SIMULATION OF GROWTH AND MORPHOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT OF MAIZE UNDER CONTRASTING WATER REGIMES

1989 ◽  
Vol 69 (2) ◽  
pp. 401-418 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. F. GRANT ◽  
J. R. FREDERICK ◽  
J. D. HESKETH ◽  
M. G. HUCK
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Growth Models ◽  
Water Status ◽  
Leaf Sheath ◽  
Crop Growth ◽  
Control Treatment ◽  
Morphological Development ◽  
Shallow Water Table ◽  
Maize Crop ◽  
Node Number

The use of crop growth models for resource management decisions such as weed control will require the detailed simulation of plant structures and functions in order to determine crop response to resources. A crop growth model was constructed on the computing facility at the National Center for Supercomputing Applications which was intended to simulate the effect of changing water status on plant growth processes. The model was tested against field data collected during an experiment in which the morphology of a maize crop growing under an imposed water deficit over a shallow water table was compared to that of an irrigated control treatment. The effects of this deficit on soil and canopy water status, leaf tip appearance, and on the distribution of growth with node number were compared for the simulated and recorded data. The use of simple equations describing the partitioning of growth to successive nodes enabled reasonably accurate estimates to be made of the distribution of leaf, sheath and internode mass with node number during both deficit and irrigated treatments. Consequently, realistic estimates of the vertical distribution of leaf area could be made for use in subsequent studies of inter-specific competition for irradiance interception.Key words: Simulation modelling, water stress, leaf area, canopy, maize growth

scholarly journals VICMOTO: Physical modeling and numerical simulation applied to vineyard

2019 ◽  
Vol 13 ◽  
pp. 02006
Author(s):  
Elena Mania ◽  
Valentina Andreoli ◽  
Silvia Cavalletto ◽  
Claudio Cassardo ◽  
Silvia Guidoni
Keyword(s):  
Water Potential ◽  
Soil Water ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Growth Models ◽  
Water Status ◽  
Soil Water Potential ◽  
Sugar Accumulation ◽  
Vegetative Development ◽  
Plant Soil ◽  
Phenological Phases

The knowledge at site level of meteorological and environmental variables involved in vine vegetative development and in grape maturation process is not enough to perceive the plant behaviour in a heterogeneous agro-system such as a vineyard. A useful support for winegrowers decision-making arises from the use of crop growth models able to simulate physiological processes that occur in the atmosphere-plant-soil interface. The study was conducted, during the 2016 and 2017 season, in a Nebbiolo vineyard equipped with ‘above’ and ‘below’ the canopy meteorological sensors. Meteorological measures, soil characteristics and vineyards features were used as input of the VICMOTO model developed to simulate phenological phases, leaf area and grape yield development, water available for the plant in the soil vine water status and berry sugar accumulation. Specific field surveys were used to calibrate and validate the numerical model. VICMOTO showed quite good performance in simulating phenological phases, sugar accumulation and yield, while vine leaf area and soil water potential are less accurate. The calibration and validation of VICMOTO requires measurements to be carried out on different sites and years. In order to obtain a better agreement between simulations and measures, it might be appropriate to modify the parameters and algorithms related to vegetative development and soil water potential.

scholarly journals 171 GROUNDCOVER AND SUPPLEMENTARY IRRIGATION INFLUENCES THE ESTABLISHMENT OF PRIMOCANE-FRUITING RED RASPBERRIES

HortScience ◽  
1994 ◽  
Vol 29 (5) ◽  
pp. 453d-453
Author(s):  
David C. Percival ◽  
John T. A. Proctor ◽  
J. Alan Sullivan
Keyword(s):  
Soil Temperature ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Water Status ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Rubus Idaeus ◽  
Plastic Film ◽  
Trickle Irrigation ◽  
Node Number ◽  
Foliar N ◽  
Supplementary Irrigation

A study examining the influence of trickle irrigation (TI), IRT-76 plastic film (PF) and straw mulch (SM) on the establishment of Rubus idaeus L. cv. `Heritage' micro-propagated raspberries was initiated at Cambridge, Ontario in 1993. Environmental, nutritional, vegetative and reproductive data were collected. Soil temperature and soil water status were greatly affected by TI, PF and SM. TI lowered soil NO3-N and increased soil NH4-N and Mg. PF increased soil NO3-N and NH4-N. Foliar N decreased by 10% with TI and increased by 8% with PF. Foliar P and Ca increased by 45 and 6% respectively, with TI. Node number was not influenced by TI, PF or SM. PF however, increased cane height, cane diameter, dry weight and leaf area by 14, 17, 77 and 11% respectively, and TI increased cane diameter by 13%. Although TI increased the number of fruiting laterals by 63%, there was no effect of TI, PF or SM on harvested berry number or weight.

Architectural modelling of maize under water stress

2008 ◽  
Vol 48 (3) ◽  
pp. 335 ◽  
Author(s):  
Colin J. Birch ◽  
David Thornby ◽  
Steve Adkins ◽  
Bruno Andrieu ◽  
Jim Hanan
Keyword(s):  
Water Stress ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Leaf Shape ◽  
Leaf Sheath ◽  
Total Biomass ◽  
Maize Crop ◽  
Crop Cycle ◽  
Using Data ◽  
The Impact

Two field experiments using maize (Pioneer 31H50) and three watering regimes [(i) irrigated for the whole crop cycle, until anthesis, (ii) not at all (experiment 1) and (iii) fully irrigated and rain grown for the whole crop cycle (experiment 2)] were conducted at Gatton, Australia, during the 2003–04 season. Data on crop ontogeny, leaf, sheath and internode lengths and leaf width, and senescence were collected at 1- to 3-day intervals. A glasshouse experiment during 2003 quantified the responses of leaf shape and leaf presentation to various levels of water stress. Data from experiment 1 were used to modify and parameterise an architectural model of maize (ADEL-Maize) to incorporate the impact of water stress on maize canopy characteristics. The modified model produced accurate fitted values for experiment 1 for final leaf area and plant height, but values during development for leaf area were lower than observed data. Crop duration was reasonably well fitted and differences between the fully irrigated and rain-grown crops were accurately predicted. Final representations of maize crop canopies were realistic. Possible explanations for low values of leaf area are provided. The model requires further development using data from the glasshouse study and before being validated using data from experiment 2 and other independent data. It will then be used to extend functionality in architectural models of maize. With further research and development, the model should be particularly useful in examining the response of maize production to water stress including improved prediction of total biomass and grain yield. This will facilitate improved simulation of plant growth and development processes allowing investigation of genotype by environment interactions under conditions of suboptimal water supply.

Sudden and sustained response of Acacia koa crop trees to crown release in stagnant stands

2008 ◽  
Vol 38 (4) ◽  
pp. 656-666 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patrick J. Baker ◽  
Andrew P. Robinson ◽  
John J. Ewel
Keyword(s):  
Water Stress ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Growth Response ◽  
Water Status ◽  
Control Treatment ◽  
Acacia Koa ◽  
Diameter Increment ◽  
Breast Height ◽  
Second Growth ◽  
And Control

We examined the growth response of Acacia koa Gray (koa) in dense (10 000 trees/ha), ~25-year-old, second-growth stands on Hawai‘i to crown release (thinning) and grass control. Koa diameter increment increased within 2 months of thinning across the range of residual densities (200–900 trees/ha). After 3 years, diameter increment in the most intense thinning treatment was 180% greater than in the control treatment (1.4 vs. 0.5 cm/year); in the least intense thinning treatment diameter increment was 100% greater than the control (1.0 vs. 0.5 cm/year). Koa’s growth response was independent of all measures of tree size (diameter at breast height, height, and leaf area) across the range of tree sizes sampled. A grass control treatment to determine if reduced competition for soil water would improve koa growth showed no improvement in growth response. Koa phyllode δ13C values, which represent an integrated measure of tree water status, showed no evidence of tree water stress (mean δ13C = –28.3‰) and were not significantly different between the grass removal and control treatments. These results demonstrate that koa is capable of responding quickly and positively to crown release despite years of suppressed growth and suggest that landowners interested in managing koa forests may have considerable flexibility in the timing and application of thinning treatments to koa stands.

An empirical model for changes in the leaf area of maize

2014 ◽  
Vol 94 (4) ◽  
pp. 749-757 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guoqing Chen ◽  
Jiwang Zhang ◽  
Peng Liu ◽  
Shuting Dong
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Empirical Model ◽  
Leaf Growth ◽  
Crop Growth ◽  
Sensitivity Analyses ◽  
Planting Density ◽  
Morphological Development ◽  
Cultivation Conditions ◽  
Area Index ◽  
New Model

Chen, G., Zhang, J., Liu, P. and Dong, S. 2014. An empirical model for changes in the leaf area of maize. Can. J. Plant Sci. 94: 749–757. Accurate predictions of the leaf area index (LAI) are critical for many crop growth simulation models and essential for simulating crop growth and yield. In this paper, we present a new empirical leaf area model that simulates LAI for different maize (Zea mays L.) varieties under different cultivation conditions. Based on leaf morphological development, the model describes the two processes of leaf growth: expansion and senescence. The effect of planting density and nitrogen on LAI was also simulated in the model. A nitrogen sensitivity parameter was used to distinguish the different varieties. The model predictions were compared with field measurements of LAI for four varieties under different conditions. The results showed that the new model can correctly simulate LAI for maize under different cultivation conditions. The sensitivity analyses revealed that the new LAI model was very sensitive to lle (the length of the ear leaf) and VN (fertilizer sensitivity parameters of cultivars). The new model facilitates the simulation of maize leaf growth and senescence at the population level.

scholarly journals An Agent-Based Crop Model Framework for Heterogeneous Soils

Agronomy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 85
Author(s):  
Jorge Lopez-Jimenez ◽  
Nicanor Quijano ◽  
Alain Vande Wouwer
Keyword(s):  
Growth Models ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Soil Heterogeneity ◽  
Crop Growth ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Model Framework ◽  
Agent Based ◽  
Crop Growth Models ◽  
Definition Of

Climate change and the efficient use of freshwater for irrigation pose a challenge for sustainable agriculture. Traditionally, the prediction of agricultural production is carried out through crop-growth models and historical records of the climatic variables. However, one of the main flaws of these models is that they do not consider the variability of the soil throughout the cultivation area. In addition, with the availability of new information sources (i.e., aerial or satellite images) and low-cost meteorological stations, it is convenient that the models incorporate prediction capabilities to enhance the representation of production scenarios. In this work, an agent-based model (ABM) that considers the soil heterogeneity and water exchanges is proposed. Soil heterogeneity is associated to the combination of individual behaviours of uniform portions of land (agents), while water fluxes are related to the topography. Each agent is characterized by an individual dynamic model, which describes the local crop growth. Moreover, this model considers positive and negative effects of water level, i.e., drought and waterlogging, on the biomass production. The development of the global ABM is oriented to the future use of control strategies and optimal irrigation policies. The model is built bottom-up starting with the definition of agents, and the Python environment Mesa is chosen for the implementation. The validation is carried out using three topographic scenarios in Colombia. Results of potential production cases are discussed, and some practical recommendations on the implementation are presented.

scholarly journals Responses of Rice Growth to Day and Night Temperature and Relative Air Humidity—Leaf Elongation and Assimilation

Plants ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 134
Author(s):  
Sabine Stuerz ◽  
Folkard Asch
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Leaf Growth ◽  
Crop Growth ◽  
Air Humidity ◽  
Leaf Elongation ◽  
Night Temperature ◽  
Relative Air Humidity ◽  
Leaf Area Expansion ◽  
Plant Level ◽  
Area Expansion

Predictions of future crop growth and yield under a changing climate require a precise knowledge of plant responses to their environment. Since leaf growth increases the photosynthesizing area of the plant, it occupies a central position during the vegetative phase. Rice is cultivated in diverse ecological zones largely differing in temperature and relative air humidity (RH). To investigate the effects of temperature and RH during day and night on leaf growth, one variety (IR64) was grown in a growth chamber using 9 day/night regimes around the same mean temperature and RH, which were combinations of 3 temperature treatments (30/20 °C, 25/25 °C, 20/30 °C day/night temperature) and 3 RH treatments (40/90%, 65/65%, 90/40% day/night RH). Day/night leaf elongation rates (LER) were measured and compared to leaf gas exchange measurements and leaf area expansion on the plant level. While daytime LER was mainly temperature-dependent, nighttime LER was equally affected by temperature and RH and closely correlated with leaf area expansion at the plant level. We hypothesize that the same parameters increasing LER during the night also enhance leaf area expansion via shifts in partitioning to larger and thinner leaves. Further, base temperatures estimated from LERs varied with RH, emphasizing the need to take RH into consideration when modeling crop growth in response to temperature.

scholarly journals Interactive Effects of Nitrogen and Sulfur Nutrition on Growth, Development, and Physiology of Brassica carinata A. Braun and Brassica napus L.

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (13) ◽  
pp. 7355
Author(s):  
Shivendra Kumar ◽  
Ramdeo Seepaul ◽  
Ian M. Small ◽  
Sheeja George ◽  
George Kelly O’Brien ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electron Transport ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Photosynthetic Pigments ◽  
Net Photosynthesis ◽  
Brassica Carinata ◽  
Internode Length ◽  
Erucic Acid Content ◽  
Total Biomass ◽  
Node Number ◽  
S 100

Brassica carinata (carinata) has emerged as a potential biofuel source due to its high erucic acid content, making it desirable for various industrial applications. Nitrogen (N) and sulfur (S) are required as primary sources of nutrition for growth and development in different oilseed crops and their utilization is interdependent. The purpose of the study was to analyze the interactive effect of N and S nutrition on the growth and other physiological activities of carinata and B. napus (napus). Four treatments, i.e., optimum NS (+N+S, 100% N and 100% S); N limited (−N+S, 0% N, 100% S); S limited (+N−S, 100% N, 0% S), and NS limited (−N−S, 0% N and 0% S) of N and S in full-strength Hoagland solution were imposed in the current study. Effect of different NS treatments was observed on vegetative traits such as number of primary and secondary branches, total leaf area, total biomass production and allocation, and physiological traits such as production of photosynthetic pigments, net photosynthesis, electron transport, and other aspects for both carinata and napus. The traits of stem elongation, number of nodes, node addition rate, internode length, number of primary and secondary branches were 60%, 36%, 50%, 35%, 56%, and 83% lower, respectively, in napus in comparison to carinata. Different NS treatments also positively influenced the production of photosynthetic pigments such as chlorophyll (Chl) a and b and carotenoids in carinata and napus. The concentration of Chla was 11% higher in napus in comparison to carinata. The rate of net photosynthesis, electron transport, and fluorescence was 12%, 8%, and 5% higher based on overall value, respectively, in napus compared to carinata. On the other hand, the overall value for stomatal conductance decreased by 5% in napus when compared to carinata. Different growth-related traits such as vegetative (plant height, node number, internode length, leaf area, number of primary and secondary branches), reproductive (pod number, pod length, seeds per pod), and photosynthetic capacity in oilseed brassicas are correlated with the final seed and oil yield and chemical composition which are of economic importance for the adoption of the crop. Thus, the analysis of these traits will help to determine the effect of NS interaction on crop productivity of carinata and napus.

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