Architectural modelling of maize under water stress

2008 ◽  
Vol 48 (3) ◽  
pp. 335 ◽  
Author(s):  
Colin J. Birch ◽  
David Thornby ◽  
Steve Adkins ◽  
Bruno Andrieu ◽  
Jim Hanan
Keyword(s):  
Water Stress ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Leaf Shape ◽  
Leaf Sheath ◽  
Total Biomass ◽  
Maize Crop ◽  
Crop Cycle ◽  
Using Data ◽  
The Impact

Two field experiments using maize (Pioneer 31H50) and three watering regimes [(i) irrigated for the whole crop cycle, until anthesis, (ii) not at all (experiment 1) and (iii) fully irrigated and rain grown for the whole crop cycle (experiment 2)] were conducted at Gatton, Australia, during the 2003–04 season. Data on crop ontogeny, leaf, sheath and internode lengths and leaf width, and senescence were collected at 1- to 3-day intervals. A glasshouse experiment during 2003 quantified the responses of leaf shape and leaf presentation to various levels of water stress. Data from experiment 1 were used to modify and parameterise an architectural model of maize (ADEL-Maize) to incorporate the impact of water stress on maize canopy characteristics. The modified model produced accurate fitted values for experiment 1 for final leaf area and plant height, but values during development for leaf area were lower than observed data. Crop duration was reasonably well fitted and differences between the fully irrigated and rain-grown crops were accurately predicted. Final representations of maize crop canopies were realistic. Possible explanations for low values of leaf area are provided. The model requires further development using data from the glasshouse study and before being validated using data from experiment 2 and other independent data. It will then be used to extend functionality in architectural models of maize. With further research and development, the model should be particularly useful in examining the response of maize production to water stress including improved prediction of total biomass and grain yield. This will facilitate improved simulation of plant growth and development processes allowing investigation of genotype by environment interactions under conditions of suboptimal water supply.

The response of cassava to water deficits at various stages of growth in the subtropics

1989 ◽  
Vol 40 (3) ◽  
pp. 517 ◽  
Author(s):  
GR Baker ◽  
S Fukai ◽  
GL Wilson
Keyword(s):  
Water Stress ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Total Biomass ◽  
Water Deficits ◽  
Canopy Development ◽  
Stages Of Growth ◽  
Storage Organs ◽  
Tuber Crop ◽  
Final Yield

Cassava is a potential tuber crop for northern Australia where water stress is likely to occur during some stages of growth. Field and glasshouse experiments were conducted to examine the response of cassava to soil water deficits which developed at various stages. The field experiments, covering 10-month growth durations from planting in spring to harvesting in winter, showed that water stress occurring in summer or winter had small effects, but in autumn severely reduced the final yield. Autumn was the time of maximum bulking of underground storage organs in well-watered plants, and water stress which reduced assimilate production also reduced bulking. Temperature at this time was suboptimal for canopy development, and leaf area which was reduced during the stress did not increase after its relief, affecting further the growth of storage organs. Similarly, in the glasshouse experiment, plants recovered rapidly during early stages of growth, but when stress occurred later leaf area was reduced greatly, and recovery after its termination was poor. In all experiments, water deficits affected yield of storage organs but not the pattern of assimilate distribution, resulting in similar harvest indices among the plants of different watering treatments. It is concluded that the reduction in cassava yield (cv. M Aus 7) is caused by the reduction in total biomass production, and that stress occurring later in the season is most detrimental to yield because of the additional effect of reduced ability of old plants to recover leaf area after the stress is relieved.

Effect of water stress and NaCl triggered changes on yield, physiology, biochemistry of broad bean (Vicia faba) plants and on quality of harvested pods

Biologia ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 69 (8) ◽  
Author(s):  
Georgia Ouzounidou ◽  
Ilias Ilias ◽  
Anastasia Giannakoula ◽  
Ioanna Theoharidou
Keyword(s):  
Water Stress ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Broad Bean ◽  
Foliar Application ◽  
Water Control ◽  
Simultaneous Exposure ◽  
Ameliorative Effect ◽  
Normal Water ◽  
The Impact

AbstractSalinity and drought are the most important abiotic stresses affecting crop yield. Broad bean was chosen as model plant for assessing the impact of salt stress and its interaction with drought in the field experiments. The factors examined in the experiments were the two irrigation rates (normal watering — NW with 3 L plant−1 and drought — D) and three salinity rates imposed by foliar application (0, 50, 100 mg L−1 NaCl). Highest NaCl level with normal water irrigation caused maximum reduction in plant height and production, which it was due to photosynthetic disturbances. Salt injuries were alleviated by increasing water stress. The control plants exposed to NaCl lost their ability over water control. The increased malondialdehyde (MDA) and H2O2 indicate the prevalence of oxidative stress due to salinity. The levels of proline and carbohydrates were higher under salinity alone than under simultaneous exposure to drought and NaCl. The protein concentration of immature and mature broad bean pods was more inhibited more by NaCl supply than by drought alone. The combination of drought and NaCl resulted in a significant increase in proteins, glucose, fructose and sucrose content. Overall, the ameliorative effect of drought under NaCl supply was quantified.

Application of a Maize Crop Simulation Model in the Central Region of Malawi

1995 ◽  
Vol 31 (2) ◽  
pp. 213-226 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. K. Thornton ◽  
A. R. Saka ◽  
U. Singh ◽  
J. D. T. Kumwenda ◽  
J. E. Brink ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Simulation Model ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
Management Options ◽  
Maize Crop ◽  
Maize Production ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Crop Simulation Model ◽  
Crop Simulation ◽  
Using Data

SUMMARYA computer crop simulation model of the growth and development of maize was validated using data sets obtained from field experiments run at various sites in the mid-altitude maize zone of central Malawi between 1989 and 1992. The model was used to provide information concerning management options such as the timing and quantity of nitrogen fertilizer applications and to quantify the weather-related risks of maize production in the region. It was linked to a Geographic Information System to provide information at a regional level that could ultimately be of value to policy makers and research and extension personnel.

scholarly journals Sugarcane leaf area index modeling under different soil water conditions

1997 ◽  
Vol 54 (spe) ◽  
pp. 39-44 ◽  
Author(s):  
D.A. Teruel ◽  
V. Barbieri ◽  
L.A. Ferraro Jr.
Keyword(s):  
Water Stress ◽  
Leaf Area Index ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Growth Period ◽  
Plant Growth And Development ◽  
Area Index ◽  
Stress Levels ◽  
Crop Cycle ◽  
Soil Water Conditions ◽  
Growth Deficit

The knowledge of the Leaf Area Index (LAI) variation during the whole crop cycle is essential to the modeling of the plant growth and development and, consequently, of the crop yield. Sugarcane LAI evolution models were developed for different crop cycles, by adjusting observed LAI values and growing degree-days summation data on a power-exponential function. The resultant equations simulate adequately the LAI behavior during the entire crop cycle. The effect of different water stress levels was calculated in different growth periods, upon the LAI growth The LAI growth deficit was correlated with the ratio between actual evapotranspiration and máximum evapotranspiration, and a constant named kuu was obtained hi each situation. It was noticed that the kLAI must be estimated not Just for different growth periods, but also for different water stress levels in each growth period.

scholarly journals Effect of Cowpea severe mosaic virus on Crop Growth Characteristics and Yield of Cowpea

Plant Disease ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 89 (5) ◽  
pp. 515-520 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. M. Booker ◽  
P. Umaharan ◽  
C. R. McDavid
Keyword(s):  
Mosaic Virus ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Growth Phase ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Yield Loss ◽  
Crop Growth ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Exponential Growth Phase ◽  
Area Index ◽  
The Impact

Field experiments were carried out in St. Augustine, Trinidad & Tobago, West Indies to determine the effects of time of inoculation of Cowpea severe mosaic virus (CPSMV) and cultivar on crop growth and yield in cowpea (Vigna unguiculata). Crop growth and yield loss were investigated through growth analysis and yield component analysis on three cultivars in two seasons (wet and dry). Time of inoculation had the most profound impact on yield. Inoculations during the early log phase (seedling stage), 12 days after seeding (DAS), consistently had the greatest impact (50 to 85% yield loss) compared with those inoculated during the exponential growth phase (24 DAS; 22 to 66% yield loss) or linear growth phase (35 DAS; 2 to 36% yield loss). The effects were particularly pronounced in the dry season and in the more determinate cultivar, H8-8-27. Reduction in maximum leaf area index, leaf area duration, or maximum vegetative dry matter explained reductions in yield. Yield reductions resulted primarily from reduced pod number per plant and, to a lesser extent, from reduced average pod dry weight. The results show that CPSMV control measures should be aimed at delaying infection by CPSMV to minimize the impact on cowpea yield.

Greenhouse production of Echinacea purpurea (L.) and E. angustifolia using different growing media, NO3−/NH4+ ratios and watering regimes

2006 ◽  
Vol 86 (3) ◽  
pp. 809-815 ◽  
Author(s):  
Youbin Zheng ◽  
Mike Dixon ◽  
Praveen Saxena
Keyword(s):  
Water Stress ◽  
Medicinal Plant ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Production System ◽  
Echinacea Purpurea ◽  
Root Production ◽  
Total Biomass ◽  
Greenhouse Production ◽  
Shoot Ratio ◽  
Root Shoot Ratio

Current field cultivation and wild-harvest methods for the medicinal plant Echinacea are struggling to meet the requirements for a high-quality, uniformly produced crop for human consumption. To help meet this challenge, the potential of using a greenhouse production system for Echinacea production was explored. Echinacea purpurea (L.) Moench and angustifolia DC. var. angustifolia plants were grown in three types of greenhouse production systems: (1) deep flow solution culture (D), (2) pots with either Pro-Mix (P) or (3) sand (S). Plants were irrigated with one of three nutrient solutions containing NO3−/NH4+ ratios of 7:1, 5:1 or 3:1, respectively. The plants grown in the Pro-Mix and the sand systems were either well-watered or subjected to periodical water stress. The results obtained after 12 wk of growth showed that Echinacea root production in the greenhouse systems was comparable with or better than that in the field. Based on root and total biomass production, the Pro-Mix system was the best production system for both E. angustifolia and E. purpurea. In most cases, the NO3−/NH4+ ratio did not have significant effects on the growth of either species. When effects were seen, however, higher NO3−/NH4+ levels generally resulted in greater leaf area, root and total biomass, and a higher root/shoot ratio. Mild periodic water stress did not affect the root/shoot ratio or the root biomass in either species. The application of a periodic water stress reduced leaf area of both species, but a reduction in total biomass was only observed in E. purpurea. Key words: Echinacea, greenhouse production, hydroponic production, medicinal plant, NO3−/NH4+ ratio, water stress

SIMULATION OF GROWTH AND MORPHOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT OF MAIZE UNDER CONTRASTING WATER REGIMES

1989 ◽  
Vol 69 (2) ◽  
pp. 401-418 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. F. GRANT ◽  
J. R. FREDERICK ◽  
J. D. HESKETH ◽  
M. G. HUCK
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Growth Models ◽  
Water Status ◽  
Leaf Sheath ◽  
Crop Growth ◽  
Control Treatment ◽  
Morphological Development ◽  
Shallow Water Table ◽  
Maize Crop ◽  
Node Number

The use of crop growth models for resource management decisions such as weed control will require the detailed simulation of plant structures and functions in order to determine crop response to resources. A crop growth model was constructed on the computing facility at the National Center for Supercomputing Applications which was intended to simulate the effect of changing water status on plant growth processes. The model was tested against field data collected during an experiment in which the morphology of a maize crop growing under an imposed water deficit over a shallow water table was compared to that of an irrigated control treatment. The effects of this deficit on soil and canopy water status, leaf tip appearance, and on the distribution of growth with node number were compared for the simulated and recorded data. The use of simple equations describing the partitioning of growth to successive nodes enabled reasonably accurate estimates to be made of the distribution of leaf, sheath and internode mass with node number during both deficit and irrigated treatments. Consequently, realistic estimates of the vertical distribution of leaf area could be made for use in subsequent studies of inter-specific competition for irradiance interception.Key words: Simulation modelling, water stress, leaf area, canopy, maize growth

scholarly journals Effects of Wood Ash Biomass Application on Growth Indices and Chlorophyll Content of Maize and Lima bean Intercrop

2017 ◽  
Vol 5 (6) ◽  
pp. 614 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rasheedat Ajala ◽  
Moses Awodun ◽  
Segun Oladele
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Chlorophyll Content ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Growth Parameters ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Wood Ash ◽  
Total Biomass ◽  
Growth Indices ◽  
Area Index ◽  
Lima Beans

Wood ash generated from wood industries have enormous potential which can be utilized due to its properties which influences soil chemistry and fertility status of tropical acidic soils. Field experiments were conducted on an acidic sandy loam alfisol to investigate the effects of wood ash on the growth indices and chlorophyll content of maize and lima beans intercrop during the late and early seasons of 2014 and 2015 at Akure in the rainforest zone of southwestern Nigeria. The treatments were 100% sole maize with ash, 100% sole maize without ash, 75% maize + 25% lima beans with ash, 75% + 25% lima beans without ash, 50% maize + 50% lima beans with ash, 50% maize + 50% lima beans without ash, 25% maize + 75% lima beans with ash and 25% maize + 75% lima beans without ash. Wood ash was applied at 2.4kg/plot. Wood ash increased chlorophyll content in all amended treatments except in amended 25:75% maize-lima beans intercrop and 25:75% maize –lima beans intercrop without ash, however 75:25% maize-lima beans amended with wood ash significantly (P≥0.05) recorded the highest chlorophyll content. Growth parameters such as plant height, number of leaves, leaf area, leaf area index, leaf length, stem diameter, number of flowers, number of pods, weight of plant and total biomass of amended maize-lima beans intercrop were significantly (P≥0.05) increased by wood ash application. Based on experimental findings, 25:75% maize-lima beans intercrop and 75%:25% maize-lima beans intercrop amended with wood ash was concluded to be more recommendable in the study area.

scholarly journals EVALUATION OF CERES-MAIZE MODEL FOR HYBRID MAIZE (Zea mays L.) PRODUCTION

2019 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 96-110
Author(s):  
Amied Ali ◽  
Bashrat Ali
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Leaf Area Index ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Planting Dates ◽  
Sowing Time ◽  
Maize Crop ◽  
Area Index ◽  
Hybrid Maize ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Plot Design

The trial was conducted at Agronomic Research farm, University of Sargodha during spring growing season, 2015, to calibrate and evaluate CERES-Maize model for simulating the impact of different sowing time on maize crop. The experiment was laid out in split plot design having three replications, keeping planting dates (25th Feb, 6thMar and 14thMar) in main plots and hybrids i.e. (DK-9108, DK-6525 and DK-6142) in the sub plots. The Calibration of CSM-CERES-Maize model showed the best possible closeness between simulated and observed days to flowering and physiological maturity, leaf area index (LAI), Total dry matter (TDM), and grain yield with % error of 4.0, -1.5, 0.41, 0.07, 0.14 and 0.3% , respectively, when maize hybrid H1 (DK- 6142) was sown at firstsowing date (25th Feb). DSSAT,CERES- Maize model predicted the phenological traits like anthesis and maturity phase. Number of days to anthesis and maturity simulated by model were lesser to the observed values, where as, simulated grain yield was higher as compared to observed data for all the three cultivars. Model calculated the close similarity between experimental and computer-generated values for leaf area index.

Seasonal plasticity more important than population variability in effects on white clover architecture and productivity

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Isabelle Nölke ◽  
Bettina Tonn ◽  
Johannes Isselstein
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
White Clover ◽  
Seasonal Pattern ◽  
Total Yield ◽  
Seasonal Effects ◽  
Total Biomass ◽  
Mixed Stands ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Architectural Traits

Abstract Background and Aims The drivers of white clover (Trifolium repens) architecture and productivity are still imperfectly understood. Our aim was to investigate the impact of genetic background, neighbourhood and season on different architectural traits, clover and total biomass yield as well as the relationship between those traits and yield. Methods We grew eight white clover populations in pure stands and in mixed stands with contrasting mixture partners. Over four consecutive regrowth periods within one year, we measured trait sizes and determined clover and total yield amounts. Key Results The size of the architectural traits differed between populations and changed in response to neighbourhood and season. Population did not affect the sign and degree of those changes. Among the tested factors, season was by far the most important driver of white clover architecture, with the seasonal pattern notably differing between architectural traits. Clover and total yield were positively related to the architectural traits leaf area, petiole length, internode length and specific leaf area. Whereas the direction of the relationship was widely unaffected, its magnitude was clearly altered by neighbourhood and season. Conclusions Our results show that seasonal effects are the key for a deeper understanding of architecture of white clover individuals and to improve productivity of white clover communities.

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