Comparison of three simple field methods for ammonia volatilization from manure

2007 ◽  
Vol 87 (4) ◽  
pp. 469-477 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Smith ◽  
R. Gordon ◽  
C. Bourque ◽  
A. Campbell
Keyword(s):  
Wind Tunnel ◽  
Prince Edward Island ◽  
Ammonia Volatilization ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Measurement Techniques ◽  
Swine Manure ◽  
Field Tests ◽  
Flux Measurement ◽  
Land Application ◽  
Field Methods

Land application of swine manure can result in a loss of nitrogen (N) through ammonia (NH3) volatilization. Accurate NH3 loss assessments are essential to support the development of regional and global emission factors and identify best management strategies for reducing losses. The objectives of this study were to simultaneously assess the reliability and applicability of three simple NH3 flux measurement techniques and their effectiveness and usefulness for the measurement of emissions from surface-applied swine manure. Ammonia losses from two chamber systems were compared: (i) static and (ii) wind tunnel chamber, as well as the (iii) micrometeorological theoretical profile shape (TPS) method. A series of field tests was performed at the Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada (AAFC) Research Farm in Harrington, Prince Edward Island (PE) on a sandy loam, stubble field that was surface applied with 100 kg NH4-N ha-1 of liquid swine manure. After application the three NH3 emission techniques were established and measurements were performed over a 5-d period. Ammonia losses from the wind tunnels were comparable with those from the TPS method. The static chambers were found to underestimate NH3 emissions (by ~95–99%), compared with both the wind tunnel and TPS methods. It is therefore recommended that either the TPS or wind tunnel approaches be used to more accurately quantify NH3 losses for field systems. Key words: Ammonia volatilization, flux measurements, swine manure, micrometeorology, static chambers, wind tunnel

Influence of tillage and liquid swine manure on productivity of a soybean-barley rotation and some properties of a fine sandy loam in Prince Edward Island

2006 ◽  
Vol 86 (4) ◽  
pp. 741-748 ◽  
Author(s):  
M R Carter ◽  
A J Campbell
Keyword(s):  
Soil Properties ◽  
Prince Edward Island ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Soil Depth ◽  
Swine Manure ◽  
Residual Effect ◽  
Crop Response ◽  
Fine Sandy Loam ◽  
Liquid Swine Manure ◽  
Second Year

Interactions between tillage management for manure incorporation and rate of manure application may influence crop productivity and soil properties. This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of liquid swine (Sus scrofa L.) manure (LSM) applied at three N rates (40, 80, 160 kg ha-1), compared with mineral N fertilizer, in a 2-yr barley (Hordeum vulgare L.)-soybean (Glycine max L. Merr.) rotation, incorporated by two tillage methods (chisel plough and disc), on crop yield and quality and some soil properties, especially C parameters. The LSM was applied every second year in the spring, prior to barley seeding. The study was conducted over a 5-yr period on a Charlottetown fine sandy loam (Orthic Humo-Ferric Podzol) in Prince Edward Island. The experimental design was a split-plot with four replicates. Soil samples (0–60 cm) were obtained at the termination of the study to determine residual effects of the LSM on soil properties. The two methods of LSM incorporation had no differential effect on crop response. Generally, increasing the application rate of LSM increased the barley yield, but had no effect on grain N concentration. A residual effect on crop grain yield for the high rate of LSM was evident in the soybean year. Crop response to LSM was similar to that of mineral fertilizer. Application operations for LSM had no adverse effect on soil strength or soil bulk density. Soil properties (microbial biomass C, carbohydrates, water-stable aggregates) were not greatly influenced by LSM application, however, increases in particulate C (POM-C) were evident for the high LSM rate at the 10- to 30-cm soil depth. The study showed that for fine sandy loams in Prince Edward Island low to medium rates of LSM applied every second year could serve as a source of N for barley in barley-soybean rotations. Key words: Barley, soybean, liquid swine manure, fine sandy loam, soil properties, tillage incorporation, eastern Canada

scholarly journals Effect of ISPAD Anaerobic Digestion on Ammonia Volatilization from Soil Applied Swine Manure

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susan King ◽  
Michael Schwalb ◽  
David Giard ◽  
Joann Whalen ◽  
Suzelle Barrington
Keyword(s):  
Anaerobic Digestion ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Swine Manure ◽  
Exchange Capacity ◽  
Land Application ◽  
Available Nitrogen ◽  
Fertilizer Value ◽  
Plant Available Nitrogen ◽  
Solids Content ◽  
Tunnel Monitoring

Swine manure subjected to in-storage psychrophilic anaerobic digestion (ISPAD) undergoes proteins degradation but limited NH3volatilization, producing an effluent rich in plant-available nitrogen. Accordingly, ISPAD effluent can offer a higher fertilizer value during land application, as compared to manure of similar age stored in an open tank. However, this additional nitrogen can also be lost by volatilization during land application. The objective of this study was therefore to measure NH3volatilization from both ISPAD and open tank swine manures when applied to 5 different soils, namely, washed sand, a Ste Rosalie clay, an Upland sandy loam, a St Bernard loam, and an Ormstown loam. This research was conducted using laboratory wind tunnels simulating land application. The five experimental soils offered similar pH values but different water holding capacity, cation exchange capacity, cation saturation, and organic matter. After 47 h of wind tunnel monitoring, the % of total available nitrogen (TAN orNH4 +and NH3) volatilized varied with both manure and soil type. For all soil types, the ISPAD manure consistently lost less NH3as compared to the open tank manure, averaging 53% less. Lower volatile solids content improving manure infiltration into the soil and a more complex ionic solution explain the effect of the ISPAD manure advantages. This was reinforced by the St Bernard sandy loam losing the same nitrogen mass for both manures, because of its higher pH and buffer pH coupled with an intermediate CEC resulting in more soil solution NH3. Within each manure type, % TAN volatilized was highest for washed sand and lowest for the clay soil. As a result, ISPAD manure can offer up to 21% more plant-available nitrogen fertilizer especially when the manure is not incorporated into the soil following its application.

A COMPARISON OF THREE FIELD METHODS FOR MEASURING SATURATED HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY

1985 ◽  
Vol 65 (3) ◽  
pp. 563-573 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. M. LEE ◽  
D. E. ELRICK ◽  
W. D. REYNOLDS ◽  
B. E. CLOTHIER
Keyword(s):  
Hydraulic Conductivity ◽  
Frequency Distribution ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Measurement Techniques ◽  
Saturated Hydraulic Conductivity ◽  
Air Entrapment ◽  
Field Methods ◽  
Normal Frequency ◽  
Log Normal ◽  
Guelph Permeameter

The saturated hydraulic conductivity, Ks, was measured on a loamy sand, a fine sandy loam, a silt loam and a clay at four 100-m2-area sites in southern Ontario. Twenty measurements of Ks were obtained by each of three different measurement techniques at each of the four sites. The techniques included: (1) the air-entry permeameter method; (2) the constant head well permeameter method using the Guelph Permeameter; and (3) the falling-head permeameter method applied to small soil cores. The Ks data were found to be better described by the log-normal frequency distribution than by the normal frequency distribution. Statistical comparison of the mean Ks values [Formula: see text] indicated significant differences between some or all of the methods within each site. This site-method interaction was interpreted in terms of the influence of macropores and air entrapment on each of the measurement techniques. The measured Ks values ranged over an order of magnitude on the sand, one to two orders of magnitude on the loams, and three orders of magnitude on the clay. The [Formula: see text] estimates averaged over the three methods were: 3 × 10−5 m∙s−1 for the sand; 2 × 10−6 m∙s−1 for the loams and 1 × 10−7 m∙s−1 for the clay. Although all techniques were able to discriminate between the three soil types, the best choice of method for any particular situation appears dependent on the required type and accuracy of the Ks measurement, soil type, and the various practical constraints on the investigation. Key words: Air-entry permeameter, Guelph Permeameter, falling-head permeameter, spatial variability, macropores, entrapped air

scholarly journals On the use of plume models to estimate the flux in volcanic gas plumes

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Julia Woitischek ◽  
Nicola Mingotti ◽  
Marie Edmonds ◽  
Andrew W. Woods
Keyword(s):  
Electrochemical Sensors ◽  
Measurement Techniques ◽  
Flux Measurement ◽  
Hydrothermal Systems ◽  
Mount Etna ◽  
Volcanic Gas ◽  
Gas Flux ◽  
Convective Structures ◽  
Video Images ◽  
Villarrica Volcano

AbstractMany of the standard volcanic gas flux measurement approaches involve absorption spectroscopy in combination with wind speed measurements. Here, we present a new method using video images of volcanic plumes to measure the speed of convective structures combined with classical plume theory to estimate volcanic fluxes. We apply the method to a nearly vertical gas plume at Villarrica Volcano, Chile, and a wind-blown gas plume at Mount Etna, Italy. Our estimates of the gas fluxes are consistent in magnitude with previous reported fluxes obtained by spectroscopy and electrochemical sensors for these volcanoes. Compared to conventional gas flux measurement techniques focusing on SO2, our new model also has the potential to be used for sulfur-poor plumes in hydrothermal systems because it estimates the H2O flux.

Environmental policy and swine manure management Waste not or want not?

1995 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 163-166 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dana L. Hoag ◽  
Fritz M. Roka
Keyword(s):  
North Carolina ◽  
Environmental Policy ◽  
Systems Approach ◽  
Swine Manure ◽  
Nutrient Content ◽  
Livestock Production ◽  
Economic Incentives ◽  
Land Application ◽  
Manure Management ◽  
Interactive Nature

AbstractLivestock production and manure handling decisions often have been treated in the literature as separate enterprises. Policymakers, too, have ignored the interactive nature of manure management by focusing on land application for nutrient disposal. This study outlines a systems approach to describe the interrelated decisions producers face, using examples from North Carolina and Iowa that show how producers' attitudes toward manure management lead them to handle manure differently in different regions. In North Carolina, nutrients in manure are “not wanted.” There are economic incentives to treat manure, thus reducing its nutrient content, and to apply it on as little land as possible. In Iowa, nutrients are “not wasted.” Producers conserve the nutrients in manure and use them more fully, applying manure to higher value crops such as corn. Policies that influence manure management can be made more effective by accounting for the differences in producers' incentives to waste or want the nutrients.

THE EFFECT OF ANTECEDENT FREEZE-THAW FREQUENCY ON RUNOFF AND SOIL LOSS FROM FROZEN SOIL WITH AND WITHOUT SUBSOIL COMPACTION AND GROUND COVER

1989 ◽  
Vol 69 (4) ◽  
pp. 799-811 ◽  
Author(s):  
LINNELL M. EDWARDS ◽  
J. R. BURNEY
Keyword(s):  
Prince Edward Island ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Bare Soil ◽  
Winter Rye ◽  
Rainfall Simulator ◽  
Fine Sandy Loam ◽  
Freeze Thaw ◽  
Sediment Loss ◽  
Freezing Period ◽  
Subsoil Compaction

Three soils from Prince Edward Island (a loam, a fine sandy loam, and a sandy loam) were tested under a laboratory rainfall simulator to examine the effects of frequency of freezing and thawing, winter rye cover, incorporated cereal residue, and subsoil compaction on runoff volume and sediment loss. Wooden soil boxes were subjected to simulated rain (i) at the end of a 10-d freezing period, and (ii) at the end of the 5th 24-h freezing period of a 10-d alternating freeze-thaw cycle (freeze/thaw). Where the soil was continuously frozen for 10 d, there was 178% greater sediment loss and 160% greater runoff than with daily freeze/thaw over the same period, but there was no difference in sediment concentration. Incorporated cereal residue decreased sediment loss to 50% and runoff to 77% of that from bare soil. Winter rye cover decreased sediment loss to 73% of that from bare soil. Simulated soil compaction caused a 45% increase in sediment loss. The loam soil showed 16.5% greater loss of fine sediment fractions <0.075 mm than the fine sandy loam which showed 23.4% greater loss than the sandy loam. Key words: Freeze-thaw, erosion, compaction, winter rye, cereal residue, rainfall simulator, Prince Edward Island soils

scholarly journals Acoustic nondestructive testing and measurement of tension for steel reinforcing members

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael McInerney ◽  
Matthew Brenner ◽  
Sean Morefield ◽  
Robert Weber ◽  
John Carlyle
Keyword(s):  
Laboratory Tests ◽  
Quantitative Methods ◽  
Longitudinal Velocity ◽  
Measurement Techniques ◽  
Field Tests ◽  
Shear Velocity ◽  
Structural Members ◽  
Unstressed State ◽  
Testing And Measurement ◽  
Theory And Model

Many concrete structures contain internal post-tensioned steel structural members that are subject to fracturing and corrosion. The major problem with conventional tension measurement techniques is that they use indirect and non-quantitative methods to determine whether there has been a loss of tension. This work developed an acoustics-based technology and method for making quantitative tension measurements of an embedded, tensioned steel member. The theory and model were verified in the laboratory using a variety of steel rods as test specimens. Field tests of the method were conducted at three Corps of Engineers dams. Measurements of the longitudinal and shear velocity were done on rods up to 50 ft long. Not all rods of this length were able to be measured and the quality and consistency of the signal varied. There were fewer problems measuring the longitudinal velocity than shear velocity. While the tension predictions worked in the laboratory tests, the tension could not be accurately calculated for any of the field sites because researchers could not obtain the longitudinal or shear velocities in an unstressed state, or precise measurements of the longitudinal and shear velocities due to the unknown precise length of the rods in the tensioned state.

Ammonia volatilization following surface application of raw and treated liquid swine manure

2009 ◽  
Vol 85 (3) ◽  
pp. 275-286 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin H. Chantigny ◽  
J. Douglas MacDonald ◽  
Celine Beaupré ◽  
Philippe Rochette ◽  
Denis A. Angers ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ammonia Volatilization ◽  
Swine Manure ◽  
Surface Application ◽  
Liquid Swine Manure

Phosphorus sorption and nitrogen transformation in two soils treated with piggery wastewater

Soil Research ◽  
2002 ◽  
Vol 40 (2) ◽  
pp. 335 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. R. Phillips
Keyword(s):  
Cation Exchange ◽  
Root Zone ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Sorption Kinetics ◽  
Land Application ◽  
Piggery Wastewater ◽  
Wastewater Disposal ◽  
P Sorption ◽  
High Affinity ◽  
Irrigated Soils

Land application of piggery wastewater has the potential to contaminate receiving water bodies due to the presence of elevated concentrations of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P). This paper investigates P sorption and N transformation using soil from 2 wastewater disposal sites in south-east Queensland. Soil from Site 1 was classified as a clay (Vertosol) and soil from Site 2 was classified as a sandy loam (Sodosol). Soil was collected from wastewater disposal (irrigated) and non-disposal (non-irrigated) areas of each site. Nutrient sorption kinetics and transformation were studied by reacting each soil with either wastewater or an inorganic salt solution over a period of 21 days. Solution P concentrations decreased with time for all soils. These changes were greatest during the early stage of the study (&lt;10 days), after which time solution P concentrations remained relatively stable. Concentrations of solution P tended to remain higher in irrigated than non-irrigated soils. This was attributed to a loss of high-affinity sorption sites due to past wastewater additions. Cation exchange (for times &lt;3 days) and nitrification (for times &gt;3 days) were found to be the primary mechanisms responsible for decreases in solution ammonium (NH4-N) over the 21-day period. Phosphorus and NH4-N sorption isotherms were determined using a leaching procedure, and the data were adequately described (r2 &gt;0.95) by the Freundlich equation. Irrigated samples generally sorbed less P than non-irrigated soils. This was attributed to the loss of high-affinity P sorption sites due to previous wastewater additions. Cation exchange and competition between added and resident cations for the exchange sites was found to govern NH4-N sorption by these soils. Results from this study suggest that long-term land application of piggery wastewater may encourage leaching of N and P from the plant root-zone in soils with limited capacity to retain these nutrients. Appropriate management strategies to minimise these losses need to be developed to avoid degradation of the receiving soil and&sol;or water environments. sorption kinetics, nitrification, ammonium, nitrate.

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