The biology of Canadian weeds. 105. Linaria vulgaris Mill.

1995 ◽  
Vol 75 (2) ◽  
pp. 525-537 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marc A. Saner ◽  
David R. Clements ◽  
Michael R. Hall ◽  
Douglas J. Doohan ◽  
Clifford W. Crompton
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
Vegetative Reproduction ◽  
Cultural Control ◽  
Control Methods ◽  
Weed Biology ◽  
Linaria Vulgaris ◽  
The Past ◽  
Production Growth ◽  
Flower Phenology ◽  
Root Buds

Yellow toadflax, Linaria vulgaris Mill. (Scrophulariaceae), is a weed of rangelands and agricultural crops. Introduced from Eurasia into North America more than 300 yr ago, it is now naturalized in all provinces and territories up to 60° northern latitude and beyond 2000 m altitude. It became a concern in the middle of this century when it invaded the prairies. Its seriousness as a weed declined in the late 1950s, possibly as a result of biological control. Concern has been renewed recently because the adoption of minimum tillage techniques could lead to greater abundance. Reproduction is vigourous by means of adventitious root buds and by high seed production. Growth forms, vegetative reproduction, flower phenology, and germination are variable. The capability for regrowth from root parts makes L. vulgaris a difficult weed to eradicate and limits the efficacy of cultural control methods. The possibilities for chemical control are limited due to resistance to common herbicides. Biological control projects conducted during the past 50 yr have been partly successful and are on-going. Key words:Linaria vulgaris, toadflax, Scrophulariaceae, weed biology, control, review

The biology of Canadian weeds. 105. Rubus strigosus Michx., Rubus parviflorus Nutt., and Rubus spectabilis Pursh.

1996 ◽  
Vol 76 (1) ◽  
pp. 187-201 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carmen Oleskevich ◽  
Zamir K. Punja ◽  
Simon F. Shamoun
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
Population Dynamics ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
Rubus Idaeus ◽  
Food Sources ◽  
Control Methods ◽  
Red Raspberry ◽  
Weed Biology ◽  
Disturbed Areas ◽  
Deciduous Shrubs

Wild raspberry (Rubus strigosus Michx.), thimbleberry (Rubus parviflorus Nutt.), and salmonberry (Rubus spectabilis Pursh) are native perennial deciduous shrubs that rapidly invade disturbed areas. Through prolific vegetative growth, these shrubs form dense, multilayered, and monospecific stands and form extensive clonal colonies. They create habitat and supply food sources for a variety of forest fauna and are important in nutrient cycling and reducing soil erosion. These Rubus shrubs may effectively outcompete economically valuable regenerating conifers. A review of chemical, manual, and biological control methods is presented. Reproductive biology, growth and development, and population dynamics are discussed in detail. Key words:Rubus strigosus, Rubus idaeus, Rubus parviflorus, Rubus spectabilis, wild red raspberry, thimbleberry, salmonberry, forest weed biology, competition, distribution

scholarly journals Stomoxys calcitrans (Diptera: muscidae): means and methods of control. Overview

2020 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 103-113
Author(s):  
М. A. Levchenko ◽  
E. A. Silivanova
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
Literature Review ◽  
Entomopathogenic Nematodes ◽  
Stomoxys Calcitrans ◽  
Individual Species ◽  
Control Methods ◽  
Stable Flies ◽  
Physical Control ◽  
The Past ◽  
Methods Of Control

The purpose of the research: to analyze and summarize literature data on the main means and methods of protecting animals from stable flies Stomoxys calcitrans and to reduce their number.Materials and methods. The analysis of literature data from foreign sources over the past 30 years describing the means and methods of controlling the numbers of S. calcitrans and ways to protect animals from their attack. Results and discussion. A literature review on the means and methods of controlling the abundance of S. calcitrans is presented. Chemicals are widespread and can be used to combat the pre-adult stages of development of flies by introducing them into the substrate or feeding animals, as well as to combat adult insects by treating surfaces or in traps. In the description of physical control methods, attention is paid to traps and various methods of attracting insects to them. As biological control methods for S. calcitrans, researchers are actively studying the possibilities and prospects of using parasitoids (for example, Hymenoptera, including four families and about ten species), more than ten species of ticks from different families, entomopathogenic nematodes (a species of Heterorhabditis bacteriophora), fungi and individual species bacteria. 

The biology of Canadian weeds. 99. Matricaria perforata Mérat (Asteraceae)

1991 ◽  
Vol 71 (4) ◽  
pp. 1101-1119 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. L. Woo ◽  
V. L. Harms ◽  
A. G. Thomas ◽  
D. P. Peschken ◽  
G. G. Bowes ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
Life Cycle ◽  
Spring Wheat ◽  
Wheat Yield ◽  
Early Spring ◽  
Cultural Control ◽  
Annual Plants ◽  
Atlantic Region ◽  
Weed Biology ◽  
Suitable Candidate

Scentless chamomile, Matricaria perforata Mérat, (=M. maritima var. agrestis (Knaf) Wilmott), is an introduced weed having an annual to short-lived perennial life cycle. Two cytotype races are found in Canada with a distinctive geographic distribution. The tetraploid (2n = 36) is abundant in agricultural habitats of the Prairie region, whereas the diploid (2n = 18) is found mainly in ruderal habitats of the Atlantic region. Infestations are found in many annual and perennial crops, pastures, wasteland, lawns, gardens, roadsides, fence lines, and ditches. The plant reproduces entirely by seed, producing up to 1.8 million seeds m−2 in dense monospecific stands. A density of 25 annual plants m−2 can result in a 55% reduction in spring wheat yield under cool wet conditions. Shallow preseeding tillage in late autumn or early spring is an effective method of cultural control. Several herbicides are recommended for control of the weed in crop and noncrop areas. Scentless chamomile is considered a suitable candidate for biological control. Key words: Weed biology, scentless chamomile, Matricaria perforata, Matricaria inodora, Matricaria maritima var. agrestis, Tripleurosperum inodorum

CONTROLLING SUFETULA SPP.: A COCONUT INSECT PEST ON PEAT SOILS

2007 ◽  
Vol 43 (3) ◽  
pp. 289-299 ◽  
Author(s):  
X. BONNEAU ◽  
M. HUSNI ◽  
L. BEAUDOIN-OLLIVIER ◽  
JOKO SUSILO
Keyword(s):  
Insect Pest ◽  
Bare Soil ◽  
Cultural Control ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Control Methods ◽  
Peat Soils ◽  
Depressive Effect ◽  
Moss Cover ◽  
Adult Insect ◽  
The Impact

We demonstrated experimentally that Sufetula, a root-mining insect, has a depressive effect on coconut yields on peat soils. The impact of the pest resulted in a shortfall in earnings that warranted taking control measures. We considered control methods suitable for rehabilitating infested mature coconut plantings and for preserving young coconut plantings. Currently, cultural control is the only effective method. It involves eliminating all identified shelters for the adult insect, i.e. fern cover and heaps of coconut waste (dry fronds and husks). The aim is to achieve totally bare soil, with moss cover that does not attract the pest, or planted with an unattractive intercrop such as pineapple.

scholarly journals Infection Potential of Pleospora allii and Evaluation of Methods for Reduction of the Overwintering Inoculum of Brown Spot of Pear

Plant Disease ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 90 (12) ◽  
pp. 1511-1516 ◽  
Author(s):  
Isidre Llorente ◽  
Albert Vilardell ◽  
Emilio Montesinos
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
Brown Spot ◽  
Control Methods ◽  
Optimum Temperature ◽  
Chemical Methods ◽  
Stemphylium Vesicarium ◽  
Mechanical Methods ◽  
Pleospora Allii ◽  
Evaluation Of Methods

The capacity for germination and pathogenicity to pear leaves of ascospores of Pleospora allii, the teleomorph of Stemphylium vesicarium, causal agent of brown spot of pear, were studied in vitro. Most ascospores germinated within 1 h at temperatures between 15 and 20°C, and the optimum temperature for germination was 18.9°C. Infections developed on wounded and non-wounded detached pear leaves, but were more frequent on wounded leaves. The minimum infective dose was one ascospore per wound. Biological, chemical, and mechanical methods for decreasing overwintering inoculum of P. allii were evaluated. Ascospores were discharged from March to May, depending on the orchard and year. Leaf shredding or removal were the most effective methods of reducing overwintering inoculum. Biological control methods based on application of Thichodermasp. formulations were partially effective. Chemical methods based on copper and urea treatments were ineffective.

Low Cost Controlled Composting of Refuse and Sewage Sludge

1987 ◽  
Vol 19 (5-6) ◽  
pp. 839-845 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. T. Pereira-Neto ◽  
E. I. Stentiford ◽  
D. D. Mara
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Sewage Sludge ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Control Methods ◽  
Fixed Rate ◽  
The Past ◽  
Temperature Feedback ◽  
Forced Aeration ◽  
Domestic Refuse ◽  
Faecal Streptococci

The forced aeration static pile composting system was used to compost mixtures of domestic refuse and sewage sludge. Several different control methods have been evaluated over the past four years from simple, low cost fixed rate aeration timers to microcomputer based systems. Their relative merits are considered. In a compost pile using temperature feedback control the number of Escherichia coli were reduced from 107 org./g to less than 102 org./g. within 16 days. Faecal streptococci were reduced from 107 to less than 102 org./g within 30 days. The process consistently produced a good quality sanitised material under a range of control regimes.

scholarly journals Biological control of tick populations: review and reflections

1994 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 47-52 ◽  
Author(s):  
Norma V. Labarthe
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
Genetic Selection ◽  
Effective Vaccine ◽  
Control Methods ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Selection Of

This study is concerned with aspects of the relationship between ticks and their hosts that have a bearing on biological control of tick populations. It proposes control methods based on a program that would combine development of an effective vaccine with genetic selection of hosts.

scholarly journals Biological Control Associated With Plant Nutrition for Meloidogyne javanica and Pratylenchus brachyurus Management in Soybean

2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 149
Author(s):  
Ana Paula Mendes Lopes ◽  
Bruna Orlandini Toninato ◽  
Mayra Renata Cruz Soares ◽  
Cláudia Regina Dias-Arieira
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
Plant Nutrition ◽  
Aerial Part ◽  
Integrated Management ◽  
Meloidogyne Javanica ◽  
Control Methods ◽  
Pratylenchus Brachyurus ◽  
Low Efficiency ◽  
To Receive ◽  
Nematode Mortality

Meloidogyne javanica and Pratylenchus brachyurus stand out among the main nematodes in soybean crops. Research on integrated management are often conducted, due to the low efficiency of the main control methods when they are applied alone. Thus, the aim of the present study was to assess the potential of biological control and plant nutrition products to control these nematodes in soybean. The effect of each product alone on nematode hatching and mortality was also assessed. A greenhouse experiment was also carried out, evaluating five doses of the product for biological control based on Bacillus and Trichoderma, with and without the presence of the product for nutrition, inoculated with 2000 eggs and juveniles for the gall nematode or 1000 specimens for the nematode lesions. After 30 days of multiplication, the aerial part was removed and the soil was revolved to receive the new sowing of the soybean with the respective treatments mentioned above. After 60 days, the experiments were evaluated for nematological parameters. Both products reduced hatching and increased nematode mortality. Treatments with biological control were efficient in reducing M. javanica and P. brachyurus, mainly when applied at doses close to 5 and 8 kg ha-1, respectively. The nutrition product negatively influences the biological control.

Segregation of Heterogeneous Robotics Swarms via Convex Optimization

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Victoria Edwards ◽  
Paulo Rezeck ◽  
Luiz Chaimowicz ◽  
M. Ani Hsieh
Keyword(s):  
Convex Optimization ◽  
Division Of Labor ◽  
Optimization Approach ◽  
Control Methods ◽  
Natural Phenomena ◽  
The Past ◽  
Robotic Swarms ◽  
Theoretical Results

The division of labor amongst a heterogeneous swarm of robots increases the range and sophistication of the tasks the swarm can accomplish. To efficiently execute a task the swarm of robots must have some starting organization. Over the past decade segregation of robotic swarms has grown as a field of research drawing inspiration from natural phenomena such as cellular segregation. A variety of different approaches have been undertaken to devise control methods to organize a heterogeneous swarm of robots. In this work, we present a convex optimization approach to segregate a heterogeneous swarm into a set of homogeneous collectives. We present theoretical results that show our approach is guaranteed to achieve complete segregation and validate our strategy in simulation and experiments.

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