EFFECT OF HARVEST DATES ON YIELD AND COMPOSITION OF FORAGE KALE

1989 ◽  
Vol 69 (1) ◽  
pp. 143-149 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. T. KUNELIUS ◽  
L. J. HALLIDAY ◽  
J. B. SANDERSON ◽  
U. C. GUPTA
Keyword(s):  
Brassica Oleracea ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Lignin Content ◽  
In Vitro Digestibility ◽  
Cellulose Content ◽  
Cell Content ◽  
Harvest Dates ◽  
Brassica Oleracea L

Forage kale (Brassica oleracea L. ’Maris Kestrel’) was sown on 27 May and harvested at 18- to 22-d intervals between 16 Sept. and 6 Dec. in 1985 and 1986. Dry matter accumulated until early November and then declined at about 19 kg ha−1 d−1 until the final harvest. In vitro digestibility of dry matter (IVDDM) ranged from 916 to 952 g kg−1 among harvest dates. Crude protein was similar for most harvest dates. Hemi-cellulose content decreased in 1985 but not in 1986 while cellulose content decreased in 1986 but not in 1985. Lignin content increased from 25 to 43 g kg−1 between mid-September and early December. The cell content peaked at 814 g kg−1 in mid-November. There was an increase in S-methylcysteine sulphoxide (SMCO) concentration of leaves from 1.4 g kg−1 to 6.2 g kg−1 between the first and last harvest dates. Potassium concentrations increased in 1985 and decreased in 1986 from September to December while concentrations of P and S were not influenced by harvest dates. With later harvests, both Ca and Mg concentrations decreased while B decreased in 1985 but not in 1986. Zinc concentrations peaked in October in 1986 while in 1985 they were similar for the five harvest dates. Iron concentrations fluctuated in the two years while Cu and Mn concentrations were not influenced by harvest dates. Forage kale provided highly digestible dry matter in late season. The mineral composition of kale was adequate with the exception of Cu, Mn and Zn which would not satisfy the dietary requirements of ruminants. The SMCO concentrations in kale leaves increased steadily from mid-September to early December but were lower than those concentrations considered deleterious to animal health.Key words: Brassica oleracea L., crude protein, hemicellulose, cellulose, SMCO, macronutrients

EFFECTS OF DATES OF SEEDING AND LEVELS OF N FERTILIZATION ON YIELDS, CHEMICAL COMPOSITION AND IN VITRO DIGESTIBILITY OF FORAGE KALE

1976 ◽  
Vol 56 (1) ◽  
pp. 63-70 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. PELLETIER ◽  
J. P. F. DARISSE ◽  
E. DONEFER
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Brassica Oleracea ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
N Fertilization ◽  
In Vitro Digestibility ◽  
Whole Plants ◽  
Different Levels ◽  
Brassica Oleracea L

Forage kale (Brassica oleracea L.) was seeded on three dates and fertilized at different levels of N as NH4NO3 for 3 yr. The highest dry matter (DM) yield was obtained with the earliest date of seeding and with levels of N fertilization of 120 kg/ha. The yield of crude protein (CP) was relatively constant among years, for the different dates of seeding and for N fertilization above 120 kg/ha. Increasing N fertilization or delaying seeding increased the leaf:stem ratio, and consequently the CP content. The levels of NO3-N in stems, leaves and whole plants were at an acceptable level for safe feeding. The cellulose, crude fiber, Ca and P contents were not affected greatly either by the dates of seeding or by the levels of N fertilization. The in vitro DM digestibility (IVDMD) was not affected markedly by any treatment.

EFFECTS OF DIFFERENT DRY MATTER DETERMINATION METHODS ON CHEMICAL COMPOSITION AND IN VITRO DIGESTIBILITY OF SILAGES

1973 ◽  
Vol 53 (4) ◽  
pp. 753-760 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. E. LARSEN ◽  
G. M. JONES
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
In Vitro Digestibility ◽  
Cellulose Content ◽  
Freeze Dried ◽  
Gross Energy ◽  
Determination Methods

Dry matter (DM) contents of 13 silages, comprised of 5 corn, 4 legume–grass, and 4 corn–hay crop silage mixtures, were determined by (1) toluene distillation (TD), corrected for volatiles lost into the aqueous distillate; (2) TD, uncorrected; (3) freeze-drying (FD); (4) oven-drying (OD) at 40 C; (5) OD at 65 C; and (6) moisture-tester at 100 C. Corrected TD showed significantly higher (P < 0.01) DM levels compared with other methods. Up to 12.8% loss of DM resulted from heat-drying, depending on the method and the sample. Dried-ground silages were analyzed for nutrient composition. No significant changes in cell-wall constituents or organic matter contents were observed. Silages that were FD were highest in cellulose content (P < 0.05), whereas both FD and OD at 40 C resulted in significant increases in gross energy (P < 0.05) and crude protein (P < 0.01) content compared with other methods. FD or OD at 40 C resulted in the highest dry matter solubility and in vitro digestibility of cellulose, dry matter, and organic matter (P < 0.05). The lowest values for these analyses were obtained with silages heat-dried at 65 and 100 C. Results of these studies suggest that corrected TD should be used for determination of silage DM content and that in vitro analyses or other biochemical determinations should be conducted on silage samples that have been freeze-dried or oven-dried at 40 C.

AN EVALUATION OF MARROWSTEM KALE

1972 ◽  
Vol 52 (5) ◽  
pp. 787-793 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. S. FULKERSON ◽  
W. E. TOSSELL
Keyword(s):  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Matter Content ◽  
Dry Matter Content ◽  
Crude Protein Content ◽  
Yield And Quality ◽  
Harvest Dates ◽  
Early Harvest ◽  
Brassica Oleracea L

Agronomic studies on marrowstem kale (Brassica oleracea L.), consisting of seven seeding and five harvest dates in one trial, two seeding methods and nine seeding rates in another, and five silages in another, were conducted for up to 3 years. Data were collected on dry matter yield and several yield and quality components. Delaying the date of seeding reduced yields in the autumn but the converse held for delaying the date of autumn harvest. Similar results were obtained with dry matter content and plant height. Medium to high seeding rates in broadcast stands produced the highest yields for early pasture; light seeding rates in rows yielded the highest for late pasture. Leaves constituted 55% of the pasture herbage in the early harvest and 25% in the late harvest. Height, stem diameter, and plant weights were higher in the row compared with the broadcast method and at the lighter seeding rates. The in vitro digestible dry matter and crude protein content of kale was superior to the other silage crops and kale appeared promising in a kale–corn combination.

scholarly journals SWARD STRUCTURE AND NUTRITIVE VALUE OF UROCHLOA RUZIZIENSIS UNDER NITROGEN AND POTASSIUM FERTILISATION

2017 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
pp. 220-229
Author(s):  
KARLA RODRIGUES DE LIMA ◽  
◽  
CARLOS AUGUSTO BRANDÃO DE CARVALHO ◽  
FLAVIO HENRIQUE VIDAL AZEVEDO ◽  
PEDRO ANTONIO MUNINZ MALAFAIA ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Lignin Content ◽  
Accumulation Rate ◽  
Block Design ◽  
In Vitro Digestibility ◽  
Linear Effect ◽  
Neutral Detergent Fibre

ABSTRACT This study aimed to assess the effect of nitrogen (N) and potassium (K) fertilisation on the forage accumulation and nutritive value of Urochloa ruziziensis during the summer of 2010/2011 and autumn, winter, spring and summer of 2011/2012. A complete randomised block design with four treatments (0, 120, 240 and 360 kg ha-1 year-1 N and K2O) and five replicates were used. The data were analysed under the PROC MIXED of SAS®. The following variables were evaluated: sward height; forage mass; forage bulk density; percentages of leaf blade dry matter, stem dry matter, and dead material dry matter; leaf blade:stem ratio; contents of dry matter and crude protein; in vitro digestibility of dry matter; neutral detergent fibre content; and lignin content of Urochloa ruziziensis. There was an interaction between the N and K levels of fertilisation and the season for all variables. In addition, there was a positive linear effect of the N and K levels of fertilisation on the forage accumulation rate, the crude protein content and the in vitro digestibility of dry matter and a negative linear effect these levels on the neutral detergent fibre and lignin contents during the spring and summer of 2011/2012. N and K fertilisation and the climate changes characteristic of each season jointly affected the accumulation and nutritive value of Urochloa ruziziensis. N and K fertilisation up to 360 kg ha-1 year-1 improved the forage accumulation and nutritive value of Urochloa ruziziensis.

The assessment of herbage legume varieties. II. In vitro digestibility, water soluble carbohydrate, crude protein and mineral content of primary growth of clover and lucerne

1966 ◽  
Vol 66 (3) ◽  
pp. 351-357 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. Ellis Davies ◽  
G. ap Griffith ◽  
A. Ellington
Keyword(s):  
White Clover ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Red Clover ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Soluble Carbohydrates ◽  
Soluble Carbohydrate ◽  
In Vitro Digestibility ◽  
Primary Growth

The primary growth of eight varieties of three species–white clover (3), red clover (4) and lucerne (1)–was sampled at fortnightly intervals and the percentage dry matter, in vitro digestibility, crude protein, water soluble carbohydrates, P, Ca, K, Na and Mg were determined.Differences between species were nearly always significant and the general order of merit was white clover, red clover and lucerne. The exceptions were for dry-matter percentage where this order was reversed, and red clover had the lowest Na and highest Mg content.

YIELD AND QUALITY OF SOME KALE-CORN COMBINATIONS

1980 ◽  
Vol 60 (3) ◽  
pp. 807-811 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. S. FULKERSON
Keyword(s):  
Protein Content ◽  
Corn Stover ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
In Vitro Digestibility ◽  
Crude Protein Content ◽  
Yield And Quality ◽  
Row Width

Midas marrowstem kale (Brassica oleracea L.) was grown in different row width associations with United 106 corn (Zea maize L.) in two studies and ensiled in different moisture blends with corn stover in another. Highest dry matter yields were obtained where a single row of kale was grown at 30 cm to the side of a corn row. This combination also provided the lowest moisture content feed and the highest in vitro digestibility and crude protein content. Changing the corn row width had no significant effect upon yield, plant height, in vitro digestibility, kale leaf or corn ear content. Blending kale with corn stover to provide a silage of about 70% moisture increased the digestibility and protein content of the feed and provided a silage that kept well in storage.

scholarly journals Sunflower cake in diets for beef cattle: digestibility, kinetics and in vitro ruminal fermentation parameters

2018 ◽  
Vol 41 (1) ◽  
pp. 39492 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rafael Henrique de Tonissi e Buschinelli de Goes ◽  
Luiz Henrique Xavier da Silva ◽  
Tatiana García Díaz ◽  
Antonio Ferriani Branco ◽  
Ana Lúcia Teodoro ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Beef Cattle ◽  
Soybean Meal ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
In Vitro Digestibility ◽  
Ruminal Fermentation ◽  
Fermentation Products ◽  
Sunflower Cake

 The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of the inclusion of sunflower cake replacing soybean meal in beef cattle diets on the in vitro digestibility of dry matter (IVDDM), organic matter (IVDOM), crude protein (IVDCP) and the ruminal fermentation kinetics and parameters. The experiment was analyzed according to a completely randomized design. The treatments consisted of four levels of sunflower cake, 0, 200, 400, 600 g kg-1, replacing soybean meal in the concentrate of beef cattle diets. The coefficients of IVDDM, IVDOM and IVDCP presented a quadratic effect with the addition of sunflower cake. The soluble fraction (fraction B) degradation rate and total gas production decreased linearly with the inclusion of sunflower cake. Values of pH in ruminal fluid were higher for levels 0, 200 and 600 g kg-1 sunflower cake. Sunflower cake can replace soybean meal by up to 280 g kg-1 in the concentrate of beef cattle diets, improving the in vitro digestibility of dry matter organic, matter and crude protein. Levels above 400 g kg-1 reduce ruminal digestion rate, digestibility and release of final fermentation products. 

EVALUATION OF PINEGRASS AS RANGE FORAGE

1969 ◽  
Vol 49 (3) ◽  
pp. 351-359 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alastair McLean ◽  
S. Freyman ◽  
J. E. Miltimore ◽  
D. M. Bowden
Keyword(s):  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Soluble Carbohydrate ◽  
In Vitro Digestibility ◽  
Native Forest ◽  
Acid Detergent Fiber ◽  
High Positive Correlation ◽  
Calcium Iron

Seasonal changes in the quality of pinegrass (Calamagrostis rubescens) on native forest range in southern British Columbia included declines in crude protein content and in vitro digestibility of dry matter and increases in content of lignin, acid-detergent fiber, and ash. The decline in average daily gains of beef heifers was more rapid than changes in quality of the pinegrass over the grazing period from June to October.Pinegrass contained adequate nutrients for the rapid growth of yearlings or for maintaining weanling calves until August 1, whereupon protein and phosphorus supplementation were required. Nutrient requirements of pregnant cows and replacement heifers were adequately met until September 1.Copper and zinc were inadequate throughout the season. Calcium, iron, and manganese contents, however, were satisfactory. Silica was high and must be considered a potential problem in pinegrass utilization.Digestible dry matter gave a high positive correlation with crude protein and phosphorus and a high negative correlation with lignin, acid-detergent fiber, and total ash.Crude fiber, crude fat, and total soluble carbohydrate contents of pinegrass did not closely follow changes in either animal gains or in vitro digestible dry matter.Crude protein, phosphorus, and acid-detergent fiber appear to give a good indication of animal yields on pinegrass and could be used to evaluate pinegrass quality where animal data are not available.

scholarly journals Crude protein, fibre and phytic acid in vitro digestibility of selected legume and buckwheat samples

2013 ◽  
Vol 61 (1) ◽  
pp. 227-232 ◽  
Author(s):  
Petra Vojtíšková ◽  
Stanislav Kráčmar
Keyword(s):  
Phytic Acid ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Protein Digestibility ◽  
The Other ◽  
In Vitro Digestibility ◽  
Common Beans ◽  
Commission Regulation ◽  
Phytate Content

The aim of this study was to determine crude protein, fibre and phytic acid in vitro digestibility of selected legumes and buckwheat products. All analyses except the phytic acid contents were performed in the line with the Commission Regulation (EC) No. 152/2009. A modified version of Holt’s Method was used for phytic acid (phytate) determination. None of all samples contained more than 11% of moisture. Soybeans are rich in crude protein; they contain nearly 40% of this compound. The content of crude protein in buckwheat flours was about 14%. The highest amount of phytate was found in common beans and soybeans-about 2 g/100 g of dry matter. On the other hand, the lowest phytate content was observed in buckwheat pasta (< 1 g/100 g). The quantification of phytate in F. esculentum groats was 1.9 g per 100 g of dry matter. In vitro digestibility was determined using an incubator Daisy and pepsin enzymes and the combination of pepsin and pancreatin. The highest coefficient of crude protein digestibility was discovered to be in peels and wholemeal flour. The greatest fibre digestibility coefficients were obtained for peels, which contain about 65% of fibre in their dry matter. When pepsin was used, a higher phytic acid digestibility coefficient for G. max, Ph. vulgaris, peels, flour, groats and broken groats was observed; while when the combination of pepsin and pancreatin was used, higher phytic acid digestibility coefficients for peas, lentil and wholemeal flour were observed.

Residues and Efficacy With Fluazifop-P in Alfalfa (Medicago sativa)

1992 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 25-30 ◽  
Author(s):  
Douglas J. Doohan ◽  
Gilles Belanger ◽  
Russ R. King ◽  
Jerry A. Ivany
Keyword(s):  
Medicago Sativa ◽  
Protein Content ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
In Vitro Digestibility ◽  
Dry Matter Yield ◽  
Crude Protein Content

Fluazifop-P, applied in the spring or fall and pronamide, applied in the fall only, reduced quackgrass infestation in established alfalfa and increased the dry matter yield of alfalfa. Herbicides did not improve alfalfa in vitro digestibility or crude protein content. Average residues of fluazifop-P in alfalfa treated with rates of 0.25 or 0.5 kg ai ha–1, were 0.1 mg kg–1when harvested 280 d after application, and 0.06 mg kg–1when harvested 295 d after application. Average residues in alfalfa harvested 41 and 55 d after application were 0.13 mg kg–1and 0.1 mg kg–1, respectively, with a 0.25 kg ha–1treatment and 0.19 mg kg–1and 0.05 mg kg–1, respectively, with a 0.5 kg ha–1treatment.

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