EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE AND SOIL MOISTURE ON TIME OF EMERGENCE OF TOMATOES AND FOUR WEED SPECIES

1988 ◽  
Vol 68 (3) ◽  
pp. 877-886 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. E. WEAVER ◽  
C. S. TAN ◽  
P. BRAIN
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Lycopersicon Esculentum ◽  
Chenopodium Album ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Cumulative Distribution ◽  
Effect Of Temperature ◽  
Weed Species ◽  
Sowing Dates ◽  
Time Required ◽  
Response To Temperature

The relative times to emergence of seedlings of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum L.) and four weed species were compared at five alternating temperatures and five levels of available soil moisture in a growth chamber. Weed seeds were sown either on the soil surface or 1.5 cm below it. A cumulative distribution function was used to describe the time required for emergence under a given set of conditions. Time to 50% emergence, base temperatures and accumulated degree days required for 50% emergence were calculated for each species. In general, total emergence decreased as soil moisture decreased, but the species differed in the optimum temperature for emergence. Time to 50% emergence decreased with increasing temperature and increased slightly with decreasing soil moisture. Base temperatures and thermal times required for 50% emergence varied among species, but were relatively insensitive to soil moisture above a critical level. Differences in relative times to emergence of crop and weeds in response to temperature can be used to suggest optimal crop sowing dates and to estimate potential crop yield losses.Key words: Germination, Solanum ptycanthum, Amaranthus powellii, Setaria viridis, Chenopodium album, Lycopersicon esculentum

scholarly journals Seasonal emergence of selected summer annual weed species in dependence on soil temperature

2010 ◽  
Vol 56 (No. 9) ◽  
pp. 444-450 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Jursík ◽  
J. Holec ◽  
J. Soukup ◽  
V. Venclová
Keyword(s):  
Chenopodium Album ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Main Field ◽  
Weed Species ◽  
Soil Temperatures ◽  
Field Emergence ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Galinsoga Ciliata ◽  
Surface Layer Temperature ◽  
Mass Field

This study aimed to describe emergence cycles of selected weed species under Central European conditions in relation to cumulative soil temperatures from the start of the vegetation season. Emergence of Chenopodium album, Echinochloa crus-galli, Galinsoga ciliata, and Abutilon theophrasti was observed from March to October during the period 2001–2006 at two locations. The beginning of main field emergence was determined as the day when the sum of effective hour temperatures was achieved, and was detected from the second decade of April to early May for C. album, in the second decade of May for E. crus-galli, from late April to the beginning of May for G. ciliata, and from the end of April to mid-May for A. theophrasti. The relationship between cumulative soil surface layer temperature and weed mass field emergence at the beginning of the growing season is very direct (differences ±7 days) – but only when soil moisture is sufficient. In a drier spring, the beginning of mass field emergence occurs with 1–4 weeks of delay and field emergence is usually slower and protracted.

Diversity of Weeds and Population Dynamics of Predators and Prey Present in Wheat-Mustard Ecosystem at Paklihawa, Rupandehi, Nepal

2018 ◽  
Vol 35 (1) ◽  
pp. 173-181
Author(s):  
S. Khanal ◽  
S. Adhikari ◽  
A. Bhattarai ◽  
S. Shrestha
Keyword(s):  
Population Dynamics ◽  
Chenopodium Album ◽  
Effect Of Temperature ◽  
Weed Species ◽  
Importance Value Index ◽  
Importance Value ◽  
Mustard Aphid ◽  
Wooden Frame ◽  
Index Value ◽  
The Given

A study was conducted at Institute of Agriculture and Animal Science (IAAS), Paklihawa Rupandehi, agronomy field to study the diversity of weeds and population dynamics of predators and prey in wheat-mustard ecosystem. The study was conducted by quadrate sampling method using the wooden frame by selecting 40 sample spots, and locating its coordinates. Predator, prey, some of the beneficial and harmful insects as well as weed species was recorded in 5 days interval in the study. Relationships between the population of the mustard aphid and wheat aphid, lady bird beetle to maximum and minimum temperature were recorded in order to know the effect of temperature in relation to population density. Number of mustard aphid and its nymph has shown the positive significant relationship with the population of the spider in the wheat mustard ecosystem. Shannon Weiner Index value was calculated and the species richness was found to be 2.63 with the effective number of species value 9. The species evenness value was found to be 0.83 in the studied ecosystem which signifies that the given weed ecosystem is somewhat even. The importance value index (IVI) of the given ecosystem with the value of different weed species was calculated and it was found that the weed Anagalis arvensis was ranked as first with the IVI value of 57.98 following Vicia sativa and Chenopodium album. This signifies that the species Anagalis arvensis has greater control over the wheat mustard ecosystem of Paklihawa, Rupandehi.

scholarly journals Faktore wat die fenologie van Ursinia cakilefolia, ’n efemeer van Namakwaland, beïnvloed

1996 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. 109-115
Author(s):  
H. M. Steyn
Keyword(s):  
Sowing Date ◽  
Effect Of Temperature ◽  
Flower Buds ◽  
Phenological Stages ◽  
Cold Temperatures ◽  
Distinct Effect ◽  
Sowing Dates ◽  
Response To Temperature ◽  
Further Development ◽  
Ephemeral Species

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of temperature and sowing date on the phenology of Ursinia cakilefolia, a Namaqualand ephemeral species. Seeds were sown on different dates and plants were subjected to various temperature treatments. Sowing date had a distinct effect on the growth and phenology of the plants. From the results it seems that temperature plays an important role in the timing of phenological stages. However, the effect of temperature differed between sowing dates. The plant's response to temperature is apparently modified by the prevailing photoperiod, although it may also be due to an endogenous rhythm. Generally it seems as if plants require cold temperatures from sowing until the initiation of flower buds, after which the plants need heat for anthesis and further development.

scholarly journals Differential Germination and Growth Response to Temperature of Three Ambrosia Weed Species—Implications for Future Spread

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yifat Yair ◽  
Yaakov Goldwasser ◽  
Moshe Sibony ◽  
Hanan Eizenberg ◽  
Baruch Rubin
Keyword(s):  
Growth Response ◽  
Plant Traits ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Combined Effects ◽  
Weed Species ◽  
Temperature Regimes ◽  
Different Temperatures ◽  
Rhizome Biomass ◽  
Response To Temperature ◽  
Germination And Growth

Three main Ambrosia species (Ragweed) grow in Israel; the most abundant invasive Ambrosia confertiflora DC, whereas A. artemisiifolia L. and A. tenuifolia Spreng., are of restricted distribution. The present research was aimed to study the effect of temperatures regimes on the development and growth of these Ambrosia species, to elucidate the environmental conditions and plant traits that affect their growth and infestation patterns. All three Ambrosia species germinate best in light from the soil surface with no prerequisite of a stratification period. A. confertiflora seed emergence is inhibited at high temperature regimes (28/34°C). A. artemisiifolia at low temperature regimes (10/16°C), while A. tenuifolia is less affected by the temperature regimes. A. confertiflora plant height increases with increasing temperatures, and at lower temperatures develops a rosette. Root and rhizome biomass were less affected by the different temperatures regimes; A. artemisiifolia aboveground mass was not affected by temperature regimes while A. tenuifolia aboveground mass was reduced only at lower temperatures. A. confertiflora fast invasion and establishment are due to the combined effects of prolific seed dispersal, rapid sprouting and growth, and its phenotypic plasticity.

scholarly journals Effect of temperature and moisture on O2 evolution rate of cultivated Phaeozem: analyses of a long-term field experiment

2011 ◽  
Vol 51 (No. 5) ◽  
pp. 213-219 ◽  
Author(s):  
V.O. Lopes de Gerenyu ◽  
I.N. Kurganova ◽  
L.N. Rozanova ◽  
V.N. Kudeyarov
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Soil Temperature ◽  
Linear Equations ◽  
Ecological Factors ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Evolution Rate ◽  
Effect Of Temperature ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Exponential Equations

Soil temperature and moisture are the main ecological factors regulating the processes of production and emission of CO<sub>2</sub> from soil surface. The CO<sub>2</sub> evolution rate from cultivated clay Phaeozem (Russia, Moscow region; 54&deg;50&rsquo;N, 37&deg;35&rsquo;E) were studied under field conditions from November 1997 to October 2002. The daily mean CO<sub>2</sub> evolution rate varied widely &ndash; from 0.9 to 246 mg C/m<sup>2</sup>/h. The total annual CO<sub>2</sub> flux from cultivated Phaeozem averaged 352&nbsp;&plusmn; 148 g C/m<sup>2</sup>/yr, the interannual variability amounted to 42%. We found significant linear trends (R = 0.46&ndash;0.55, P&nbsp;&lt; 0.001) reflecting the relationship between CO<sub>2</sub> emission and soil temperature through the whole observation period and during spring and autumn seasons as well. The exponential equations described these relationships for the same periods more adequately than the simple linear equations (R = 0.62&ndash;0.68, P &lt; 0.01). The temperature coefficient&nbsp;Q<sub>10</sub> comprised 2.3 (for the whole data set) and was essentially higher 3.2&ndash;3.6 during the spring and autumn. The correlation between CO<sub>2</sub> evolution rate and soil moisture was insignificant for the whole period, winter, spring and autumn seasons as well. During the summer, correlation between CO<sub>2</sub> evolution rate and soil moisture was positive and very close (R = 0.74, P &lt; 0.001), indicating that the soil moisture content was a main factor limitative the rate of CO<sub>2</sub> emission from soil for this period.

scholarly journals Edaphic microclimate and its influence on soil respiration of mezohemerobic ecosystem in the Upper Dniester Basin

2014 ◽  
pp. 106-113
Author(s):  
T. Partyka ◽  
T. Bedernichek ◽  
Z. Hamkalo
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Soil Respiration ◽  
Soil Temperature ◽  
Key Words ◽  
Temperature Increase ◽  
Co2 Emission ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Effect Of Temperature ◽  
Hygroscopic Moisture

The values of the field and hygroscopic moisture, soil temperature under different scenarios of forest and land use have been characterized. The effect of temperature increase on CO2 emission from the soil surface has been investigated. Key words: edaphic climate, CO2 emissions, soil temperature, soil moisture.

Effect of sweetclover cultivars and management practices on following weed infestations and wheat yield

2007 ◽  
Vol 87 (4) ◽  
pp. 973-983 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. R. Moyer ◽  
R. E. Blackshaw ◽  
H. C. Huang
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Cover Crops ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Chenopodium Album ◽  
Wheat Yield ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Weed Suppression ◽  
Plant Residues ◽  
Available N ◽  
Tillage Practices

There is a renewed interest, especially among organic growers, in using either white sweetclover (Melilotus alba Desr.) or yellow sweetclover [M. officinalis (L.) Lam.] as cover crops. Sweetclover cultivars and tillage practices have changed since these crops were widely used as cover crops in the first half of the 20th century. Experiments were initiated in 1999, 2000, and 2002 to compare the effect of high- and low-coumarin cultivars and crop termination methods on weed suppression, available soil N, moisture conservation and following crop yield. Weed suppression was usually more effective when sweetclover residues were left on the surface than when removed as hay. Sweetclover termination at 70% bloom was often more effective in suppressing weeds than termination at the bud stage. In the summer and fall after termination, surface residues of Yukon, a high-coumarin and drought-tolerant cultivar, reduced lamb’s-quarters (Chenopodium album L.) density by > 80% compared with the no sweetclover check and essentially eliminated flixweed [Descurainia Sophia (L). Webb]. In the following spring, Yukon reduced kochia [Kochia scoparia (L.) Schrad.] density by > 80% and wild oat (Avena fatua L.) biomass by > 30% compared with the no sweetclover check. There was no difference in available N for a following crop between treatments with surface residue and cultivated fallow. Available soil moisture was about 10 mm less after the highest yielding sweetclover cultivars than after cultivated fallow, but subsequent wheat yield was not reduced. Maximum wheat yields were obtained after Yukon and Arctic sweetclover were grown as cover crops. It may be possible for organic growers to manage weeds with sweetclover in a reduced tillage system that leaves most of the plant residues on the soil surface. Key words: Cover crop, weed suppression, allelopathy, nitrogen, soil moisture

Effect of Environmental Factors on Pyrazon Action in Sugar Beets

Weed Science ◽  
1971 ◽  
Vol 19 (5) ◽  
pp. 587-592 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ephraim Koren ◽  
Floyd M. Ashton
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Moisture Content ◽  
Sugar Beet ◽  
Soil Moisture Content ◽  
Chenopodium Album ◽  
Effect Of Temperature ◽  
Sugar Beets ◽  
Common Lambsquarters ◽  
Lag Period ◽  
Great Accumulation

The effect of temperature and soil moisture content on the toxicity of soil-applied 5-amino-4-chloro-2-phenyl-3(2H)-pyridazinone (pyrazon) to sugar beets (Beta vulgaris L. ‘U.S. H-8’) was studied under controlled environmental conditions. High temperatures during or after germination increased the susceptibility of sugar beets to pyrazon while variations in soil moisture content did not have a significant effect. Sugar beet seeds absorbed three times more pyrazon at 35 C than at 18.3 C. During imbibition more than 90% of the pyrazon taken up by sugar beet fruits was concentrated in the pericarps surrounding the seeds. Furthermore, the herbicide which had been accumulated in the pericarp during imbibition did not move into the tissues of the developing seedling during or after germination. Comparative studies showed that there was a lag period in absorption of pyrazon by sugar beet seeds enclosed within their pericarps. This lag period did not occur in sugar beet seeds from which the pericarps had been removed, or in seeds of common lambsquarters (Chenopodium album L.). It is concluded, therefore, that the pericarp contributes to a physical mechanism of selectivity which enables sugar beets to avoid great accumulation of pyrazon when the mechanism of biochemical inactivation of the herbicide is not yet operative.

scholarly journals Effect of Temperature on the Development and Survival of Feltiella Acarisuga (Vallot) (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) Preying on Tetranychus Urticae (Koch) (Acari: Tetranychidae)

Insects ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (6) ◽  
pp. 508
Author(s):  
Yong-Seok Choi ◽  
Sung-Hoon Baek ◽  
Min-Jung Kim
Keyword(s):  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Gall Midge ◽  
Mass Rearing ◽  
Immature Stage ◽  
Development Rate ◽  
Effect Of Temperature ◽  
Thermal Constant ◽  
Fundamental Information ◽  
Threshold Temperatures ◽  
Response To Temperature

The predatory gall midge, Feltiella acarisuga (Vallot) (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae), is an acarivorous species that mainly feeds on spider mites (Acarina: Tetranychidae). Because of its cosmopolitan distribution and predation efficacy, it is considered an important natural enemy available as a biological agent for augmentative biocontrol. However, despite its practical use, the thermal development and survival response to temperature have not yet been fully studied. In this study, we investigated the stage-specific development and survival of F. acarisuga at seven temperatures (11.5, 15.7, 19.8, 23.4, 27.7, 31.9, and 35.4 °C) to examine the effect of temperature on its lifecycle. All developmental stages could develop at 11.5–31.9 °C, but the performance was different according to the temperature. From the linear development rate models, the lower development threshold and thermal constant of the total immature stage were estimated at 8.2 °C and 200 DD, respectively. The potential optimal and upper threshold temperatures for the total immature stage were estimated as 29.3 and 35.1 °C using a non-linear development model. The operative thermal ranges for development and survival at 80% of the maximum rate were 24.5–32.3 and 14.7–28.7 °C, respectively. Thus, it was suggested that 24.5–28.7 °C was suitable for the total immature stage. In contrast, conditions around 8 °C and 35 °C should be avoided due to the lower development rate and high mortality. Our findings provide fundamental information for an effective mass-rearing and releasing program of F. acarisuga in an augmentative biocontrol program and help to predict phenology.

EFFECT OF IRRIGATION AND PLANT POPULATION ON YIELD, FRUIT SPECK AND BLOSSOM-END ROT OF PROCESSING TOMATOES

1985 ◽  
Vol 65 (4) ◽  
pp. 1011-1018 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. S. TAN ◽  
B. N. DHANVANTARI
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Lycopersicon Esculentum ◽  
Pseudomonas Syringae ◽  
Tomato Fruit ◽  
Plant Population ◽  
Southern Ontario ◽  
Available Soil Moisture ◽  
Blossom End Rot ◽  
Irrigation Effects ◽  
Processing Tomatoes

Two tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) cultivars, Heinz-2653 and Campbell-28, were grown on Fox loamy sand in the subhumid region of southern Ontario from 1979 to 1982. Irrigation increased the marketable yields of H-2653 in a dry year, 1982, but not in the other years. Irrigation substantially increased marketable yields of C-28 in 1979 and 1982. Irrigation, when the available soil moisture (ASM) level reached 50%, was no more effective than when the ASM level in the soil was allowed to drop to 25%. Without irrigation yield increased as plant population increased in normal and wet years, but not in a dry year. Blossom-end rot (BER) of C-28 cultivar was markedly reduced by irrigation. Effects of irrigation or plant population treatments on the incidence of fruit speck did not appear to be significant.Key words: Available soil moisture, Lycopersicon esculentum, Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato, fruit speck

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