas emissions. The objective of the present study was to develop a country-specific (Tier II) methodology to calculate the inventory of N2O emissions from agricultural soils in Canada. Regional fertilizer-induced emission factors (EFreg) were first determined using available field experimental data. Values for EFreg were 0.0016 kg N2O-N kg-1 N in the semi-arid Brown and 0.008 kg N2O-N kg N-1 in the sub-humid Black soil zones of the Prairie region, and 0.017 kg N2O-N kg-1 N in the humid provinces of Quebec and Ontario. A function relating EFreg to the "precipitation to potential evapotranspiration" ratio was determined to estimate annual emission factors (EFeco) at the ecodistrict scale (≈ 150 000 ha) in all agricultural regions of Canada. Country-specific coefficients were also developed to account for the effect of several additional factors on soil N2O emissions. Emissions from fine-textured soils were estimated as being 50% greater than from coarse- and medium-textured soils in eastern Canada; emissions during winter and spring thaw corresponded to 40% of emissions during the snow-free season in eastern Canada; increased emissions from lower (wetter) sections of the landscape and irrigated areas were accounted for; emissions from no-till soils were 10% greater in eastern, but 20% lower in western Canada than from those under conventional tillage practices; emissions under summerfallow were estimated as being equal to those from soils under annual cropping. This country-specific methodology therefore accounts for regional climatic and land use impacts on N2O emission factors, and includes several sources/offsets that are not included in the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) default approach. Key words: Nitrous oxide, soils, greenhouse gases, inventory

scholarly journals Development and Sustainability in Latin America: Old Story, New Directions

2014 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 117-129
Author(s):  
Tayso Silva ◽  
Maurício Fernandes Pereira ◽  
Alexandre Marino Costa
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Sustainable Development ◽  
Latin America ◽  
United Nations ◽  
Kyoto Protocol ◽  
Modern Society ◽  
Primary Objective ◽  
Intergovernmental Panel ◽  
New Directions ◽  
Development Trajectory

The development, considered long been a universally accepted value and goal of every modern society, is now questioned, including on how it is produced. It is shown the importance of sustainable development towards the achievement of better living conditions. It was determined as the primary objective of this study to provide insights for maximizing sustainability as a stimulus to development trajectory in Latin America. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, the United Nations, the Kyoto Protocol, among other studies with international validity and acceptability were considered for propose strategic business parameters to the AL.

scholarly journals Mitigation of Climate Change by Nitrogen Managements in Agriculture

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kazuyuki Inubushi ◽  
Miwa Yashima
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Nitrous Oxide ◽  
Side Effects ◽  
Agricultural Soils ◽  
Organic Fertilizers ◽  
N2o Emissions ◽  
Soil Microbial ◽  
Rate Form ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Increase Crop Yield

Soil is one of the important sources of nitrous oxide (N2O), which is generally producing through soil microbial processes, such as nitrification and denitrification. Agricultural soils receive chemical and organic fertilizers to maintain or increase crop yield and soil fertility, but several factors are influencing N2O emissions, such as types and conditions of soil and fertilizer, and rate, form, and timing of application. Mitigation of N2O is a challenging topic for future earth by using inhibitors, controlled-release fertilizers, and other amendments, but the cost and side effects should be considered for feasibility.

scholarly journals High Application Rates of Biochar to Mitigate N2O Emissions From a N-Fertilized Tropical Soil Under Warming Conditions

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tatiana F. Rittl ◽  
Dener M. S. Oliveira ◽  
Luiza P. Canisares ◽  
Edvaldo Sagrilo ◽  
Klaus Butterbach-Bahl ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Agricultural Soils ◽  
Nitrous Oxide Emissions ◽  
N2o Emissions ◽  
Mitigation Potential ◽  
Soil C ◽  
Tropical Regions ◽  
Application Rates ◽  
Miscanthus Giganteus ◽  
C Stocks

Biochar application has been suggested as a strategy to decrease nitrous oxide emissions from agricultural soils while increasing soil C stocks, especially in tropical regions. Climate change, specifically increasing temperatures, will affect soil environmental conditions and thereby directly influence soil N2O fluxes. Here, we show that Miscanthus giganteus biochar applied at high rates suppresses the typical warming-induced stimulation of N2O emissions. Specifically, in experiments with high biochar addition (25 Mg ha−1), N2O emissions under 40°C were equal to or even lower compared to those observed at 20°C. In this sense, the mitigation potential of biochar for N2O emissions might increase under the auspices of climate change.

scholarly journals Field Application of Organic Fertilizers Triggers N2O Emissions From the Soil N Pool as Indicated by 15N-Labeled Digestates

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
Author(s):  
Franziska Häfner ◽  
Reiner Ruser ◽  
Ingrid Claß-Mahler ◽  
Kurt Möller
Keyword(s):  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Field Application ◽  
Organic Fertilizers ◽  
Organic N ◽  
N2o Emissions ◽  
Soil N ◽  
Closed Chamber ◽  
Total N ◽  
N Sources ◽  
Ammonium N

Anaerobic digestion (AD) can generate biogas while simultaneously producing digestate which can be used as fertilizer. Feedstocks used for AD influence digestate composition, which in turn may affect carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) turn-over in soils and subsequently influence nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions after soil application. Assessment of greenhouse gas emissions from digestates can help to evaluate the overall sustainability of an agricultural production system. The objective of this study was therefore to evaluate and understand the effect of differences in digestate composition on in situ N2O emissions within the 1st weeks after application of seven digestates. The digestates were derived from different feedstocks and 15N-labeled, either in total N or only in ammonium-N. Therefore, the experimental design enabled us to differentiate between potential N2O-N sources (i.e., digestate N or soil N). Furthermore, it allowed to distinguish to some extent between organic-N and ammonium-N as potential N sources for denitrification. Digestates were homogeneously incorporated into the upper 5 cm of microplots in an arable Haplic Luvisol in South Germany at a rate of 170 kg N ha−1. After application, N2O fluxes were measured for ~60 days (May-July) using the closed chamber method in 2 experimental years. Mainly due to higher precipitations in the 1st year, cumulative N2O emissions were higher (312–1,580 g N2O-N ha−1) compared to the emissions (133–690 g N2O-N ha−1) in the 2nd year. Between 16–33% (1st year) and 17–38% (2nd year) of N2O emissions originated from digestate N, indicating that digestate application triggered N2O production and release mainly from soil N. This effect was strongest immediately after digestate application. It was concluded that the first (short term) peak in N2O emissions after digestate application is largely related to denitrification of soil-N. However, the experimental setup does not allow to differentiate between the different denitrification pathways. Weather conditions showed a substantial effect on N2O emissions, where the correlation between N2O and CO2 flux rates hinted on denitrification as main N2O source. The effect of digestate composition, particularly organic N from the digestate, on soil N2O emissions seems to be of minor relevance.

scholarly journals Estimation of N2O Emissions from Agricultural Soils and Determination of Nitrogen Leakage

Atmosphere ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 552
Author(s):  
Kristína Tonhauzer ◽  
Peter Tonhauzer ◽  
Janka Szemesová ◽  
Bernard Šiška
Keyword(s):  
Agricultural Soils ◽  
Nitrogen Loss ◽  
Arable Land ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
N2o Emissions ◽  
Climate Control ◽  
Intergovernmental Panel ◽  
Nitrogen Inputs ◽  
Ipcc Guidelines ◽  
High Fraction

Leaching of nitrogen from the soil is a natural but unfavorable effect that generates N2O emissions. Exact quantification of nitrogen leakage is a challenging process. Intensive leakage occurs mainly when the soil is without vegetation and under specific climatic conditions. This paper aims to quantify the amount of nitrogen leakage from arable land and grassland, and to estimate N2O emissions in 2017. Estimating the country-specific fraction of leached nitrogen (FracLEACH) is important for the emission balance from this source. Emissions are underestimated when the fraction is low; on the contrary, a high fraction causes overestimation. The internationally recognized fraction is 30%, according to the 2006 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Control (IPCC) Guidelines. This factor represents the fraction of nitrogen losses compared to total nitrogen inputs and sources. In this study, we analyzed the effects of climatic conditions on agricultural soils in Slovakia to evaluate the area of nitrogen loss through leaching.

Urea-induced nitrous oxide emissions under sub-tropical rain-fed sorghum and sunflower were nullified by DMPP, partially mitigated by polymer-coated urea, or enhanced by a blend of urea and polymer-coated urea

Soil Research ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 57 (4) ◽  
pp. 342 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. D. Schwenke ◽  
B. M. Haigh
Keyword(s):  
Nitrous Oxide ◽  
Nitrous Oxide Emissions ◽  
N2o Emissions ◽  
N Availability ◽  
Soil N ◽  
Total N ◽  
Degradable Polymer ◽  
Coated Urea ◽  
Polymer Coated Urea ◽  
The Impact

Delaying the accumulation of soil nitrate from urea applied at sowing should mitigate nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions without compromising optimum crop production. This delay may be achieved chemically using a nitrification inhibitor such as 3,4 dimethylpyrazole phosphate (DMPP), or physically by coating urea with a degradable polymer (PCU). In five field experiments across three summers, the impact of DMPP-coated urea applied at sowing on soil mineral nitrogen (N), N2O emissions and yields of grain sorghum or sunflower grown on sub-tropical Vertosols was assessed. At two experiments, DMPP effects on plant N uptake, soil N movement and total N loss were determined with 15N. One experiment included PCU and several blends: urea+DMPP-urea; urea+PCU; urea+DMPP-urea+PCU. Averaged across all experiments, DMPP reduced cumulative N2O emitted by 92% (range: 65–123%) and N2O emission factor (EF: percent of applied N emitted) by 88%. There was no statistical difference in N2O emitted between the 0N control and DMPP-urea. PCU reduced N2O emitted by 27% and EF by 34%. The urea+DMPP-urea blend also nullified urea-induced N2O, but urea+PCU increased N2O emissions and decreased grain yield due to a mismatch between soil N availability and plant N demand. DMPP arrested 15N movement in soil and reduced total 15N loss from 35% to 15% at one of the two 15N experiments. Applying DMPP-urea at sowing is an effective N strategy that nullifies urea-induced N2O emissions, maintains crop yield, and retains N in the soil–plant system. Negative impacts of the PCU+urea blend highlight the influence of growing season conditions on fertiliser N release.

scholarly journals Biochar and urease inhibitor mitigate NH3 and N2O emissions and improve wheat yield in a urea fertilized alkaline soil

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Khadim Dawar ◽  
Shah Fahad ◽  
M. M. R. Jahangir ◽  
Iqbal Munir ◽  
Syed Sartaj Alam ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nitrous Oxide ◽  
Grain Yield ◽  
Block Design ◽  
N Uptake ◽  
Nitrous Oxide Emissions ◽  
N2o Emissions ◽  
Urease Inhibitor ◽  
Alkaline Soil ◽  
Total N ◽  
N Assimilation

AbstractIn this study, we explored the role of biochar (BC) and/or urease inhibitor (UI) in mitigating ammonia (NH3) and nitrous oxide (N2O) discharge from urea fertilized wheat cultivated fields in Pakistan (34.01°N, 71.71°E). The experiment included five treatments [control, urea (150 kg N ha−1), BC (10 Mg ha−1), urea + BC and urea + BC + UI (1 L ton−1)], which were all repeated four times and were carried out in a randomized complete block design. Urea supplementation along with BC and BC + UI reduced soil NH3 emissions by 27% and 69%, respectively, compared to sole urea application. Nitrous oxide emissions from urea fertilized plots were also reduced by 24% and 53% applying BC and BC + UI, respectively, compared to urea alone. Application of BC with urea improved the grain yield, shoot biomass, and total N uptake of wheat by 13%, 24%, and 12%, respectively, compared to urea alone. Moreover, UI further promoted biomass and grain yield, and N assimilation in wheat by 38%, 22% and 27%, respectively, over sole urea application. In conclusion, application of BC and/or UI can mitigate NH3 and N2O emissions from urea fertilized soil, improve N use efficiency (NUE) and overall crop productivity.

scholarly journals Global evidence of constraints and limits to human adaptation

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Adelle Thomas ◽  
Emily Theokritoff ◽  
Alexandra Lesnikowski ◽  
Diana Reckien ◽  
Kripa Jagannathan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Systematic Review ◽  
Behavioral Adaptation ◽  
Human Adaptation ◽  
Small Islands ◽  
Intergovernmental Panel ◽  
Natural Systems ◽  
Adaptation Response ◽  
Cultural Constraints ◽  
Global Evidence

AbstractConstraints and limits to adaptation are critical to understanding the extent to which human and natural systems can successfully adapt to climate change. We conduct a systematic review of 1,682 academic studies on human adaptation responses to identify patterns in constraints and limits to adaptation for different regions, sectors, hazards, adaptation response types, and actors. Using definitions of constraints and limits provided by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), we find that most literature identifies constraints to adaptation but that there is limited literature focused on limits to adaptation. Central and South America and Small Islands generally report greater constraints and both hard and soft limits to adaptation. Technological, infrastructural, and ecosystem-based adaptation suggest more evidence of constraints and hard limits than other types of responses. Individuals and households face economic and socio-cultural constraints which also inhibit behavioral adaptation responses and may lead to limits. Finance, governance, institutional, and policy constraints are most prevalent globally. These findings provide early signposts for boundaries of human adaptation and are of high relevance for guiding proactive adaptation financing and governance from local to global scales.

scholarly journals Effects of two wood-based biochars on the fate of added fertilizer nitrogen—a 15N tracing study

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Subin Kalu ◽  
Gboyega Nathaniel Oyekoya ◽  
Per Ambus ◽  
Priit Tammeorg ◽  
Asko Simojoki ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plant Uptake ◽  
Plant Biomass ◽  
Application Rate ◽  
Control Treatment ◽  
Organic N ◽  
N Leaching ◽  
Soil N ◽  
Mineral N ◽  
Total N ◽  
Application Rates

AbstractA 15N tracing pot experiment was conducted using two types of wood-based biochars: a regular biochar and a Kon-Tiki-produced nutrient-enriched biochar, at two application rates (1% and 5% (w/w)), in addition to a fertilizer only and a control treatment. Ryegrass was sown in pots, all of which except controls received 15N-labelled fertilizer as either 15NH4NO3 or NH415NO3. We quantified the effect of biochar application on soil N2O emissions, as well as the fate of fertilizer-derived ammonium (NH4+) and nitrate (NO3−) in terms of their leaching from the soil, uptake into plant biomass, and recovery in the soil. We found that application of biochars reduced soil mineral N leaching and N2O emissions. Similarly, the higher biochar application rate of 5% significantly increased aboveground ryegrass biomass yield. However, no differences in N2O emissions and ryegrass biomass yields were observed between regular and nutrient-enriched biochar treatments, although mineral N leaching tended to be lower in the nutrient-enriched biochar treatment than in the regular biochar treatment. The 15N analysis revealed that biochar application increased the plant uptake of added nitrate, but reduced the plant uptake of added ammonium compared to the fertilizer only treatment. Thus, the uptake of total N derived from added NH4NO3 fertilizer was not affected by the biochar addition, and cannot explain the increase in plant biomass in biochar treatments. Instead, the increased plant biomass at the higher biochar application rate was attributed to the enhanced uptake of N derived from soil. This suggests that the interactions between biochar and native soil organic N may be important determinants of the availability of soil N to plant growth.

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