FLOWER AND POD ABSCISSION IN SNAP BEAN AS INFLUENCED BY INFLORESCENCE POSITION, RACEME NODE, IRRIGATION AND PLANT DENSITY

1987 ◽  
Vol 67 (4) ◽  
pp. 1193-1202 ◽  
Author(s):  
CRAIGHTON S. MAUK ◽  
PATRICK J. BREEN ◽  
HARRY J. MACK
Keyword(s):  
Phaseolus Vulgaris ◽  
Plant Density ◽  
Soil Water Potential ◽  
Reproductive Organs ◽  
Phaseolus Vulgaris L ◽  
Snap Bean ◽  
A Value ◽  
High Plant Density ◽  
Plant Densities ◽  
Early Rise

Abscission and/or retention of flowers and pods formed on inflorescences arising from mainstem nodes 6 (terminal) and 2 (first trifoliolate leaf) of Oregon 1604 snap bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) were studied during the 1978 and 1979 seasons to determine the effects of irrigation and plant population. Inflorescences at these two nodes account for the majority of the yield produced in this determinate cultivar. The influence of high (−0.06 MPa) and low (−0.25 MPa) soil water potential and plant density were also assessed. High and low plant densities were 45 vs. 18 in 1978, and 54 vs. 33 plants m−2 in 1979. Percent flower and pod abscission was signficantly less under high (62%) than low (74%) irrigation at node 6 in 1978, and at node 2 in 1978 (48 vs. 71) and 1979 (37 vs. 60). Although plant density had no effect at node 6, percent abscission at node 2 was significantly less under low than high plant density in both years. An acropetal increase in percent abscission occurred within the inflorescence at node 6, with a value of 45% at the proximal, first raceme node, and from 65 to 86% at the most distal, third raceme node. The acropetal pattern of abscission was less marked in inflorescences at node 2. A sharp rise in reproductive abscission was observed in 1978 after a 3-d period when maximum daily temperatures exceeded 34 °C. This early rise in abscission (which did not occur in the cooler 1979 season) was reduced by high irrigation (nodes 6 and 2) and low plant density (node 2). Abscission of flowers at the white bud stage or at anthesis was relatively low. The major portion of reproductive organs were shed after anthesis. High irrigation delayed abscission at both main-stem nodes, thus increasing the proportion of organs which abscised as pods. Low plant density also postponed abscission of reproductive organs at node 2, but had less effect at node 6.Key words: Phaseolus vulgaris L., anthesis, first bloom

scholarly journals Plant Density Influences Reproductive Growth, Lint Yield and Boll Spatial Distribution of Cotton

Agronomy ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 14 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nangial Khan ◽  
Yingchun Han ◽  
Fangfang Xing ◽  
Lu Feng ◽  
Zhanbiao Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Distribution ◽  
Plant Density ◽  
Biomass Accumulation ◽  
Reproductive Organs ◽  
Henan Province ◽  
Lint Yield ◽  
Cotton Yield ◽  
Seed Cotton ◽  
High Plant Density ◽  
Plant Densities

The number of cotton plants grown per unit of ground area has gained attention due to the high prices of inputs and lower production. Cotton yield per unit of area in Henan province has been stagnant in the last few years. The objectives of this study were to investigate cotton growth, yield, boll spatial distribution and biomass accumulation using different plant densities at cultivation and to find out the optimal plant density. A 2-year field experiment was conducted in a randomized complete block design under six plant densities (D1, 15,000; D2, 33,000; D3, 51,000; D4, 69,000; D5, 87,000 and D6, 105,000 ha−1). Cotton grown at lower plant density produced taller plants and high number of leaves per plant while greater number of branches, fruiting nodes and high number of bolls per unit of ground area were produced under high plant density. Boll retention rate decreased as plant population increased and at nodes 1–8 the rate decreased slowly and then increased dramatically. The highest seed cotton yield (4546 kg ha−1) and lint yield (1682 kg ha−1) was produced by D5. The seed cotton and lint yield produced by D5 were 51–55%, 40–37%, 22–26%, 11–15%, 12–15%, 28–30%, 21–24%, 15–20%, 7–13% and 13–17% higher than D1, D2, D3, D4 and D6 during both years of experimentation, respectively. The increase in seed yield was due to higher biomass accumulation in reproductive organs under D5 plant density. The highest average (110.4 VA kg ha−1 d−1) and maximum (126 VM kg ha−1 d−1) rate of reproductive organs biomass was also accumulated by D5 as compared to other plant densities. The results suggest that D5 is the optimal plant density for high reproductive biomass accumulation and high yield for the area of Henan province.

scholarly journals Effects of Ornamental Plant Density and Mineral/Plastic Media on the Removal of Domestic Wastewater Pollutants by Home Wetlands Technology

Molecules ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 25 (22) ◽  
pp. 5273
Author(s):  
Luis Carlos Sandoval-Herazo ◽  
Alejandro Alvarado-Lassman ◽  
María Cristina López-Méndez ◽  
Albino Martínez-Sibaja ◽  
Alberto A. Aguilar-Lasserre ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Plant Density ◽  
Ornamental Plants ◽  
Domestic Wastewater ◽  
High Density ◽  
High Plant Density ◽  
Plant Densities ◽  
Optimal Material ◽  
Planting Distance ◽  
Wastewater Pollutants

Wastewater treatment (WWT) is a priority around the world; conventional treatments are not widely used in rural areas owing to the high operating and maintenance costs. In Mexico, for instance, only 40% of wastewater is treated. One sustainable option for WWT is through the use of constructed wetlands (CWs) technology, which may remove pollutants using cells filled with porous material and vegetation that works as a natural filter. Knowing the optimal material and density of plants used per square meter in CWs would allow improving their WWT effect. In this study, the effect of material media (plastic/mineral) and plant density on the removal of organic/inorganic pollutants was evaluated. Low (three plants), medium (six plants) and high (nine plants) densities were compared in a surface area of 0.3 m2 of ornamental plants (Alpinia purpurata, Canna hybrids and Hedychium coronarium) used in polycultures at the mesocosm level of household wetlands, planted on the two different substrates. Regarding the removal of contaminants, no significant differences were found between substrates (p ≥ 0.05), indicating the use of plastic residues (reusable) is an economical option compared to typical mineral materials. However, differences (p = 0.001) in removal of pollutants were found between different plant densities. For both substrates, the high density planted CWs were able to remove COD in a range of 86–90%, PO4-P 22–33%, NH4-N in 84–90%, NO3-N 25–28% and NO2-N 38–42%. At medium density, removals of 79–81%, 26–32, 80–82%, 24–26%, and 39–41%, were observed, whereas in CWs with low density, the detected removals were 65–68%, 20–26%, 79–80%, 24–26% and 31–40%, respectively. These results revealed that higher COD and ammonia were removed at high plant density than at medium or low densities. Other pollutants were removed similarly in all plant densities (22–42%), indicating the necessity of hybrid CWs to increase the elimination of PO4-P, NO3-N and NO2-N. Moreover, high density favored 10 to 20% more the removal of pollutants than other plant densities. In addition, in cells with high density of plants and smaller planting distance, the development of new plant shoots was limited. Thus, it is suggested that the appropriate distance for this type of polyculture plants should be from 40 to 50 cm in expansion to real-scale systems in order to take advantage of the harvesting of species in these and allow species of greater foliage, favoring its growth and new shoots with the appropriate distance to compensate, in the short time, the removal of nutrients.

EFFECTS OF PLANTING DENSITY AND DESIGN ON POD YIELD OF BUSH SNAP BEAN (Phaseolus vulgaris L.)

1986 ◽  
Vol 66 (3) ◽  
pp. 669-675 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. N. J. WAHAB ◽  
D. H. DABBS ◽  
R. J. BAKER
Keyword(s):  
Phaseolus Vulgaris ◽  
Unit Area ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Planting Density ◽  
Average Yield ◽  
Phaseolus Vulgaris L ◽  
Snap Bean ◽  
Pod Yield ◽  
Density Relationship ◽  
Equal Spacing

Because of interest in maximizing production per unit area in regions where the land base is limited, the effects of planting density; (16–116 plants m−2) and planting design on pod yield of bush snap bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) were measured in replicated field trials with cv. Harvester in 1980 and 1981. Three planting designs were used: (a) conventional row designs with interplant spacing of 5 cm and interrow spacing of 20, 45, 80 and 125 cm; (b) square designs with interplant and interrow spacings both at 10, 15, 20 and 25 cm; and (c) triangle designs (honeycomb) with plants arranged at equal distances of 10, 15, 20 and 25 cm from each of their six nearest neighbors. In all three planting designs, higher planting densities (up to 116 plants m−2) gave higher pod yields per unit area. Except for the lower response in the square design in 1981, increases in yield with increasing density were similar for all designs in both years. Pod yields did not differ from one design to the other in 1980. In 1981, the triangle design gave the highest average yield and the row design gave the lowest average yield. The results confirm observations of yield advantages in planting designs which use equal spacing in all directions.Key words: Yield-density relationship, row spacing, honeycomb design, snap bean, Phaseolus vulgaris

Ultrastructural study on degeneration of tapetum in anther of snap bean ( Phaseolus vulgaris L.) under heat stress

2001 ◽  
Vol 13 (6) ◽  
pp. 293-299 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Suzuki ◽  
Hiroyuki Takeda ◽  
Tadashi Tsukaguchi ◽  
Yoshinobu Egawa
Keyword(s):  
Heat Stress ◽  
Phaseolus Vulgaris ◽  
Ultrastructural Study ◽  
Phaseolus Vulgaris L ◽  
Snap Bean

Effect of density on growth, development, yield and quality of kabocha (Cucurbita maxima)

1998 ◽  
Vol 38 (2) ◽  
pp. 195
Author(s):  
T. Botwright ◽  
N. Mendham ◽  
B. Chung
Keyword(s):  
Vegetative Growth ◽  
Plant Density ◽  
Total Yield ◽  
Cucurbita Maxima ◽  
Marketable Yield ◽  
Yield And Quality ◽  
High Plant Density ◽  
Plant Densities ◽  
Growth Development

Summary. The effect of plant density on growth, development, yield and quality of kabocha (buttercup squash) (Cucurbita maxima) was examined during 1992–93, at a field site in Cambridge, Tasmania. Plant densities ranged between 0.5 and 4.7 plants/m2. Marketable and total yields were fitted to a yield–density model. Total yield followed an asymptotic trend, approaching 33 t/ha at 4.7 plants/m2, while marketable yield had a parabolic relationship with density. Marketable yield increased to a maximum of 18 t/ha at 1.1 plants/m2, while declining at higher densities because of increased numbers of undersized fruit. Yield of vine marked and callused fruit did not vary with density, but represented a significant proportion of the total yield at all densities. High plant density reduced vegetative growth per plant due to competition for limited resources; as shown by decreased leaf area, number and length of vines, and plant dry weight. Yield tended to decline at high densities because of fewer female flowers and increased fruit abortion per plant. Plants at low densities had more vegetative growth but decreased yields, as increased abortion of fruit relative to the higher plant densities left only 1–2 large fruit per plant. Economic returns varied with plant density. At high densities, variable costs increased (particularly due to high seed cost) while gross income declined reflecting the relationship between marketable yield and plant density. The gross margin therefore declined at high densities.

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